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Assessment of Environmental Sanitation, Food Safety Knowledge, Handling Practice among Food Handlers of Bukateria Complexes in Iju Town, Akure North of Ondo-State, Nigeria
(0001-09-19) ODIPE Oluwaseun Emmanuel, Morufu Olalekan Raimi, Deinkuro Sanchez Nimisingha, Aishat Funmilayo Abdulraheem, Edewor Okolosi-Patainnocent, Modupe Lateefat Habeeb and Fadeyibi Mary
Background: Food safety has become one of the ten threats to global health in 2019 and the outbreaks of foodborne diseases are major public health problems and had caused approximately 76 million illness, 325,000 hospitalizations and 5000 deaths yearly. However, 20 - 40% of such illness is associated with the consumption of contaminated food where bukateria premises are the most frequently cited sources of sporadic and outbreak foodborne infection including WASH related diseases. The problem is more noticeable in developing countries due to prevailing poor food handling and sanitation practices, tokenistic and inadequate food safety laws, weak regulatory systems, lack of financial resources to invest on safer equipment’s, and lack of education for food handlers. Objectives: This study assesses the environmental sanitation status of complexes in Iju offering public ‘Bukataria’ services, in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State, South-West Nigeria. Materials and Method: Purposive sampling technique was used, 36 respondents from 16 bukarias was carried out from April 2013 to May 2013. Total number of bukateria was obtained from environmental health unit of Akure North Local Government. The proprietors and food handlers were selected by lottery method from each selected bukateria. Structured and pretested questionnaire was developed for the purpose of data collection after reviewing relevant literature and views of professionals in the area. Analyses was achieved with frequencies, Chi-square and other summary statistics, to assess food vendors knowledge on hygiene and environmental sanitation practices. Results: Chi-square test (P = 0.1, 0.01) revealed that respondents with higher form of education (about 72%) and catering training (6%) had better knowledge about food hygiene. Results also revealed that while 61% of the food vendors did not use aprons, only about half of those that used (39%) were neat.75% (12 out of 16) of the bukateria had facilities for safe storage of cooked food, while 56% kept neat kitchen and stores. Correspondingly, 31.3% of the bukateria were adequately ventilated while 75% kept neat restaurant. 46% have access to means of adequate sewage disposal. All Bukateria had access to both portable water and adequate refuse disposal system. Rodents (rats) and/or flies were absent in 75% of the bukateria visited. This study will have a significant input, in the formulation of appropriate strategy, to modify and facilitate the overall regulatory activity, for program planning and evaluation by environmental health officer. Conclusion: More needs to be done in the area of supportive supervision training, education, medical screening for food handlers and monitoring in order to further improve the wellbeing of the community. These therefore demonstrate the need for targeted sanitation interventions in our Bukateria in order to address the current inadequate or lack of progress.
Novel Biomimicry Techniques for Detecting Plant Diseases
(Wiley online Library (Scrivener), 0001-09-23) Fadeyibi Adeshina, Fadeyibi Mary
Biomimicry techniques (BmT) can be regarded as crop management concepts deployed for detecting, measuring, and responding to diseases during agricultural production. In this paper, various approaches of the BmT for the efficient management of unhealthy plants during preharvest and postharvest operations were reviewed. The remote sensors, machine vision, and robotics BmT approaches are mostly applied during preharvest operations for detecting plant diseases. Certain diseases, such as white-soft, gray-mold, and Sclerotium rots, may attack vegetables after harvest, thus requiring a high resolution BmT, like neural network and support vector machine to manage. To the best of our knowledge, this technology is mostly applied for protecting tropical and temperate fruits and vegetables but have not been tested for cereal and legume plants disease management. Also, the resulting image from the BmT can sometimes be misleading due to bad weather and other factors related to equipment performance. Thus, this study will help provide meaningful insights for the advancement of the technology on plant management practice during preharvest and postharvest processing and storage.
Ecological footprint for environmental sustainability in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria
(International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, 0012-02-20) Fadeyibi Mary, Sawyerr Olawale Henry, and Salako Gabriel
Ecological footprint (EF) is an indicator that accounts for human demand in the environment compared with the sizes of the bio-productive land and sea areas. This research was carried out to determine the EF for environmental sustainability in Ilorin Metropolis. Empirical surveying, which involved systematic random sample technique, was used to select residential households in each community for this investigation. The EF indicators, which include food, energy and waste consumptions, were determined empirically. The bio capacity (BC),ecologicalstressanddeficitweredetermined,fromthelandusedasenvironmentalsustainable areas in Ilorin, using Google Earth Mapping. The results revealed that energy has the highest EF of 44%, followed bywasteandfoodwiththefootprintof25%and5%,respectively.Adeficitof38%wasobtained,and this requires eight times the BC to balance the EF of the population. This implies that people are consuming more of the energy and generating more wastes than they consumed food.
APPLICATION OF MAIZE STARCH-PEANUT SHELL NANOCOMPOSITE PACKAGING ON MUSHROOM UNDER VARYING MOISTURE, THICKNESS, AND COLD STORAGE
(Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, 0012-12-23) Fadeyibi Adeshina, Kehinde Peter Alabi, Fadeyibi Mary
In this research, a maize starch-peanut shell nanocomposite film was applied to package mushroom under varying moisture, thickness, and cold temperature conditions. The film was developed by congealing 18 g starch, 0.38 g peanut nanoparticles, 16 g glycerol in 300 ml distilled water at 70oC, and its thermal, mechanical, barrier and microstructural behaviors were determined using standard methods. The film was applied to package oyster mushroom by varying the thickness (5– 10 mm) and moisture content (77.18 –91.14 %, wb) of the product, and thereafter storing it under 4– 8 oC cold temperature condition. The results revealed ~ 5% weight fraction degradation at ≤ 310 oC with endothermic peaks occurring at 250 oC and 400 oC, which corresponds to phase transition points where the film was thermally stable. The deformation pattern of the film at atomic level mimics a natural plastic material, with a heterogeneous particle size distribution across the film matrix. The permeability coefficients were 0.68× 10-10, 2.10× 10-10 and 14.0× 10-10 cm3 (STP) cm/cm2scm Hg for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon-dioxide, gases, respectively. Also, the microbial load of the packaged product significantly decreased with an increase pH, moisture, and temperature (p< 0.05). Thus, the film can be suitable for mushroom packaging.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DISINFECTANT EFFECTIVENESS ON CLINICAL BACTERIAL ISOLATES IN A DISK DIFFUSION STUDY
(Applied Environmental Bioscience and Public Health Research Group,University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, 0030-12-24) Fadeyibi, Mary, Sawyerr, Olawale Henry, Opasola, A O. & Ishola, O. A
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of various disinfectants on clinical bacterial isolates with a focus on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The clinical isolates were subjected to testing with four disinfectants: Phenols, Formaldehyde, Sodium hypochlorite, and Ethyl alcohol, utilizing the disk-diffusion method. Pathogenic bacteria pose a significant threat, capable of inducing a range of symptoms that can vary from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening, affecting both individuals and other organisms. The widespread use of disinfectants to mitigate microbial growth on inanimate objects highlights the importance of understanding their effectiveness. Formaldehyde emerged as the most effective disinfectant, exhibiting a 92% susceptibility pattern, while Phenol demonstrated an 8% susceptibility. In contrast, sodium hypochlorite and ethyl alcohol presented no area of inhibition against any of the clinical bacterial isolates. Specific susceptibility patterns were observed, with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, proving susceptible to Formaldehyde at rates of 41%, 32%, and 27%, respectively. Conversely, Klebsiella pneumonia demonstrated resistance to Formaldehyde. These findings highlight the variable efficiency of the tested disinfectants. Given the superior efficacy of Formaldehyde against the bacterial isolates, routine testing of disinfectants is recommended to ensure their effectiveness against pathogenic microorganisms.
Assessment of degradability potential of Penicillium oxalicum on crude oil
(Pelagia Research Library, 2010-09-25) Opasola A.O* and Adewoye S.O
The ability of three fungal isolates (XA, XB, XC) isolated from crude oil contaminated soil to degrade crude oil was studied. The isolates were identified to be Penicillum oxalicum based on their microscopic and macroscopic features. Degradability test showed that Penicillum oxalicum XA, XB and XC were able to metabolize the crude oil constituents with evidence from increase in mycelia weight. After 5 th day of incubation the mycelia weight for the isolates; XA, XB and XC were measured to be 0.39kg, 0.35kg and 0.35kg respectively. On the 20th day of incubation the mycelia mass increased to 0.56g, 0.54g and 0.51g respectively. The percentage of the residual oil on the 5th day of incubation for XA,XB, and XC isolates were quantified to be 73.5%, 68.6% and 75% respectively, whereas on the 20th day of incubation the percentage has reduced to 33% 35% and 31.4% respectively. This study showed that Penicillium oxalicium can be implicated in the remediation of site that may be contaminated with crude oils. Further understanding of the metabolic process of this organism on the crude oil will increase possibilities of developing models and strategies for removing crude oil pollutants from oil-impacted environments
HIV/AIDS GENERAL STUDIES COMPENDIUM
(Mustard Communications, 2012-10) Ayanlaja S. A.; Olalubi A. O.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a major public health and development crisis. The pandemic has evolved into the greatest human tragedy over the last two decades since the first case was diagnosed. The World Bank reported in 1996 that in the ten Sub-Saharan countries with the most advanced HIV/AIDS epidemics, estimates indicate that per capita income growth will be slowed by an average of 0.3% a year between now and 2025. The epidemic is evolving in diverse patterns across countries and regions. In most countries, overall adult prevalence is below 1 percent, with the epidemic concentrated in sub-populations, notably injecting drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men. In some countries, prevalence has risen to as high as 80 percent of some subpopulations. Ominously, in a growing number of countries, the epidemic is spreading among the general population. In Sub-Saharan Africa,adult prevalence is over 7 percent. In Nigeria, the adult HIV prevalence has increased from 1.8% in 1991 to 4.5% in 1996 and 5.8% in 2001 Estimates indicate than more than 3.5 million Nigerians are infected. In 2005, however, the epidemic rate has dropped to about 3% resulting from active responses towardsmitigating the effect of the virus and the disease. Like many other developing countries, Nigeria has passed through several phases in her response to the epidemic. In 1997, the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria through the Federal Ministry of Health adopted the National Policy on HIV/AIDS and STI. Later in 2000, Presidential Committee on AIDS (PCA) and the National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA) were established.A three year HIV/AIDS Emergency Action Plan (HEAP) was formulated in 2001 whichis now being implemented. The overall goal of putting in place policy for HIV/AIDS is to controlits spreadinNigeria,and to mitigate its impact to the point where it is no longer of public health, socialandeconomic C H A P T E R O N E INTRODUCTION concerns. Nigerians will be able to achieve socially and economically productive lives free of the diseaseand itseffects . In recent decades, HIV/AIDS has become a topical issue in Nigeria. Ever since the first case ofAIDS was registered in 1982, the epidemic has continued to be on increase. For instance, an estimated 5.1% - 5.4% of the population has been infected with HIV/AIDS by 1999 and by 2006, 6.1 millions of 140 million populations is living with HIV/AIDS. The situation becomes worrisome as the number of people with the disease is expected to grow significantly by the end of 2010 . Despite the pandemic nature of HIV/AIDS, it was not until 2000 that the Nigerian government recognized HIV/AIDS as a major health problem . Unfortunately, this was not immediatelymatched with intensified campaign on HIV/AIDS by governments at all level. However, the recent happenings indicate government sudden interest in fighting the scourge. Government’s mounted aggressive campaign in the media and posted billboards in cities and highways, sensitizing on the dangers of the disease, modes of transmission and prevention. There have also been responses from both nongovernmental and Christian organizations in this campaign. Despite these concerted efforts by government and non governmental organizations to address the problem, it is disheartening to note that the rate of infection is still high.
Impact of Shea Butter Effluent on Biochemical and Heamatological Profiles of Clarias Gariepinus
(IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 2013-08-22) Adewoye S.O, Adedigba A.E, And Opasola O.A
The toxicity of shea Butter effluent (SBE) was investigated with emphasis on hematological, and biochemical profiles of Clarias gariepinus. adults of 280g_+ 0.3. The haematological indices revealed that increased in the concentration of the effluent brings about a corresponding decrease in the PVC, RBC, and Hemoglobin of the test organism. In the other way round, the volume of white Blood cell decreased at concentration of 0.003, 0.005, 0.007, and 0.009 but increased sharply at 0.011ppt concentration.In the same vein, the shea butter effluents causes a decline in the biochemical composition of Clariasgariepnusvis-à-vis Albumin, protein, cholesterol, Glucose and Urea when compared to the control treatment. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Clarias gariepinus Fed Lactobacillus acidophilus supplemented diets
(IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS), 2013-08-30) Olaniyi Afolabi Opasola, Solomon.O Adewoye and Olatunde.O Fawole
The aim of this work was to evaluate the usefulness of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a potential probiotic in fish farming using C. gariepinus as biological model. The experimental fish were divided into four groups, the first group was fed on diet supplemented with 0.5ml of L. acidophilusand designated as Group A ,the second group was fed on diet supplemented with 1 ml of L. acidophilusand designated as Group B the third group was fed on diet supplemented with 1.5ml of L. acidophilusand designated as Group C and the fourth group was served as control fed on L. acidophilus-free diet. The final weight of the groups that received L. acidophilus were not statistically different with the following mean values 390g, 395g and 400g for Group A ,B and C respectively but the mean weight of the control that does not receive L. acidophilus was 350g which is statistically different from the groups that received L. acidophilus. The result obtained revealed that percentage of fish that survived in the groups fed with L. acidophilus were 84%, 88% and 88% for Group A ,B and C respectively and 72% for the control that was not fed with L. acidophilus the corresponding percentage mortality was calculated to be 16%, 12%,12% and 20 % respectively. The result indicated that percentage mortality was very high in the control group that was not fed with L. acidophilus.This study was able to establish that L. acidophilus could be a good probiotic candidate in fish production because of its ability to enhance growth of C. gariepinus.
Effect of health education intervention on the awareness and use of personal protective equipment among small scale electric arc welders in Ilorin, Nigeria.
(2014) Adewoye KR; Awoyemi AO; Babatunde OA; Atoyebi OA; Salami SK; Issa YF
Introduction: Welding is associated with workplace hazards that can affect the health of those who engaged in it as they are exposed to harmful dust. Subjects and Methods: This was a health education intervention study carried out among self-employed electric arc welder. Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire and health education intervention was carried out between the preintervention and postintervention stages. Epi-info version 3.5.1 software package was used for data analysis and Chi-square analysis was used to determine the statistical signifi cance of observed differences between the study and control groups before the intervention and after intervention. Level of signifi cance was set at a P < 0.05. Results: At the preintervention phase, 285 respondents were interviewed in each of the study and control groups, while 280 study respondents and 275 control respondents were available for the postintervention phase of the study. Before the intervention, 279 (97.9%) of the respondents in the study group were aware of eye goggles as a means of protection, 20 (7%) were aware of welding helmet, 206 (72.3%) were aware of hand gloves and 4 (1.4%) were aware of face mask. All showed a significant increase in awareness postintervention (P < 0.05) while there was no signifi cant increase in awareness in the control group. Conclusion: Health education brought about a signifi cant increase in awareness and use of personal protective equipment among the welders. There is a need for proper education of welders on workplace hazards, the types and use of different protective devices in other to safeguard their health.
Exclusive breastfeeding as a predictor of a natural birth control method among women in the South West, Nigeria.
(2014) Olaitan LO; Stephen JA; Odeigah LO; Saidu R; Issa YF; Adesina KT; Olarinoye OO; Raji KA; Jimoh AAG
This study was carried out to assess the utilization of exclusive breastfeeding as a predicator of natural birth control among women in the south western Nigeria. Related literature was reviewed on different methods of National birth control with much emphasis on the useful ideas and the benefits of breastfeeding to both the nursing mothers and their babies. The population for the study consist only nursing mothers who are attending the infants welfare clinic, family planning clinic and ante-natal clinic which include civil servants, Traders and artisans. Four hundred subjects were randomly selected from about five thousands population of nursing mothers within the state in the south western Nigeria for the study. The instrument used for the study was self structured questionnaire that were validated by experts in the area of study and tested for the reliability of study using split half. A spearman rank order was used to analyze the result. A correlation coefficient of (0.75r) was obtained which ascertain its reliability for the study. The instrument was administered by the researcher and five research assistance. An inferential statistics of chi-square was used to analyze the formulated hypotheses. The result revealed that most respondents lack the knowledge about the benefit of exclusive breastfeeding, the nature of their work does not permit them to give exclusive breastfeeding. The health status of mothers and settlement pattern have influence on their compliance to exclusive breastfeeding. It is therefore recommended that appropriate steps through advocacy and campaign jingles be carried out by the stakeholders in the health sector; waiver should be given to nursing mothers to attend to their babies wherever the need arises to breastfeed them either at home or in the work place by their employers.
A comparative study of Plasma Vitamin C levels in pre- eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital
(2015) Odeigah CC; Odeigah L; Olagunju FA; Suleiman ZA; Issa YF; Adesina KT; Saidu R; Raji HA; Ayeni MO; Jimoh AAG
Background: Pre-eclampsia remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in our environment. Research into methods of prevention of this disorder has been hampered by a poor understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to pre-eclampsia. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress (with reduced antioxidant defences) could lead to free radical mediated endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia. Objectives: To determine the plasma vitamin C levels in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant patients at LUTH, and to compare the levels of plasma vitamin C in both groups of patients with a view to investigate the association between plasma vitamin C level and preeclampsia. Method: A comparative study of plasma vitamin C levels in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. Informed consent was obtained from 90 women admitted to the labour ward with singleton pregnancies between 28 and 40 weeks, who were divided into two groups: 30 preeclamptic patients and 60 normotensive patients (each pre-eclamptic patient was matched for parity with 2 normotensive patients). Venous blood was obtained from all the participants. Plasma vitamin C level was measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Data was analyzed using inferential statistical methods. Results: The results showed that mean plasma vitamin C level in the pre-eclamptic women was 119.3 ± 23.7 μg/ml, while the mean plasma vitamin C level in the normotensive pregnant patients was 246.5 ± 45.0 μg/ml. The mean concentration of plasma vitamin C level was significantly lower in the pre-eclamptic patients than in the normotensive patients (t=14.5; p<0.001) Conclusion: The study showed that pre-eclampsia is associated with decreased concentration of plasma vitamin C. There is the need for a local study to investigate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on pre-eclampsia.
Effectiveness of non-conventional humanitarian responses on Ebola outbreak crisis in West Africa
(J Pharmacovigilance, 2015) Michel Talla; Ugwu E Chidiebere; Oluwasogo A Olalubi; Isatta Wurie; Jeannetta K Jonhson; Jeane Y Ngogang; Ernest Tambo
Background: The significance of early warning alert, preparedness, public health surveillance and response systems, has been shown through the most deadly Ebola outbreak, complex ever seen Ebola war in West African communities as new cases is increasing exponentially with high risk of exposure of population and medical staff alike. The late humanitarian and local non-government organisations emergency responses and challenges to curtail transmission dynamics and stop the ongoing spread in the Ebola outbreak in West Africa have led to an unprecedented toll of 21,724 reported Ebola cases in eight countries since the outbreak began, with 8,641 reported deaths including 828 health-care workers and 499 died as 14 January 2015. Methods: Non-conventional humanitarian interventions (NCHI) was declared in West Africa Ebola epicenters with major tasks at implementing relief logistics and the much-needed public health emergency responses and programmes to ultimately reduce and stamp out Ebola outbreak amidst the most remote and hard to reach vulnerable populations. Results & Discussions: Indications have prompted the need of further evaluation of monitoring of the effectiveness of non conventional humanitarian interventions during and post Ebola outbreak crisis. This paper showed that NCHI has significantly support the reduction EVD new proportion of cases and drastically reduce case fatality in the context of Ebola epicentres through Ebola health centres building, mobile laboratory facilities, emergency medical evacuation capability, prompt treatment and care support and services delivery, and infection prevention and control quality assurance checks in these countries. At the same time, exhaustive NCHI efforts targeted ensuring timely and sufficient optimal supply personal protective equipment (PPE), building new Ebola emergency care centers and emergency stockpile supply and delivery and set strategic coordinated priorities to all Ebola treatment facilities, along with the provision of local training and empowerment using relevant guidelines to limit to the minimum possible level of risk and aftermath within the context of national sovereignty, peace and security. The paper highlights the effectiveness of NCHI in population in public health crisis and mitigates on medical, ethics and legal challenges in West Africa emergency responses. Conclusion: NCHI has successful supported operational containment efforts and lessons learnt in West Africa and lay foundation for accountable, transparent and innovative model for emergency response to global disease outbreaks in the most remote vulnerable populations. However, there lies a critical need to build up from the NCHI response and management in West Africa toward a more pragmatic and robust evidence based NCHI approaches and models that can transform and empower the huge natural and human resource potentials towards achieving universal coverage, the 2015–2030 Millennium Developing Goals (MDGs), sustainable growth and development in Africa and worldwide economic prosperity
Adherence to Antiretroviral therapy among Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected patients at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.
(2015) Olagunju FA; Odeigah LO; Suleiman ZA; Issa YF; Akanbi II A; Raji HA; Adesina KT; Saidu R; Ayeni OM; Jimoh AAG
Background: When people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHAs) are able to meet its challenging adherence requirements, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can be a nearly miraculous drug regimen that drastically reduces viral replication and damage to the immune system, restores daily functioning and well being. Objectives: The study sought to determine the rate and sociodemographic factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Also to find associations between adherence and some clinical parameters among HIV infected patients attending lentiviral clinic at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey of a randomly selected 250 HIV infected adult patients who were on antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of three months under the Federal Government of Nigeria’s free drugs programme. Self-reported adherence and other data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results: Adherence rate to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients was 90%. Knowledge of respondents about adherence and the increase in CD4 counts were significantly associated with adherence level. An assessment of the relationship between rate of adherence and socio-demographic factors revealed that there were no statistically significant associations. Conclusion: The high rate of adherence was largely attributed to free drugs provided by the clinic, free CD4 counts and other investigations, regular health talk and adherence counseling provided by a high level man-power.
Averting MERS-Cov Emerging Threat and Epidemics: The Importance of Community Alertness and Preparedness Policies and Programs
(Journal Of Prevention & Infection Control, 2015-09) Ernest Tambo; Tamiru Oljira; Olalubi A. Oluwasogo; Emad I. M. Khater; Zhou Xiao-Nong
Africa being part of the global village is challenged by unprecedented and persistent emerging infectious diseases threats and outbreaks. Recent memories of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks in Saudi Arabia (2012) and South Korea (2015), West Africa Ebola viral disease outbreak and public health humanitarian crisis (2014) and China’s SARS outbreaks. Various differences and similarities between these diseases have triggered serious concerns and magnified that similar outbreaks could occur anywhere in the world with lingering health complications, socio-political and economic crises. Yet, there is dearth of knowledge on MERS-CoV reservoirs, risk factors of emergence, infectivity and transmissibility in Africa and globally. This paper highlights forward approaches and key activities to the African Union, governments and institutions and all stakeholders including public-private partnership. These play paramount roles in providing information and support to address MERS-CoV and other emerging infectious diseases research gaps, (2) promoting community alertness and resilience in preparedness, (3) fostering effective and coordinated logistics in risk communication, planning and response in MERS-CoV public mobilization literacy and awareness, advocacy and mitigation. There is an urgent need to establish an integrated and strategic evidence-based local and nationwide surveillance and response capacity, (5) better understand the MERS-CoV animal reservoir(s) and human-human infectivity and transmissibility, and (6) implement informed community-based or national threat and epidemics actionable emergency insurance facility and compensation schemes. Conclusively, improved early warning, active and integrated epidemiological and genomic surveillance indicators data gathering to inform and guide effective and community resilience capability in consolidating and upholding knowledge gains from “One Health Surveillance Network” and best practices in achieving “One Health” and global health security.
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACIES OF HAND-WASH DISINFECTANTS ON SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL HAND SWAB ISOLATES FROM HEALTH WORKERS IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
(International Journal of Applied Biological Research, 2016) Odebisi-Omokanye, M. B*., Sule, I. O., Zakariyah, R. F., Jimoh, F. A. and Olugbade, O. F.
Hands are the most implicated in the transmission and spread of pathogens that causes disease. Hand hygiene has been said to be the most important way to avoid these infections. Hand washing with the use of hand wash is one of the ways to tackle the barriers to efficient hand hygiene. This study assessed the efficacy of seven popular brands of Hand washes (HW): DET, SAV, CHE, VIS, NIV, DOV and CAR (all abreviations in full for the first time) against some clinically important bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis recovered from hands of health care workers. The antibacterial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration of the hand washes was determined using the agar diffusion and broth dilution method, respectively. Each brand showed different activities against the isolates. VIS had the highest inhibitory effect against all organisms it was tested on, while SAV was the least effective. S. aureus was the most susceptible test organism, with the highest susceptibility to CAR (32.5 mm). P. mirabilis was most resistant, with the highest resistance to DET (9.0 mm). Antibacterial activity of the hand wash decreased with increased dilution. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was obtained for all the hand washes when not diluted. It is, therefore, recommended that the dilution of hand wash which is a commonly done in most households, hospitals, offices and eateries should be discontinued as these products are not active when diluted.
Can free open access resources strengthen knowledge-based emerging public health priorities, policies and programs in Africa?
(F1000Research, 2016) Ernest Tambo; Ghislaine Madjou; Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa; Emmanuel N. Tekwu; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Nicolas Midzi; Louis Bengyella; Ahmed A. Adedeji; Jeanne Y. Ngogang
Tackling emerging epidemics and infectious diseases burden in Africa requires increasing unrestricted open access and free use or reuse of regional and global policies reforms as well as timely communication capabilities and strategies. Promoting, scaling up data and information sharing between African researchers and international partners are of vital importance in accelerating open access at no cost. Free Open Access (FOA) health data and information acceptability, uptake tactics and sustainable mechanisms are urgently needed. These are critical in establishing real time and effective knowledge or evidence-based translation, proven and validated approaches, strategies and tools to strengthen and revamp health systems. As such, early and timely access to needed emerging public health information is meant to be instrumental and valuable for policy-makers, implementers, care providers, researchers, health-related institutions and stakeholders including populations when guiding health financing, and planning contextual programs.
Promoting Larval Source Management as a Vital Supplemental Addendum and More Likely Cost-Effective Approach for Malaria Vector Control in Nigeria
(iMedPub Journals http://www.imedpub.com/, 2016) Oluwasogo A Olalubi
Abstract Malaria is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people living in many parts of the world, especially Sub Saharan Africa and ƉĂrƟcƵůĂrůy Nigeria. Nigeria has a vision to become malaria-free with a mission to liberate the populace from the scourge of malaria-driven morbidity, mortality and impoverishment through ĞīĞcƟvĞ leadership, integrated health system strengthening and intersectoral cŽŽrĚŝnĂƟŽn͘ Larval source management (LSM) refers to the targeted management of mosquito breeding sites, with the ŽbũĞcƟvĞ to reduce the number of mosquito larvae and pupae in the environment. However, very ůŝƩůĞ or no ĂƩĞnƟŽn has been given to this very important malaria vector control ŝnƚĞrvĞnƟŽn especially in Nigeria. The WHO ƉŽƐŝƟŽn statement stated that for ĞīĞcƟvĞnĞƐƐ͕ larviciding must be specially adapted to each locality, and must be carried out thoroughly and ƐĞůĞcƟvĞůy͕ and should be considered for malaria control with or without other ŝnƚĞrvĞnƟŽnƐ only in areas where the breeding sites are few, ĮxĞĚ and ĮnĚĂbůĞ͘ The NĂƟŽnĂů Malaria ůŝmŝnĂƟŽn Programme in cŽůůĂbŽrĂƟŽn with its ŝmƉůĞmĞnƟnŐ partners have carried out series of ĮĞůĚ ĞĸcĂcy trials of ĚŝīĞrĞnƚ strains of larvicides to ascertain the ĞīĞcƟvĞnĞƐƐ of the ŝnƚĞrvĞnƟŽn as well as its feasible cĂƉĂbŝůŝƟĞƐ to reduce the malaria vector ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽn density and has given a node for the ƉrŽŐrĂmmĂƟc deployment of the ŝnƚĞrvĞnƟŽn͘ In the early ƚwĞnƟĞƚŚ century larviciding and environmental management were the only tools available to contain malaria. Historical literature and more recent reviews of this approach show that ĂnƟͲůĂrvĂů mosquito control measures were powerful tools against malaria. One of the key challenges for cŽnvĞnƟŽnĂů and microbial larvicides used for malaria control in Africa is the short residual period of control. However, LSM is a well-established strategy, it is a tool ready for use without any further research required. If the current dream of malaria ĞůŝmŝnĂƟŽn is to be realized, LSM in cŽmbŝnĂƟŽn with >ŽnŐͲ>ĂƐƟnŐ /nƐĞcƟcŝĚĞ Treated BedNets (LLITNs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) remains the ƉrĂcƟcĂbůĞ fast train that will take us to our ĚĞƐƟnĂƟŽn of becoming a malaria-free country. Keywords Larval source management; NĂƟŽnĂů malaria ĞůŝmŝnĂƟŽn programme; World Health KrŐĂnŝǌĂƟŽn͖ Breeding sites; Larvicides
Extraction and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Eucalyptus globulus
(Ilorin Journal of Science, 2016) Ahmed*, R. N., Sule, I. O., Zakariyah, R. F., Gambari – Ambali, R. O., Opoola1, H. and Jimoh, F. A.
The essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus obtained by hydrodistillation (Fever tree) was investigated for activity against two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The oil was extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Separation, identification and determination of percentage composition of compounds present in the oil were carried out by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was investigated by agar diffusion technique using various concentrations of the essential oil: 100% v/v, 75% v/v, 50% v/v, 25% v/v, 15% v/v. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using turbidimetric assay by taking the absorbance with the aid of a spectrophotometer. Minimum bactericidal concentration was by plate assay. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry revealed the presence of seven compounds, all amounting to 90.4% with globulol having the highest percentage composition of 30.1%. The evaluation of sensitivity of the oil revealed the highest activity at 100% v/v against both isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration was obtained at 25% v/v when assayed against K. pneumoniae with no activity at all against S. aureus at the same concentration. Oil showed no bactericidal activity at all concentrations, suggesting only bacteristatic activity of the oil. Investigation from this work revealed that the essential oil of E. globulus exhibit activity against the tested isolates and can thus be employed in the treatment of infections caused by them.
DIGITAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS IN HEALTH SYSTEMS IN AFRICA
(EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH www.ejpmr.com, 2016) Ernest Tambo; Ghislaine Madjou; Yves Mbous; Oluwasogo A Olalubi; Clarence Yah; Ahmed A Adedeji; Jeanne Yonkeu Ngogang
Digital health adoption and implementation holds great promises and opportunities in strengthening and transforming health systems and community across Africa continent. This synopsis climaxes the digitalization health systems opportunities and implications on preventive and curative healthcare and medical services delivery in Africa. Also it aims at galvanizing robust political leadership commitment and investment of government, local public and private stakeholders’ partnership and collaboration in maximizing on the digital health benefits and in harnessing the importance of an integrated digital health ecosystems approach, technologies and tools. Authors buttress that digital health contextual inter-operability harmonization and standardization or validation of methods and strategies benchmarks are needed in strengthening and maximizing local, national and regional digital actionable care services delivery (e.g.: dCare, dFitness, dPharmacy, dImmunization) in promoting healthier lifestyles and wellness, attainment of sustainable economy development and global health security.

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