Faculty of Allied Health Sciences

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In-Vivo Evaluation of the Antiplasmodial Effect of Amodiaquine and Amodiaquine-Promethazine Combination in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice
(International Journal of Health Research, Poracom Academic Publishers. Available at http://www.ijhr.org, 2011-06) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Oluseyi E Ogunlana; Olukunle B Fagbemi
Purpose: Antihistamine H1 receptor antagonists like promethazine (PR) are capable of reversing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to some antimalarials drugs like amodiaquine (AQ). This work was carried out to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of amodiaquine and amodiaquine-promethazine combination in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Methods: Groups of mice (112) infected with chloroquine resistant Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain were treated with 10mg/kg amodiaquine alone for three days or 10mg/kg AQ combined with graded doses (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/kg) of PR twice daily over 7 days). Thin blood films were used to assess parasitemia for 60 days. Results: Therapeutic effect of AQ combined with graded doses of PR was dose-dependent with the combination of AQ and the highest concentration of PR (50mg/kg) having the shortest parasite clearance time (PCT) (1.28± 0.49) days and longest recrudescence time (RT) of (17.33±11.86 days) compare to AQ alone. The mean PCT was significantly reduced as doses of PR increased up to 50mg/kg (P<0.01). The survival rates (93.8% and 50%) in the group of animals receiving 50mg/kg of PR plus AQ and AQ alone, respectively were significantly different (P<0.01). Conclusion: Promethazine potentiates the therapeutic effects of amodiaquine against the chloroquine resistant P. berghei infection in male albino mice.
Investigation on the hydrocarbon utilization potential of Pseudomonas putrefaciens, Bacillus stearothermophilus and Streptococcus faecium isolated from crude oil contaminated soil
(PELAGIA RESEARCH LIBRARY, 2011-12-19) Opasola, O.A , Adewoye S.O, Adewoye A.O and Bolaji A.S.
The biodegradation potential of Pseudomonas putrefaciens, Bacillus stearothermophilus and Streptococcus faecium isolated from crude oil contaminated soil was investigated in this study. The 3 bacteria strains were inoculated into crude oil supplemented with Mineral Salt Medium and incubated at 37o C for 25 days. The results obtained showed that P. putrefaciens, B. stearothermophilus and S. faecium were able to degrade 70%, 58% and 48% at the end of 25 days of incubation respectively. IR analysis of the residual crude oil was done, the results obtained showed that the bacteria strains have exerted microbial action on the crude oil. The results obtained from IR analysis revealed 17 bands, 16 bands and 12 bands for P. putrefaciens, B. stearothermophilus and S. faecium respectively, while control had 10 bands. This is an indication that the bacteria strains have modified the crude oil constituents. P. putrefaciens had highest percentage of degradation compare to the other two bacteria. The order of degradation was as follows P. putrefaciens > B. stearothermophilus > S. faecium. This study showed that the bacteria strains used in this study could be relevant in the bioremediation of ecosystem that may be contaminated with hydrocarbons.
Evaluation of host humoral antibody production against Plasmodium falciparum recombinant circumsporozoite antigen in Nigerian children
(J Vector Borne Dis, 2012-09) Oluwasogo Adewole Olalubi; Ogunlana Oluseyi Ebenezer; Anumudu Chiaka
Background & objectives: The challenge of malaria and efforts targeted at developing malaria vaccines triggered this study on the reactivity of IgG and its subclasses in the test serum specific to CSP. This work was directed at assessing the influence of age and gender on host humoral antibody against Plasmodium falciparum recombinant circumsporozoite antigen in Nigerian children. Methods: In all, 67 serum samples (>10,000 parasites/μl of blood) collected from malaria-infected children at the University College Hospital, Ibadan during the transmission season were analyzed by ELISA. Results: The mean absorbance values of IgG subclasses reactive against P. falciparum CSP appeared to be age dependent and ranged from 0.01 for IgG4 in younger children to 0.95 for IgG3 in older children. The sixty-seven subjects investigated in this study had significantly higher mean IgG1 and IgG3 than the uninfected controls (p <0.01). This follows the order IgG3 >IgG1>IgG2>IgG4 which confirmed the prevalence of the cytophilic antibodies (IgG1 and IgG3) in 65% of the malaria infected children over the non-cytophilic subclasses (IgG2 and IgG4). Similarly, there was low production of IgG4 and IgG2 levels in 35% of the subjects compared with control. IgG was detected in the serum of North American Subjects (NAS) which served as negative control for CSP-specific IgG subclasses. Although the NAS titre was lower than that of the malaria subjects in Nigeria, its IgG2 was, however, higher (0.16) than that of other subclasses. The mean absorbance values of total serum IgG subclass were higher than those of IgG subclasses specific to P. falciparum circumsporozoite antigen. The mean absorbance values of the total serum IgG subclass follows the order IgG2>IgG1>IgG4>IgG3. Interpretation & conclusion: Age and gender-dependent correlations of results suggest that acquired immunity could play a significant role in protection from malaria. Antibody levels are higher in male than female children of the same age group. Antibody levels also increase with age in both the male and female children.
In vitro testing of the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates to amodiaquine and the combinations of amodiaquine with verapamil, chlorpheniramine and promethazine
(International Journal of Biology and Biological Sciences Available online at http://academeresearchjournals.org/journal/ijbbs, 2013-07) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Oluseyi E. Ogunlana; Abayomi O. Sijuade; Oyindamola O. Abiodun; Olukunle B. Fagbemi
In vitro assays still remain a vital stage of antimalarial drug development process and resistance monitoring. This study assessed the sensitivity patterns of isolates of Plasmodium falciparum to amodiaquine (AQ) alone or in combination with verapamil (VER), chlorpheniramine (CP) and promethazine (PRO) as resistance reversing compounds. The test involves monitoring the ability of antimalarial drugs to prevent parasite transition from trophozoites to schizont stages over a 24-48 h incubation period in vitro by World Health Organization (WHO) schizont inhibition assay. The MIC of AQ alone ranged from 6.2-500.0 ng/ml while those of its reversing agents ranged from 2.1-500.0 ng/ml. Mean MIC for AQ=120.51±15.10. Based on the cut-off value for AQ in vitro susceptibility, 73% (76/104) of the P. falciparum isolates were sensitive to AQ while 27% (28/104) were resistant. The mean MIC values for AQ + VER, AQ + CP and AQ + PRO were 83.08 ± 9.39, 106.93 ± 13.28 and 111.09 ± 14.82 respectively. Based on the reversal phenomenon, 75% (78/104) of the isolates were classified sensitive to amodiaquine, while 25% (26/104) were classified resistant with verapamil as reversing agent (P<0.05). Furthermore, 85% (88/104) were sensitive to amodiaquine while 15% (16/104) were resistant to chlorpheniramine as reversing agent (P<0.05). In the same vein, 78% (81/104) were sensitive to amodiaquine while 22% (23/104) were resistant to promethazine as reversing agent (P<0.05). The present results demonstrated a high sensitivity pattern to the drug combinations. However, the very low levels of in vitro P. falciparum resistance against chlorpheniramine may demonstrate its pharmacological advantage as a better-reversing agent over others. Subsequent surveillance should, in addition, integrate both in vivo and molecular surveillance to characterize the true nature of P. falciparum isolates in this area.
EFFECT OF SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATION OF SHEA BUTTER EFFLUENT ON THE ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF SELECTED ORGANS OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS
(TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. International Journal of Zoology and Research (IJZR), 2013-08-10) ADEWOYE S. O, ADEDIGBA A. E & OPASOLA O. A
ABSTRACT Post Juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of shea butter effluent (0.003, 0.005, 0.007, 0.009 and 0.011 ppt) for 96 hours (acute) and 14 days (chronic). Control fish were maintained for the same periods in clean water devoid of shea butter effluent. Liver, Gill, Heart, Kidney and muscle samples from 3 fish were prepared for histological analysis and examined for alterations. Alterations in the Liver, Gill, Heart, Kidney and muscle of fish exposed to shea butter effluent were semi-quantitatively ranked based on the severity of tissue lesions and comparisons were made with fish in the control groups. Fish of the control groups exhibited functionally normal Liver, Gill, Heart, Kidney and muscle. Histopathology of the organs; Liver, Gill, Heart, Kidney and muscle after 14days exposure revealed; congestion of central vein of varying degrees and distortion of hepatocytes in liver, inflamed and degenerated renal corpuscles in kidney, poor and degenerated gill filaments, distorted, irregular and fragmented muscle fibres coupled with distorted muscle fibres, irregular interfibre spaces and areas of inflammatory changes in the heart.
Prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma haematobium infections among primary school children in Igbokuta Village, Ikorodu North Local Government, Lagos State
(IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS), 2013-11) Olalubi A. Oluwasogo; Olukunle B. Fagbemi
Background: Urinary Schistosomiasis (US) caused by Schistosoma haematobium constitutes a major public health problem in Nigeria. Efforts in this study were devoted to evaluate the current prevalence and associated risk factors on the intensity of disease burden. Methods: A survey was conducted with the use of semi-structured questionnaires to collect sociodemographic and anthropometric data of the pupils. Urine samples were collected from One hundred and two (102) pupils for microscopic analysis for the detection of S.haematobium eggs. Results: Of the 102 children (age ranges between 5-15 years) examined, prevalence of infection was (80/102) 78 % of which (44/102) 43 % were heavy and (36/102) 35 % mild while (22/102) 22 % were negative (p<0.05). The frequency of infection was higher among the female pupils (62/102) 61 % compared to the male counterpart (40/102) 39 % (p<0.05). Striking risk factors that could predispose the pupils to S.haematobium infection follows the order: swimming / drinking contaminated water> washing of clothes in streams > playing / bathing in rivers> unknown > mosquito bites > fresh water snail. No significant difference exists between the risk factors (p>0.05). The mean age, weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference of the negative individuals (both males and females) were significantly higher than that of their positive counterpart (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean age, height and waist circumference of the heavy and mild infected females compared to their male counterpart (p>0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean hip circumference of the heavy and mild infected male and female (p>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that there is significant correlation between infection status and age (r= 0.385, p>0.01), weight (r = 0.404, p>0.01), height (r=0.401, p>0.01), waist (r=0.396, p>0.01), hip circumference (r=0.415, p>0.01) and risk factor (r=-0.231, p>0.05). Risk factor is not significant to age, weight, height, waist, hip circumference and infection status (p>0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence rate obtained in the study was high, an indication that the region is endemic by WHO classification. This calls for an urgent effective urinary schistosomiasis control programme in the zone.
STUDIES ON METAL- RESISTANT BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SPENT- ENGINE OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL, IN OGBOMOSO, OYO STATE, NIGERIA.
(International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology Universal Research Publications., 2015-05-20) OPASOLA O.A, SAWYERR, H. O.BOLAJI A.S, IROMINI F.A,AKANDE I.O,FEMI-ADEPOJU, A.G, ADEPOJU, A. O, FATUKASI B.A. AND ODENIYI M.A
This study was carried out to establish the relationship between hydrocarbon utilization potential and heavy metal tolerance in bacteria species. Nineteen bacteria species were isolated from soil samples collected from four (4) automobile repair workshops in Ogbomosho, Oyo state Nigeria.The bacteria isolated were identified to be Klebsiella oxytoca(5), Klebsiella edwardsii(13)and Shigella alcalescens(1). Metal tolerance assay revealed that Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella edwardsii and Shigella alcalescens have the ability to grow in the presence of Zncl2, Pbcl2 and CuSO4. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the metal salts ranged from 1mM to >16mM for Pbcl2, 2mM to >16mM for Zncl2 and 8mM to >24 for CuSO4. The ability of the bacteria strains to utilize hydrocarbons was also investigated by measuring the optical density of the strains in minimal salt mediumsupplemented crude oil at 625nm. The results showed that there is relationship between hydrocarbon utilization and heavy metal tolerance among the bacteria. Keywords:
Values and Hopes of Ebola Vaccines Mass Immunization Programs and Treatments Adoption and Implementation Benefits in Africa
(International Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 2015-11-06) Ernest Tambo; Chidiebere EU; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Isatta W; Jeannetta KJ; Jeane YN
The potential benefits of safe, effective and cost effective Ebola vaccines and massive population-based immunization and treatment can be easily demonstrated by the unprecedented Ebola outbreak consequences that raged West Africa and intimidation the international public health security. Effective community-based health programming and contextual understanding have shown to be of tremendous benefits of global poliomyelitis immunization initiative. Africa fertility rate is among the highest in the world and projected growth over next 40 years, from 1.1 billion to 2.4 billion by 2050. It has become clear that the lack of effective Ebola immunization programs and management logistics in both vulnerable populations and international travellers was complicated by weak health planning and epidemics preparedness. Moreover, poor prognosis and late local, regional and international response led to preventable toll of over 27,609 cases and 11,261 deaths been recorded in West Africa recently. As Ebola still represents a common threat in Africa and threatening the global community; this article reports a cumulative survival rate varying between 37- 66% in West Africa with the highest in Sierra Leone of 67% in contrast to 26% in DR Congo with the highest cumulative frequencies of seven of Ebola resurgence episodes from 1977-2014, and Uganda five episodes from 2000-2012. But what exactly triggers to those Ebola patients fortunate enough to survive is still to be elucidated. West Africa has recorded a cumulative fatality rate ranging from 34- 63 %. Understanding the benefits of Ebola immunization should be of importance and could provide inklings into Ebola’s weakness in such dearth of local medical and healthcare delivery, intense global travel and food insecurity systems. Hence, development and effective deployment of massive population-based Ebola immunization program and travel medicine policy on prevention and control measures should be a major priority post-Ebola emergency response directed to curb and to eradicate the threatening Ebola outbreaks. In addition, development of evidence-based innovative community-based primary healthcare services, functioning delivery mechanisms, other public health interventions surveillance and recovery packages. Hence, support in improving safety and healthy living in achieving the national / regional growth, sustainable development goals and global health security.
Investigation of Blister Beetle(Lytta vesicatoria) Dermatitis outbreak and containment at Karaoke State University Students' Hostels
(2016) Adeyemi Mufutau AJAO; Oluwasogo A. OLALUBI; Ismaila, Adeniran ADEROLU; Shola. K BABATUNDE; Nimat B. IDRIS; Abdulrasheed Abidemi ADIO; E.B AJAO
The study was undertaken to ascertain the causative agent and diagnosis of the clinical profile of patients that made them susceptible to Blister Beetle Dermatitis, efforts were also devoted to investigate risk factors associated with BBD symptoms in patients. This study also provides entomological and environmental data on occurrence and outbreak of BBD at the student hostels in Kwara State University, Nigeria. Patients with clinical manifestation of dermatitis were studied by questionnaire administration along with close clinical examination of the disease condition. The questionnaire sought information on skin lesions, sleeping locations of the patients and beetle activity. The result of the study revealed 44 patients (30 males and 14 females) reported insect bite, dermatitis at and were treated for BBD at the University Medical Centre. The majority of patients were in the age group 10-25years, (77.3%). Thirty four (77.3%) resides in the hostels of the university while others live outside. The commonest body locations affected was the neck (40.9%) and head and face (27.3%). Majority of the cases were reported in October (83%), September (7.8%) and August (2.4%) which coincided with both rainy period and high prevalence of blister beetles collection at the study area. Mean duration of the symptoms manifestation were 3 to 5 days. Fitting houses with good insect screens, light-proof curtains, yellow light bulb and immediate washing of area of contact of beetle on body with soap and water are parts of the precautionary measures proffered.
Fostering prevention and care delivery services capability on HIV pandemic and Ebola outbreak symbiosis in Africa
(J Infect Dev Ctries, 2016) Ernest Tambo; Clarence S Yah; Chidiebere E Ugwu; Oluwasogo A Olalubi; Isatta Wurie; Jeannetta K Jonhson; Jeanne Y Ngogang
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the re-emerging Ebola virus disease (EVD) are closely intertwined and remain a persistent public health threat and global challenge. Their origin and rapid transmission and spread have similar boundaries and share overlapping impact characteristics, including related symptoms and other interactions. The controversies and global threat of these viruses require rapid response policy and evidence-based implementation findings. The constraints and dual burden inflicted by Ebola and HIV infections are highly characterized by similar socio-demographics, socio-economic and political factors. EVD has similar effects and burdens to HIV infection. This study seeks to understand EVD in the context of HIV epidemic despite the challenges in developing an effective vaccine against HIV and EVD. Our findings show that early understanding, prevention and treatment of these diseases a global health threat mainly in Africa is important and valuable. The lessons learned so far from HIV and Ebola epidemics are crucial in health programming and execution of rapid response interventions and continued vigilance against EVD before it become another worldwide health menace. Therefore, the current regional West Africa EVD requires strengthening healthcare systems and building preparedness and response capacity. Importantly, appropriate community participation, health education and resilience coupled with deployment of effective novel diagnostic approaches in early warning and surveillance of threats and emerging diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel key strategies are crucial in curbing the constant viral resurgence, persistence transmission dynamics and spread, as well in accelerating Ebola vaccines regimen (immunization) development and national implementation plans in achieving sustained control, and eventual elimination.
Prevalence of latent eosinophilia among occupational gardeners at Babcock University,Nigeria
(Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb, 2016) Ayodele Olushola Ilesanmi; Ginnikachi Jennifer Ekwe; Rosemary Isioma Ilesanmi; Damilola Temitope Ogundele; Jacob Kehinde Akintunde; Oluwasogo Adewole Olalubi
Objective: To determine the level of eosinophils, present in the blood and sputum samples, presumably as a result of continual occupational exposure to allergens while on duty, as gardeners at Babcock University, Nigeria. Methods: A Haemocytometer and Olympus microscope were utilized to estimate the eosinophils population in 44 blood samples and 21 sputum samples respectively. Results: The relationship between the occurrence of eosinophil in blood and the exposure period among Babcock University gardeners had a positive correlation (r =+0.08, t=4.55, P<0.05). It was found that blood eosinophil counts in these workers correlated with the length of exposure period. Conclusions: Nature and gardening activities are not a risk factor that significantly affects eosinophil levels but duration of exposure to allergens. However, all safety precautionary kits and wears should be forced and embraced by the concerned occupational gardeners to avert and subvert its predisposing deleterious effect on them.
Glucose absorption in the intestine of albino rats
(J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol DE GRUYTER, 2016-01-30) Olalubi A. Oluwasogo; Owoyele B. Victor; Ayinla M. Tayo; Akintunde J. Kehinde
Background: The ability to absorb substances from the external environment is one of the features that make animals different from inanimate objects. In mammalian species, this quality is mainly the small intestine's role. The process of absorption mainly takes place in the small intestine. This study was carried out to investigate the rate of glucose absorption in the intestine of albino rats and the effect of calcium and ouabain on the rate of glucose absorption. Methods: Albino rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were used for this experiment. Guts were isolated and cut to segments. The test solution was injected into each of the isolated segments, which were then assayed for glucose. Results: The result revealed that the rate of glucose absorption in the intestine of albino rats was found to be 3.02 × 10−1 g/min at the mucosa-to-serosa surface and 3.00 × 10−1 g/min at the serosa-to-mucosa surface, indicating that glucose was absorbed in both surfaces and that the rate of glucose absorption was higher in the mucosa-to-serosa direction than in the opposite direction. The rate of intestinal glucose absorption at different regions of the intestine and the effect of varying concentrations of calcium on the rate of glucose absorption revealed that glucose absorption was highest at the duodenum and lowest at the ileum. Conclusions: Ouabain blocked the rate of absorption of glucose in the intestine of albino rats.
Antimycotic and phytochemical screening of the fruit pulp extract of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) on Can-dida albicans
(JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS., 2016-03-13) MAJEKODUNMI RACHEAL ADEDAYO; SHOLA KOLA BABATUNDE; ADEYINKA ELIZABETH AJIBOYE; LATEEF MODUPE HABEEB
Objective: To determine the antimycotic potency of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of the fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica on human pathogenic Candida al-bicans. Methods: The disk diffusion method was employed to check for the antimycotic potency of extracts while qualitative and quantitative analysis of some phyto-chemical constituents was carried out following stand-ard methods. Results: The fruit pulp extracts were effective against the organism at 475 and 485 mg/ml in the aqueous and ethanolic extract respectively. The same concentration served as the Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Fun-gicidal Concentration (MIC and MCC) in both extracts. The extracts were also subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. Alkaloids, tan-nins and reducing sugars were found in the ethanol ex-tract while in the aqueous extract glycosides, saponins and reducing sugars were discovered to be present. Conclusions: The study indicated that aqueous and eth-anolic extracts of the fruit pulp of T. indica can be a potential source of antimycotic agent to combat the challenge of the emergence of drug-resistance in Can-dida albicans and the need to produce more effective antimicrobial agents.
Assessment of Mother’s Knowledge and Attitude towards Malaria Management among Under Five (5) Years Children in Okemesi–Ekiti, Ekiti–West Local Government, Ekiti State
(Malaria Control & Elimination, 2016-04-18) Oluwasogo AO; Henry OS; Abdulrasheed AA; Olawumi TA; Olabisi EY
Background: Malaria remains a major global public health and development challenge especially in tropical Africa. Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest form of the malaria parasite, is responsible for the vast majority of the mortality and morbidity associated with malaria infection. This study therefore, aims to evaluate the caregiver’s knowledge, attitude and practice regarding malaria and treatment of children below five (5) years in the rural community. Methods: A community-based cross sectional survey was conducted in different households among mothers’ with children below five (5) years of age selected by systematic random sampling. In total, 50 respondents were interviewed in the rural community using a semi-structured, paper-based questionnaire designed to capture information on socio-demographic characteristics, active knowledge, treatment seeking behaviour of caregivers/ parents, types of treatment employed by the care-givers and personal protective measures against Malaria. Results: Most respondents correctly associated malaria with infected female anopheles mosquito bites (99.7%) and reported that they will seek treatment within 24 hours of noticing the first symptoms of malaria. Although the respondents were unaware of the susceptibility of children to malaria parasite, thirty seven percent (37%) preferred to use herbs while (17%) will take children to the clinic/dispensary for treatment. Caregivers also make use of artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT) (7%), analgesics (5%), antibiotics (5%) but majority of the respondents use self-prescribed palliative drug combinations/over-the-counter drugs (40%) in treating malaria. They were also aware of preventive measures against malaria such as insecticide treated bed-nets (28%), but there was low ownership and usage of the bed nets among respondents as only 19% of them have access to bed nets. Other preventive measures include spraying with insecticide (29%), wearing long sleeved clothes (29%), and draining of stagnant water (13%). Conclusion: There was dearth of information percolating to mothers most especially on current trends in management, control and prevention of acute uncomplicated malaria in the endemic rural community. Provision of affordable healthcare facilities by government and improved patronage coupled with sound integration of health information and education policy would enhance and promote change of attitude, behaviour and practice will help in combating malaria in the rural endemic settings.
Diversity and Abundance of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) Species Complex in some Selected Settlements in Ogbomoso Local Government Area of Oyo-State, Nigeria
(Malaria Contr Elimination MCE, an open access journal, 2016-06-30) Oluwasogo AO; Adeyemi MA; Gabriel S; Kabir OO; Owolabi AA; Henry OS
Background: It is part of efforts of every passionate government in Africa to reduce, if not eliminate morbidity and mortality due to malaria being transmitted by female anopheles mosquito. Part of this struggle is the malaria indicator survey annually conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) in Nigeria. It therefore important to communicate community based investigation and communication of entomological data vital for malaria control using appropriate statistical tools. This study generally aims to investigate seasonal abundance of Anopheles mosquito species and their compositions in some selected human settlements. The specific objective is to determine which particular specie of such Anopheles mosquitoes are most abundant and which of the human settlements requires most intervention due to high prevalence of such Anopheles. Methods: Mosquito collection was made once per week indoor between 5:30hr to 7:00hr and 20:00hr to 22:00hr in rooms for twelve months using insecticide spray technique. Adult Mosquitoes from the knock down effect were collected and identified to species and species complex level using keys described by Gillett, Gillies and Coetzee. Two sample test of proportion was adopted to test for significant difference between species occurrence. The Friedman rank sum test was utilized to determine whether or not there exists a statistically detectable difference in abundance of the four species of anopheles mosquitoes in the seven study wards and whether the seven study ward significantly differ in their composition of the four species of anopheles complex. Results: At 5% significance level (α=0.05), the test revealed with p-values 0.0001 and 0.0005 that there is statistically detectable difference among median abundance of the four Anopheles species. An. gambiae s.l. had the highest median (3006) abundance, followed by An. arabiensis (834.5), An. rufipes (608) and An. funestus (471), respectively. However, Akata ward had the largest median composition (812) of the mosquito species followed by Lagbedu ward (786). Alapata ward rank third in terms of median abundance (739.5). Ibapon and Ilogbo wards had approximately the same median Anopheles composition of 714 out of the total of 35,974. Arowomole ward had the least median composition (698). However, most mosquito species (6822) was collected in October and the least (252) in February. Conclusion: Identifying human activities and practices that promote mosquito breeding by communities themselves, identifying and selecting culturally appropriate mosquito control techniques, and the initiation of actions aimed at controlling mosquito abundance are among community directed and self-reliant coping strategies envisaged. Among such includes Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated Bednets, (LLITNs) alongside with Indoor residual spray and most importantly the practice of Larval Source Management (LSM) (Larviciding) in the study areas.
Rift valley fever epidemic in Niger near border with Mali
(www.thelancet.com/infection, 2016-12) Ernest Tambo; Oluwasogo A Olalubi; Moussa Sacko
Can Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Occur In Automated Teller Machines In Ilorin Metropolis?
(2017) Opasola O.A; Iyanda Y.A.; Sawyerr H.O; Adewoye S.O; AbdulRahman H; Dauda K. A. & 2Onifade I. A.
The rise of multiple resistance bacteria among the pathogenic bacterial community is becoming a serious threat to public health most especially those contaminating environmental surfaces like the surface of Automated Teller Machine (ATM). This study was carried out in other to evaluate the prevalence of microbial contamination with its antibiotic resistance on automated teller machine and to elucidate its implications on the users of ATM. Twelve samples were collected from different ATM centers including the ATM at Kwara State General Hospital, Al-Hiqma University and the only ATM located around the busy part of Garin Alimi along Asa dam, Ilorin. Based on standard microbiological methods, the distribution of these organisms shows that 28.6% of the isolated organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 11.9% were Proteus vulgaris, 38.1% were Morganella morgani, 19.0% were Klebsiella edwardsii, and 2.4% were Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all the isolated organisms (100%) were resistance to septrin and 80% of all the organisms were resistance to chloramphenicol, amoxacillin, augmentin and Pefloxacin. From this study, it can be concluded that there is heavy bacterial contamination of ATM surfaces with bacteria that are resistant to commonly used antibiotics in human medicine, therefore, there is urgent need for frequent disinfection of ATM machines and its accessories along with periodical microbiological surveillance.
Ethical, legal and societal considerations on Zika virus epidemics complications in scaling-up prevention and control strategies
(Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 2017) Ernest Tambo; Ghislaine Madjou; Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Chryseis F. Chengho; Emad I.M. Khater
Much of the fear and uncertainty around Zika epidemics stem from potential association between Zika virus (ZIKV) complications on infected pregnant women and risk of their babies being born with microcephaly and other neurological abnormalities. However, much remains unknown about its mode of transmission, diagnosis and long-term pathogenesis. Worries of these unknowns necessitate the need for effective and efficient psychosocial programs and medical-legal strategies to alleviate and mitigate ZIKV related burdens. In this light, local and global efforts in maintaining fundamental health principles of moral, medical and legal decision-making policies, and interventions to preserve and promote individual and collective Human Rights, autonomy, protection of the most vulnerable, equity, dignity, integrity and beneficence that should not be confused and relegated by compassionate humanitarian assistance and support. This paper explores the potential medical and ethical-legal implications of ZIKV epidemics emergency response packages and strategies alongside optimizing reproductive and mental health policies, programs and best practice measures. Further long-term cross-borders operational research is required in elucidating Zika-related population-based epidemiology, ethical-medical and societal implications in guiding evidence-based local and global ZIKV maternal-child health complications related approaches and interventions. Core programs and interventions including future Zika safe and effective vaccines for global Zika immunization program in most vulnerable and affected countries and worldwide should be prioritized.
Purification and Partial Characterization of Cellulase Produced by Aspergillus niger Cultured on Vitellaria paradoxa shells
(A publication of College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria., 2017-06-20) Sulyman A. O, Iyanda A. Y, Opasola O. A, Adedayo O, Aladodo, R. A, Balogun A, 1Ajibola O. A, Olukotun O. Z and Hammed B. A
This research investigated the purification and partial characterization of cellulase produced by Aspergillus niger cultured on Vitellaria paradoxa shells. Cellulase (endoglucanase) from A. niger was produced under optimum fermentation conditions at 35 °C, pH 4.7, V. paradoxa, 4 g/L, inoculum size of 10 mm and the fermentation media incubated for 120 hours. The crude endoglucanase obtained were partially purified by subjecting to ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography for further purification. The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of purified endoglucanase was determined. Cellulase was purified to 734.33 folds by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography with a specific activity and yield of 4.406 U/mg and 63.03% respectively. Fractions 4 and 7 contained the highest endoglucanase activity out of 18 fractions collected and the two fractions were pooled for further analysis. The activity of purified endoglucanase was optimum at a temperature of 40 °C and pH 5. Therefore, the purified endoglucanase produced may be explored in detergent industry.
Ebola Outbreaks Public Health Emergencies in Fragile Conflicts Zones and Displaced Populations in Africa
(International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2017-10-11) Ernest Tambo; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Chryseis F. Chengho; Isatta Wurie; Jeannetta K. Jonhson; Marcel Fogang; Jeanne Y. Ngogang
Little is documented on conflict and displacement impact on West Africa Ebola Virus disease (EVD) outbreaks. The paper revisits Ebola outbreaks public health emergencies in fragile conflict zones and displaced populations across Africa. Findings showed that the duration of conflict/war events varied one to forty three years. Notably, Darfur war in Sudan and South Sudan lasted between 18- 23 years, RD Congo and Guinea incessant political and ethnical or mining conflict instability repeatedly ranging between 2-6 years, Liberia and Sierra Leone 5 and 12 years conflict/war events associated Ebola outbreaks were documented following seven and four years of conflicts from 1989-1996 and 1999-2003 prior to a democracy nation era in Liberia respectively. Worldwide, there have been 28,639 cases of Ebola virus disease and 11,316 deaths as at December, 2016 compared to recent Zika virus outbreaks in Latin America. Ebola outbreak public health emergencies advocacy, community social mobilization and engagement, Ebola awareness, effective and culturally dignified communications, social media and mass media risk communication, community literacy and preparedness, emergency response engagement and participation, access and deployment of digital technology applications (Health map) in surveillance, tracking and monitoring and key traditional burial practice behaviours changes were being translated into positive successes and benefits that geared rapid and effective prevention of further spread and containment activities of West Africa Ebola outbreak. Inter-humanitarian organizations, institutions and other stakeholders including government cooperation and coordinated leadership, commitment and investment were laudable in supporting accountability and transparency in the overall objectives of public health emergency preparedness planning, care management systems in Ebola outbreak centres, public awareness, epidemic early detection and rapid response as well as effective immunization programs implementation to outwit Ebola virus. Sierra Leone conflict lasted from 1991-2002, Guinea recorded frequent relentless instability than Liberia with two major conflict periods from 1989-1996 and 1999-2003. For the first time, we established a statistical significant correlation between duration of war/conflict events and Ebola outbreaks onsets in Africa (P<0.05).Unexpectedly; the total fatality rate in Liberia or Sierra Leone only was greater than the previously reported cumulative EVD cases across Africa since 1976. It is crucial to intensify advocacy on conflicts/wars resolutions to disaster risk reduction framework evidence practice implementation of peace building in fostering health and socioeconomic development and growth. Authors call for the urgent need for concerned commitment and engagement of all stakeholders to develop, implement and strengthening local, national, regional and global public health emergencies evidence practice approaches and strategies including national public health disaster emergency situations insurance models and schemes integration is paramount in disaster high risk prone settings and particular in Africa.

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