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- ItemAmphetamines analysis in wastewaters – method performance of solid phase extraction-higher performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques (SPE-HPLC MS/MS).(Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors., 2011-08-19) Mustapha, A.O. and Usman L.ARecently, many articles have reported different levels and distribution of amphetamine hither-to detected in biological fluids now appreciably found in aquatic environment at ng/L levels. Identification and measurement of amphetamine and its metabolites in surface and sewage waters using higher performance liquid chromatographic methodologies in the literatures now on current trend have provided information that are of scientific interest and effectively re-placed immunological methods which only suggest the presence of these substances. Active research on both distribution and impacts of this important drug of abuse and related metabo-lites in the wastewaters are on-going.
- ItemEndocrine disrupting compounds exposure and testis development in mammals(Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors., 2011-10-10) Biola F. Egbowon and Mustapha, A.OIn the last few decades, there is substantial evidence that male reproductive function is deteriorating in humans and wildlife and this is associated with unintentional exposure to widely used synthetic chemicals. Subsequently, much has been done to show that certain chemicals in the environment adversely interfere with the developing fetal gonads of the laboratory animals. Some in vitro studies have demonstrated treatment-induced reproductive problems in offspring exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) which are similar to those observed in wildlife and human population. Few EDC studies have demonstrated that there are certain periods of gestation when the developing fetus is highly sensitive and at risk of small endocrine changes. Similar observations have been made in the sewage sludge model, however, while animal studies have been insightful in providing valuable information about the range of effects that can be attributed to in utero exposure to EDCs, varying levels of maternal doses administered in different studies exaggerated extrapolation of these results to human. Thus the EDC concentration representative of fetal exposure levels is uncertain because of the complexities of its nature. So far, the level of fetal exposure can only be roughly estimated. There is substantial evidence from animal data to prove that EDCs can adversely affect reproductive development and function in male and more has accumulated on the mechanisms by which they exert their effects. This paper therefore, reviews previous
- ItemMultivariate study of parameters in the determination of pesticide residues in apple by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using experimental factorial design(Elsevier, 2013-07-12) Abdulra’uf, Lukman Bola; Tan, Guan HuatSolid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-less sample preparation method which combines sample preparation, isolation, concentration and enrichment into one step. In this study, multivariate strategy was used to determine the significance of the factors affecting the solid phase microextraction of pesticide residues (fenobucarb, diazinon, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos) using a randomised factorial design. The interactions and effects of temperature, time and salt addition on the efficiency of the extraction of the pesticide residues were evaluated using 23 factorial designs. The analytes were extracted with 100 lm PDMS fibres according to the factorial design matrix and desorbed into a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detector. The developed method was applied for the analysis of apple samples and the limits of detection were between 0.01 and 0.2 lg kg1, which were lower than the MRLs for apples. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were between 0.1% and 13.37% with average recovery of 80–105%. The linearity ranges from 0.5–50 lg kg1 with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99
- ItemNutritional and Physicochemical properties of Wheat (Triticum vulgare), Cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) flours.(Universities and Research Institutions in Pakistan., 2014-03-21) Etong, D. I, Mustapha, A.O., I.G. Lawrence, A.G. Jacob and Oladimeji, M.O.The flours from cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and wheat (Triticum vulgare), were analyzed for proximate composition, functional properties and some anti-nutritional factors using standard methods. Results of proximate composition indicates that the ash contents ranges between 2.18-6.26%, with potato flour having the highest and cassava the least. The protein content ranges between 7.21-20.96% with cassava flour having the least and wheat the highest value. The fat content ranges between 0.45% for cassava to 9.60% for wheat, crude fiber 2.80% for potato to 6.19% for cassava, moisture content 7.20% for wheat to 8.23% for cassava, carbohydrate 53.89% for wheat to 75.74% for cassava and energy content 327.81kcal for cassava to 385.56kcal for wheat. The result of functional properties indicates that water absorption capacity ranges between 125 to 210%, oil absorption capacity 168.30 to 191.68%, foaming capacity 4 to 27%, foaming stability 1 to 4%, emulsion stability 47 to 53%, least gelation 2 to 4%, bulk density 59.98 to 66.03%. Anti-nutritional factor indicates that the samples were richer in phytate than oxalates which ranges between 9.06 to 14.83 and 2.07 to 4.50 mg/g, respectively. These result shows that cassava and potato are suitable for the baking industry and blending makes them more acceptable due to synergetic effect.
- ItemPhysicochemical Properties and Fatty acid composition of Dikanut (Irvingia Gabonensis) seed oil(International Science Community Association, 2014-12-18) Etong D.I, Mustapha A.O and Taleat, A.ANigeria is one of the countries of the world with a variety of oil seeds, therefore the potential of Nigeria leading Africa, and the world at large, in the area of seeds oil production was examined by evaluating the fat content, physicochemical qualities, and fatty acid content of oil extracted from dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis) seed, bought from Owode market in Offa local Government area of Kwara State, Nigerian. The fat content of Irvingia gabonensis was 22.50 + 0.2 %. The chemical qualities iodine, peroxide, saponification, and acid values, free fatty acid, and unsaponifiable matter were analyzed using standard methods, and the values, were found to be 4.50+0.1gI2/100g, 1.80+0.1 meq/kg, 187.90+0.3 mgKOH/g oil, 9.40+0.2 mgKOH/g oil, 4.70+0.2% FFA as oleic acid and 1.50+0.5% respectively. The physical properties were solid at room temperature, grey yellow in colour, melting point (13+1oC) and specific gravity 0.88+0.2kg/dm3. The oil contained sixmajor fatty acid in the following other lauric > myristic > stearic > palmitic > oleic > linolenic acid. The result reveals that the oil extracted can be useful both domestically and industrially.
- ItemChemometric approach to the optimization of HS-SPME/GC–MS for the determination of multiclass pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables(Elsevier, 2015-01-09) Abdulra’uf, Lukman Bola; Tan, Guan HuatAn HS-SPME method was developed using multivariate experimental designs, which was conducted in two stages. The significance of each factor was estimated using the Plackett–Burman (P–B) design, for the identification of significant factors, followed by the optimization of the significant factors using central composite design (CCD). The multivariate experiment involved the use of Minitab statistical software for the generation of a 27–4 P–B design and CCD matrices. The method performance evaluated with internal standard calibration method produced good analytical figures of merit with linearity ranging from 1 to 500 lg/kg with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, LOD and LOQ were found between 0.35 and 8.33 lg/kg and 1.15 and 27.76 lg/kg respectively. The average recovery was between 73% and 118% with relative standard deviation (RSD = 1.5–14%) for all the investigated pesticides. The multivariate method helps to reduce optimization time and improve analytical throughput
- ItemSorption Study of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Vitellaria paradoxa Shell(OMICS, 2015-02-14) Jimoh AA, Adebayo GB, Otun KO, Ajiboye AT, Bale AT, Jamiu W and Alao FOActivated carbon prepared from vitellaria paradoxa (shea nut) shell using otho-phosphoric acid has been used for the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solution. The adsorbent sample was characterized by some physicochemical and spectroscopic parameters such as pH, point of zero charge (PZC), moisture content, iodine number, loss on ignition, bulk density, XRF, SEM and TEM. The pH and the PZC of the sample were found to be 4.0 and 5.8 respectively. The adsorbent sample has moisture content of 5.22 ± 0.1%, iodine number of 456.50 ± 59%, loss on ignition 10.71 ± 0.18% bulk density of 0.84 ± 0.09%. The XRF analysis indicated that Ca, Si and Fe were major constituents in the adsorbent sample. The SEM and TEM analysis results indicated good adsorptive characteristics of the adsorbent. Result from the FTIR analysis indicate presence of some important components such as C=O, O-H, C-O N-H, and P-H which responsible for high adsorptive capacity of the adsorbent. The equilibrium adsorption of Cd(II) ion data was well fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with correlation coefficient of 0.996 and 0.998 respectively. The kinetic study revealed that pseudo-second order kinetic was better fitted compared to pseudo first-order kinetic. Thermodynamic experiment indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic with ∆H equals +27.84 KJ/mol and ∆S equals -0.993 KJ/molK.
- ItemPhysicochemical and heavy metals concentration of selected boreholes water in Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria.(Universities and Research Institutions in India., 2015-04-21) Etong, D.I, Mustapha, A.O and Abdus-Salam, NWater a sine qua non to human survival; therefore its quality cannot be compromised. The dependence on borehole water to meet both domestic and industrial needs have been on increase due to increased pollution of surface water bodies. This calls for the assessment of borehole water quality within Offa Local Government Area.Six different borehole waters were analysed for their heavy metals, physical characteristics, and chemical properties using standard methods. The result showed that the pH ranged from 4.0+0.2 to 6.0+0.2, colour (98+2.5 to 133+5.0) Hazen, Total solid (10.62+0.5 to 30.80+2)ppm, Tasteless and Odourless, SO42–(0.01+0.0001 to 1.33+0.5) ppm,NO3- (0.1+0.0001 to 0.64+0.002) ppm, Calcium (4.34+0.01 to 8.12+0.1) ppm, Potassium (0.31+0.001 to 6.80+0.03) ppm and Phosphorus (0.00 to 0.22+0.0002)ppm. Heavy metals Cr, Pb and Mn were not detected, Iron ranged from 0.01+0.002 to 0.06+0.001 ppm, Zinc (0.24+0.001 to 146+0.01) ppm. The %CV for the heavy metals was average except for Cobalt 89.29%. For the chemical properties there were high 108.16%K, 96.6% SO42- except for Ca (21.51%) and NO2-(19.61%). For the physical properties except for electrical conductivity 61.10% and turbidity 58.90% others were below average. However, comparing results with standards (WHO, EPA, US Public Health Service), the qualities were above average both for domestic and industrial use.
- ItemProximate, minerals and anti-nutritional assessment of cassava (Manihot esculentus).(Universities and Research Institutions in India, 2015-04-21) Etong, D.I, Mustapha, A.O and Lawrence, I.GThree samples of cassava leaves (tender, matured and wilted) of the same variety were analyzed for proximate and mineral contents and anti-nutritional factors. The leaves contained mean values for crude protein as 14.41+ 2.46%, crude fibre 7.87 + 2.42%, Ash 6.22 + 2.89%, fat 1.53 + 0.57, Total carbohydrate 26.25 + 13.20% and moisture 43.72 + 15.86%. K, Na, Fe, Zn, and Mg were the most abundant minerals with mean values as follows 1906.84 + 31.35, 777.76 + 46.66, 241.27 + 4.31, 99.75 + 1.65 and 66.24 + 2.04 ppm respectively, while the least was Mn with mean thus 0.52 + 04 ppm. Anti-nutritional factors varied in the order oftannin> oxalic acid > saponin > phytic acid > cyanide. Mineral composition, crude fibre, ash content, and total carbohydrate increased with maturity.Crude protein and the anti-nutritional factors decreased with wilting.
- ItemMass balance calculations of illicit drugs in Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treament works, United Kingdom(Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State., 2015-08-26) Mustapha, A.O, Coffey, M and Birkett, J.W.Work encompassed in this study directly measures illicit drug removal rates in laboratory studies. Researchers employed removal rate data in calculating mass balances in sewage works which is an improvement over prior studies where assumptions on removal rates at Sewage Treatment Works were made. The batch tests data enabled determination of degradation of the compounds at different temperatures and times, using various sludge types after characterization. Mass balances for the Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works were constructed using the removal rate data from the batch studies. Final effluent concentrations of 10.0 ng L-1 (morphine), and 80.0 ng L-1 (6-monoacetylmorphine), were recorded after a total of 8 hour hydraulic times (8 HRT) from an initial influent concentration of 50 mg L-1. A projected influent concentration of morphine (1.4 g L-1) at Stoke Bardolph was derived from back-calculating measured final effluent concentrations using the same mass balance approach.
- ItemSorption of 4-Nitroaniline on Activated Kaolinitic Clay and Jatropha curcas Activated Carbon in Aqueous Solution(Jordan Journal of Chemistry, 2016) Samsudeen O. Azeez and Folahan A. AdekolaA comparative study was carried out of the adsorption of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) on activated kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas activated carbon. The kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas samples were activated with 1 M HNO3 and 0.5 M NaOH, respectively, and were characterized using XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and FTIR techniques. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as the initial 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) concentration, temperature, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process were investigated. The results obtained showed that Jatropha curcas activated carbon exhibited a better performance for the removal of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) from aqueous media. The adsorption process was found to obey pseudo-second order kinetics and equilibrium data were best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption process was found to be independent of temperature.
- ItemKinetics and Thermodynamics of Sorption of 4-Nitrophenol on Activated Kaolinitic Clay and Jatropha Curcas Activated Carbon from Aqueous Solution(Pakistani Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, 2016) Samsudeen Olanrewaju Azeez and Folahan Amoo Adekola*Adsorption behaviour of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) on activated kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas activated carbon was investigated. The kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas were activated with 1 M HNO3 and 0.5 M NaOH respectively and were characterized by XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and FTIR techniques. The effects of processing parameters, such as initial 4-NP concentration, temperature, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process were investigated. The results obtained showed that Jatropha curcas activated carbon exhibited higher performance than activated kaolinitic clay for the removal of 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solution. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models were used to describe the adsorption isotherms. The adsorption data were best fitted with Freundlich model. The experimental data of the two adsorbate-adsorbent systems fitted very well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model with r2 values of 0.999 respectively. Adsorption thermodynamic parameters were also estimated. The results revealed that the adsorption of 4-nitrophenol onto both adsorbents were exothermic processes and spontaneous for Jatropha curcas activated carbon but non spontaneous for activated kaolinitic clay.
- ItemAssessment of Physicochemical Characteristics of Selected Borehole Waters in Oke-Oyi Community, Ilorin East Local Government Area, Kwara State(Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2017) ISMAILA, O. SAHEED: SAMSUDEEN, O. AZEEZ; YUSUF, O. AYIPO; USAKA C. GUNUThe physicochemical parameters of seven different borehole waters in Oke-Oyi, Ilorin East Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria were assessed to determine its suitability for human consumption. The parameters examined include temperature (28 - 29⁰C), conductivity (414 - 1603 µs/cm), pH (5.71 - 6.57), total hardness (20.2 - 67.3 mg/L). The concentrations of heavy metals determined are Zn (0.010 – 0.022 mg/L), Fe (0.002 - 0.120 mg/L), Cr (0.075 - 0.12 mg/L), Cu (3x10-4 – 2x10-3 mg/L), Co (0.01 - 0.26 mg/L) and Mn (0.082 - 0.94 mg/L). There was no lead detected in two of the borehole water samples while those detected have low concentration range 1 x 10-5 – 6 x 10-5. The results of physicochemical parameters obtained are within World Health Organisation (WHO) limits except for the pH that is slightly lower and the conductivity of OKY 1 that is slightly higher.
- ItemPhytochemical Constituents, Proximate Composition and Mineral Analysis of Aqueous and Ethanolic Stem Bark, Seed Extracts and Plant Parts of Moringa oleifera(2017) Ogundele Tope; Oludele Emmanuel; Oladejo Adebayo; Olayemi Tosin
- ItemDegradation of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in sewage sludge batch tests.(Fountain University, Oshogbo., 2017-06-30) Mustapha, A.O, Coffey, M and Birkett, J.W.The degradation studies of cocaine and its principal metabolites, benzoylecgonine, as emerging pollutants were carried out using various sludge types collected from the RAF Molesworth Sewage Treatment Work (STW) to determine their distribution and persistence in aquatic environment. The methodology, initially characterized the various sludge types before the laboratory batch tests were carried out at different temperatures and times. The results, after 3 hours equilibration of batch samples, showed the removal rates for cocaine and benzoylecgonine to be 91.0% and 90.6%, respectively. The partition coefficients (Kd) for the two substances ranged from 2.7 – 31.9 Kg L-1. Degradation of compounds was found to be both biotic and abiotic and the two processes produced many short chain compounds and several metabolites that include cocaethylene and ecgonine methylester. Also at 4 ± 0.5o C, the degradation of substances occurred slowly, at 5 and 10% but was relatively greater at 19 ± 0.5o C. Compounds degradation was also influenced by both extracellular and intracellular enzyme activities. The batch study is an innovative method in calculating degradation rates of compounds from sewage treatment works. The capabilities of generating removal rates of drugs have also been clearly demonstrated in this work and can be applied to any organic compounds in real life (STWs) situations.
- ItemAssessment of Cr, Cd and Pb Levels in Tobacco Leaves and Selected Cigarette Samples from Ilorin Metropolis Kwara State, Nigeria(Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2018) AZEEZ, SO; SAHEED, IO; ASHIYANBOLA, IOThe levels of Cr, Cd and Pb in tobacco leaves and some cigarette samples from Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria were collected and analyzed after wet digestion with a freshly prepared 65% HNO3 and35% HCl using atomic absorption spectrophotometry Model No PM 8251 single pen recorder. The results obtained reveal the presence of Cr and Cd in all samples including tobacco leaves. However, Pb was not found in all the samples within the limit of determination. The concentration ranges of Cr and Cd in the samples are 60-100 µg/g and 4-20 µg/g respectively, which was found to be lower than the WHO standard
- ItemDegradation of heroin, morphine and 6- monoacetylmorphine in sewage batch test.(Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, 2018-01-16) Mustapha, A.O, Coffey, M and Birkett, J.W.The increasing global consumption of some narcotic drugs or drugs of abuse as reported by the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a new source of emerging pollutants that is currently threatening the aquatic ecosystem due to associated toxicity levels. Apart from pharmaceuticals and personal care products, drugs such as heroin, morphine and 6- monoacetylmorphine have been found in the environment thereby worsening the already escalating situations. The persistence of pollutants in aquatic environment is due to their non – biodegradation owing to their hydrophilicity/lipophilicity properties. The pollutants principally reach the environment via Municipal Sewage Works or by direct dumping. Therefore, the degradation studies of drugs at different temperatures and times are apt and would improve removal approach using various sludge types. The analytical method used to determine their biodegradability involves initial characterization and after 3 hours equilibration, the removal rates were then measured for heroin (97.9%), morphine (99.7%) and 6-monoacetylmorphine (93.3%). The three substances have the partition coefficients (Kd) that ranged from 1.2 – 68.1 Kg L-1. At 4 ± 0.5o C, the degradation of compounds occurred slowly, but relatively greater at 19 ± 0.5o C to between 5 and 10%. This paper therefore highlights the degradation studies of heroin and its principal metabolites and clearly demonstrated removal method at different laboratory conditions and times. The conceptual approach is aimed to achieve the best removal conditions to reduce the problems of chemical pollution due to persistence or non-degradation of these classes of drugs in the environment for the first time, a novel aspect of the work.
- ItemBioremediation Process ofEffluent fromDetergent andFood Industries inJos, Nigeria: Kinetics andThermodynamics(International Journal of Engineering Science Invention (IJESI), 2018-03-14) Akeem Adebayo Jimoh, Adebayo Ganiyu Babatunde, Dauda Baba, Abdullateef BabaIn This Present Study, The Reduction Trends in Total Solids (TS) of Effluents from Food and Detergent Industries were used to determine the rate of Remediation using Immobilized Bacterial Substrates. Two different Bacteria Pseudomonas Spp and Bacillus Spp were isolated from Food Effluent (FE) and Detergent Effluents (DE) and were used for their remediation study. The results showed that the reduction in Total Solids (TS) ranged between 11.55% and 84.26% for Food Effluent and 17.89% and 97.84% for Detergent Effluent (DE) Respectively. The Reductions in TS were subjected to zero and first order kinetics. The rate constant for TS reduction for zero order kinetics were ranged (FE 0.095-0.758 Mg/L/Day and DE 0.036-1.029 Mg/L/Day) and first order kinetics also ranged (FE 0.015-0.238 D-1 and DE 0.015-0.42 D-1 ). The kinetic models’ results showed that both the TS reduction for Pseudomonas Spp. and Bacillus Spp. used in this research followed both the zero order and first order kinetics.
- ItemAnalysis of some illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewaters (effluents).(Federal University of Technology, Lafia, 2019-06-20) Mustapha, Aliru OlajideA study of myriads of chemical pollutants in aquatic environment was carried out from the effluent of Nottingham Sewage Treatment Works (STWs) in United Kingdom. Using a solid phase extraction - gas chromatography technique (SPE-GCMS), fifteen compounds detected in sampled STW effluents ranged between 1.1 - 33.5 ng L-1 with percentage recoveries of 78.6 – 97.8%. The most abundant compounds found in the final effluent were nicotine, ibuprofen, codeine, ephedrine, procaine, benzoylecgonine, lidocaine, and caffeine, with mean concentrations of 21.4 ± 6.4, 16.7± 4.8, 15.1 ± 6.3, 10.1 ± 3.9, 9.1 ± 3.4, 5.6 ± 3.1, 5.3 ± 5.2 and 5.2 ± 1.9 ng L-1, respectively. The instrumental limits of detection (LODs) from 0.1 – 1.7 ng L-1, with standard deviations (STDs) of 1.1– 21.4% for all the compounds were also observed. The levels of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals detected from the effluents showed the occurrence of these drugs and the Nottingham STW as one of the main transport routes to the receiving environment. These findings have further shown that chemicals in effluent get to the environment due to their incomplete removal from the STW. Persistence influx of these pollutants into the aquatic environment may have implication on ecosystems.
- ItemOxidative stability of palm oil (Elias guineesis) at different storage conditions.(Babcock University, Illisan– Remo, 2019-07-20) Mustapha, Aliru OlajideThe influence of presence/absence of air and presence and absence of light on the oxidation of palm oil (Elias Guineesis) from 3 to 15 days at the laboratory storage conditions: (i) oil kept in airtight container in the presence of (ii) Oil kept in airtight container in the absence of light (iii) Oil kept in open container in the presence of light (iv) Oil kept in open container on the bench in the absence of light in the laboratory for two weeks duration were studied. The analyses were on the changes in chemical characteristics such as acid, iodine, peroxide and saponification values using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. The results from the four storage conditions of palm oil showed no significant changes (p < 0.5) in the chemical parameters except for iodine values for the storage period. The changes in the levels of iodine values of palm oil at both daylight (40.98 mgKOH/g) and presence of air (38.64 mgKOH/g) were very significant (p < 0.5). Saponification value (324.34 mgKOH/g) was the highest changing parameter in palm oil on exposure to daylight and 312.50 mgKOH/g on exposure to air/oxygen storage conditions. The oxidative stability of palm oil as functions of chemical parameters were generally dependent on the mode of storage.