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A cocrystallised Cobalt(II) Cluster of Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid (PDC) as a Luminescent Material for Selective Sensing of Methanol
(2021)
A rapid reversed-phase thin layer chromatographic detection protocol for adulteration in some edible fats and oils food formulation
(Federal University of Technology, Minna, 2021-05-24) Mustapha A.O, Adepoju, R.A, Fadipe V.O
The problems of adulteration in the vegetable oil and fat have been the major draw backs in the food products formulation, in spite of the various adulteration detection methods in different applications that have been reported. However, the detection tools that can be fast and reliable for the routine analysis necessitated the current work. The two groups of three different samples: vegetable fat containing sample (Blue Band, Golden Penny, La Prairie Classic) and animal fat containing samples (Kell Salad Cream, Crosse & Blackwell and Nola) was used for the purity check using the reversed phased - thin layer chromatographic (RPTLC) method of analysis were developed. The average Rf ratio of 0.95 and 0.92, found for the vegetable and animal fat groups were reported, respectively. The Rf = 0.03 difference between the two groups indicated the presence of sistosterol (plant sterol) and cholesterol (animal sterol), an improvement over color detection methods to screen oils and fats to ascertain purity.
A Review on Classes, Extraction, Purification and Pharmaceutical Importance of Plants Alkaloid
(Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 2019-08-18) Hamzat T. Adejoke; Hitler Louis; Oluwatobi O. Amusan; Gloria Apebende
playsvital role in the prevention and treatments of diseasessuch as cancer, malaria, pile etc. These natural products which include alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, saponin and tannin are bioactive compounds in plant and essential in plant metabolic activities. All of these have been tested for their huge medicinal properties and therefore could serve as an alternative medicine in treatment of myriad ailments. Although, through the modern-day technologies, these bioactive compounds have been separated from the plants and synthesized into capsules and tablets for easy administration, usage and storage, there is a need to create awareness on the side-effects associated with excess or abuse of medicinal plants and to encourage rational use of natural resources for sustainability. Thus, this review gives an overview on pharmacological importance of named alkaloids, methods of extraction and purification of alkaloids in plant, laying emphasis on side-effects associated to the abuse of alkaloids or alkaloid derivative drugs.
A zinc-based coordination polymer as adsorbent for removal of trichlorophenol from aqueous solution: Synthesis, sorption and DFT studies
(2022) Adetola C. Oladipo, Adedibu C. Tella, Hadley S. Clayton, Victoria T. Olayemi, Oghenerobor B. Akpor, Tendai O. Dembaremba, Adeniyi S. Ogunlaja, Guy J. Clarkson, Richard I. Walton
[Z n ( hba ) 2 ( tmdp )] n ( 1 ), a Zn-coordination polymer (CP), prepared by the reaction of Zn(NO 3 )2 •6H 2 O, 4- hydroxybenzoic acid (Hhba) and 4,4 - trimethylenedipyridine (tmdp) was reported. The compound was characterised, using CHN, single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis, FT-IR, and TGA techniques. It exhibits a square pyramidal geometry, with the zinc (II) atom coordinated to two nitrogen atoms from two tmdp ligand molecules and to three oxygen atoms from two hba molecules. The zinc (II) carboxy- late units are bridged through the N-donor spacer ligand, thereby giving rise to a one-dimensional CP. PXRD analysis confirmed the purity of the bulk of ( 1 ) . Compound ( 1 ) presented an adsorption capac- ity of 207.8 mg/g for the removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) from aqueous solution. The adsorption mechanism is governed by π- πstacking and electrostatic interactions, as obtained from DFT studies. The feasibility and exothermic nature of the adsorption process is indicated by the negative binding energy obtained.
ACIDIC LEACHING OF IRON FROM KAOJE GOETHITE ORE BY HYDROCHLORIC ACID: KINETICS MODELLING
(Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 2020) K. I. Ayinla*, A. A. Baba, S. Girigisu, O. S. Bamigboye, B. C. Tripathy, A. S. Ibrahim and S. O. Azeez
Considering the recent focus of the Nigeria Government to grow and develop the nation’s economy through the solid minerals sector reform, this study has been devoted to the kinetics of a Nigerian goethite ore by hydrochloric acid leaching for improved iron and steel industries applications. This study was performed in three different phases. In the first phase, acidic leaching of iron from a goethite ore was examined and the influence of the operating variables including: HCl concentration, leaching temperature, stirring speed and particle sizes was examined experimentally. The optimum condition was found to be HCl concentration of 1.81M, temperature of 80°C, 200 rpm stirring speed and particle size 0.09 µm for iron in the range of investigated parameters. Under those conditions, the highest iron recovery was obtained to be 95.67 %. In the second phase, the dissolution kinetics of iron was evaluated by the shrinking core models. The finding reveals that diffusion through the fluid was the leaching kinetics rate-controlling step of the iron. The activation energy (Ea) was found to be 14.54 kJmol-1 for iron. Equation representing the leaching kinetic of iron was achieved to be 1−2/3α - (1 − x)2/3 = 0.7272 × e−38.29/8.314×T × t. The final stage of the experiment was carried out by characterizing the leached residues by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the result showed majorly the presence of rutile (TiO2), anglesite (PbSO4), and traces of iron-silicate face like pyrite (FeS), quartz (SiO2)
Adansonia digitata and Daniella oliveri seed oils and cosmeceutical products exhibited potent pharmacological and marginal toxicity on fibroblast cells
(2025-04-01) O. Atolani; A.T. Kola-Mustapha; D.E. Tarigha; E.T. Areh; A.T. Hamzat; O.S. Adeyemi
There is a growing demand for the use of seed oils in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, especially in skincare and hair care products. The aim of this study was to formulate organic cosmetic products from underutilized seed oils and evaluate their pharmacological and toxicity potentials. Human foreskin fibroblast cells were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the sample, while using staurosporine as positive control drug. Standard agar diffusion assays were utilized to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activities against a variety of organisms, such as Streptococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, S. typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatam, and Rhizopus stoloniler while the anti- inflammatory potential was evaluated using lipoxygenase inhibition assay. The ability of the seed oils and formulated cosmeceutical products to act as antioxidants were examined using complimentary DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. In addition, the anti-parasitic effect of seed oil against Toxoplasma gondii was established. The green organic medicated soaps and emollients, free of all synthetic antioxidants, preservatives, colourants, stabilizers, perfumes and antibiotics were produced. The oils and their value-added cosmetic products from the seed of A. digitata and D. oliveri yielded 29 % and 16 % product and exhibited suitable physicochemical parameters comparable to edible oils used for industrial purposes. While A. digitata oil showed the presence of 22 fatty acids with oleic acid (46.04 %) and palmitic acid (19.98 %) as most pre dominant with total unsaturation of 60.55 %, D. oliveri showed 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (23.25 %) and pentadecanoic acid (21.13 %) as the most predominant with total unsaturation of 20.54 %. The presence of essential fatty acids coupled with significant antioxidants, antimicrobial and low in vitro cytotoxicity underscore the cosmeceutical prospects of the plants. Although the Emollient exhibited a slightly reduced level of inhibition towards the tested clinical pathogens with a minimum inhibitory concentration value ranging from 50 to 100 mg/mL, the products hold huge promise as purely organic formulations with significant level of antimicrobial activities
Adsorption of Cr (VI) ion from Aqueous Solution Using Unmodified Desert Date Peels (Balanites aegyptiaca) Composite with MWCNTs: Isotherm and Kinetic Studies
(Arid Zone Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 2022-12-26) Alkali, M.I., Abdus-Salam, N., Bello, M.O., Musa, M.O., Jimoh, A.A., Dikwa, M.K. and Abdullahi, M.M
Continuous Changing of human lifestyles has consistently added different notorious anthropogenic pollutants into aquatic matrices. Exterminating these toxic pollutants is feasible using adsorption studies instead of the traditional water purification methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adsorption of Cr (VI) ion from aqueous using Unmodified Desert Date (UDD) Peels as a low-cost adsorbent and composite with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (UDDC). A batch adsorption experiment was conducted to evaluate the maximum quantity adsorbed of Cr (VI) ions from an aqueous medium under various conditions. The Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed 3448.84 cm-1 and 3441.12 cm-1 which corresponds to O-H stretching vibration modes for UDD and UDDC and 1620.26 cm-1 relates to C=O stretching vibrations for both UDD and UDDC respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity (qe ) is found to be 114.11 and 741.14 (mg/g) for UDD and UDDC respectively. The results showed that UDDC has a large adsorption capacity due to its higher surface area. The adsorption data were fitted well into Langmuir with correlation coefficient (R2 ) values close to unity 0.9076 and 0.9069 for UDD and UDDC respectively. Kinetic studies showed a good correlation coefficient pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted very well into UDD and UDDC with (R2 ) values 0.9173 and 0.9943 respectively. The results indicated that UDDC could be used as a potential adsorbent for the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions from an aqueous solution
Adsorption of Mn(II) and Co(II) ions from aqueous solution using Maize cob activated carbon: Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies
(2015-12-28) ADEBAYO, GB; ADEGOKE, HI; JAMIU, W; BALOGUN, BB; JIMOH AA
The adsorption of Mn(II) and Co(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated using batch adsorption experiment at room temperature. The effect of pH, contact time, metal ion concentration and temperature were evaluated. The residual concentrations of the metal ions were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that maximum removal of Mn(II) and Co(II) ions occurred at pH 9. Some physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterization of the adsorbents were done such as moisture content, ash content, bulk density, volatile matter, iodine number, point of zero charge (PZC), XRF, and FTIR. The moisture and ash content of MCAC adsorbent were found to be 9.85±0.06 and 5.5±0.1% respectively. The bulk density was found to be 0.37±0.01g/m3, iodine number of 367.66±30 mg/g and PZC of 6.8. The SEM micrograph shows particle grains and jelly like rough surfaces, FTIR analysis results show different functional group in the MCAB adsorbent such as O-H, C=O, and C=C stretching. Kinetic study shows that the pseudo-second order kinetic model best described the adsorption of metal ions. The equilibrium data fitted Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, in each case, the Langmuir model appears to have better regression coefficients than the Freundlich and Temkin. Thermodynamics investigation showed that Gibb’s free energy change ( ) was negative indicating that the adsorption of Mn(II) and Co(II) ions by maize cob activated carbon were feasible and spontaneous. The positive value of enthalpy change ( ) implies that the reaction was endothermic while positive value of entropy change ( ) implies an irregular increase in the randomness at the solid/solution interface of the adsorbent during the adsorption process.
Adsorption of Mn(II) and Co(II) ions from aqueous solution using Maize cob activated carbon: Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies
(JASEM, 2015-12-19) ADEBAYO, GB; ADEGOKE, HI; JAMIU, W; BALOGUN, BB; JIMOH AA
Adsorption of p-Phenylenediamine onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Jatropha curcas and Terminalia catappa Seed Coats
(2016)
This research work is concerned with the applicability of sodium hydroxide-activated carbon prepared from Jatropha curcas seed coats and Terminalia catappa seed coats in the removal of p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a component of hair dye industrial effluent. The surface characteristics of the prepared activated carbons were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The influence of various factors such as initial concentration, pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and temperature were studied and the p-phenylenediamine adsorption capacity was found to be 32.4 mg/g and 45.5 mg/g for Jatropha activated carbon (JAC) and Terminalia activated carbon (TAC), respectively. The experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The data could be fitted successfully for both systems by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The data show also that the sorption process is exothermic and that it follows pseudo second order kinetics.
Adsorption of p-Phenylenediamine onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Jatropha curcas and Terminalia catappa Seed Coats
(2016) Saheed, Ismaila Olalekan; Adekola, Folahan Amoo; Olatunji, Gabriel Ademola
This research work is concerned with the applicability of sodium hydroxide-activated carbon prepared from Jatropha curcas seed coats and Terminalia catappa seed coats in the removal of p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a component of hair dye industrial effluent. The surface characteristics of the prepared activated carbons were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The influence of various factors such as initial concentration, pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and temperature were studied and the p-phenylenediamine adsorption capacity was found to be 32.4 mg/g and 45.5 mg/g for Jatropha activated carbon (JAC) and Terminalia activated carbon (TAC), respectively. The experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The data could be fitted successfully for both systems by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The data show also that the sorption process is exothermic and that it follows pseudo second order kinetics.
Adsorption of Pb (II) ion onto Modified Doum Palm (Hyphaene thebaica) Shells: Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies
(Arid Zone Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 2022-12-25) Alkali, M.I., Abdus-Salam, N., Dikwa, M.K., Oyewumi-Musa, R.T., Jimoh, A.A., Ojo, I. and John, G
The negative impact of high concentrations of lead in the analytical environment on humans and aquatic plants prompted this research. The adsorption of hazardous lead from an aqueous medium using a Modified Doum Palm (MDP) shell was investigated. The modification of the Doum palm shell was supported via 2 M 1: 2 ZnCl2 as activating agent. The batch equilibrium technique was employed to study the effect of initial concentration (800 mg/L), contact time (90 min) and temperature (313 K) on the adsorption capacity of the prepared adsorbent. Experimental data were analyzed using four kinetic models: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second order, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich models and it was found that the pseudo-second-order model fitted the adsorption data most with the highest correlation (R2 = 0.9875). The studies of thermodynamic behaviour revealed negative values for ∆Go (-26.7036 to -28.1252 kJ/mol), and negative values for ∆Ho (-15.5796 kJ/mol) and ∆So (0.03554 kJ/mol/k) respectively. These indicated the adsorption process was exothermic, feasible and spontaneous in the removal of the Pb (II) ion. The findings demonstrated that the adsorbent could be exploited in the removal of Pb (II) ion from an aqueous solution
Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole in an aqueous environment onto a novel magnetic sporopollenin–cellulose triacetate
(2025) Ismaila Olalekan Saheed; Lee Ruo Ying; Syed Fariq Fathullah Syed Yaacob; Megat Ahmad Kamal Megat Hanafiah; Ahmad Faiz Abdul Latip; Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah
Adsorption potential of CuO-embedded chitosan bead for the removal of acid blue 25 dye
(2024) Ismaila Olalekan Saheed; Nuraliah Irdina Zairuddin; Syaza Atikah Nizar; Megat Ahmad Kamal Megat Hanafiah; Ahmad Faiz Abdul Latip; Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah
Adsorption Study of Utilizing Calabash (crescentia cujete) Seed in the Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater
(JASEM, 2018-02-20) AMIGUN, AT., JAMIU, W., ADEBAYO, GB., JIMOH AA.
Adsorptive Removal of Lead(II) ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Functionalized MOF-5 with Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid
(University of Nigeria, Nsuka, 2025-08-22) Ogundele, D.T, Adeyemi, D.A., Olayemi, V.T., Azeez, S.O., Abdul'rauf, L.B.
Sulfonic acid, cyano and amine-functionalized MOF-5+ pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) were synthesized by Solvothermal method and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) mapping analysis to confirm the synthesis of Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) structures. The results of N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm data showed that the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the synthesized MOF-5+PDC sample was 85.98 m2/g. The adsorption behaviour for Pb(II) ions revealed an excellent adsorption capacity of 42.5 – 57.25 mg/g, whereas the removal efficiency was over 80 - 90.9% when the initial concentration of Pb(II) ions was as low as 0.066 ppm. Design of Experimental was carried-out using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the adsorption reaction conditions at 10 – 100 mg/L for concentration, 4 – 10 for pH, and dosage of 0.01 – 0.05 g, in seventeen experimental procedures to achieve maximum adsorbed yield of Pb(II) ions. The results were within the range of 77.02 – 99.64 mg/g. The quadratic model was found to adequately predict the test amount adsorbed with an R2 value of 0.9054. In addition, thermodynamic analysis revealed that Pb(II) adsorption is a spontaneous endothermic process. Based on the data from the study, these amine-functionalized MOFs are a promising adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from contaminated water.
Aflatoxin - control, analysis, detection and health risks
(InTech Open, 2017-09-01) Abdulrauf, L. B.
Aflatoxins are a group of highly toxic and carcinogenic substances, which occur naturally, and can be found in food substances. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of certain strains of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and the less common A. nomius. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most important members, which can be categorized into two groups according to the chemical structure, namely, difurocoumarocyclopentenone series and ifurocoumarolactone. Of the 20 aflatoxins identified so far, only aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are known to occur naturally and B and G classes refer to the blue and green fluorescence emitted by their metabolites under ultraviolet (UV) light, and the subtype 1 and subtype 2 imply the major and minor compounds, respectively. Aflatoxins fluoresce strongly under UV radiation (ca. 365 nm). The most common food commodities affected by aflatoxins are cereals (corn, wheat, barley, maize, oats, and rye), nuts (hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio nut), dried fruits (fig), and spices (chili powder). Aflatoxins pose a potential threat to human and animal health through the consumption, contact, or inhalation of foodstuffs and feedstuffs prepared from these commodities. As a result of the adverse health effects of mycotoxins, their levels have been strictly regulated especially in food and feed samples. Therefore, their accurate identification and determination remain a Herculean task due to their presence in complex food matrices. The great public concern and the strict legislation incited the development of reliable, specific, selective, and sensitive analytical methods for mycotoxins monitoring that are discussed in this book. The book comprises 12 chapters. Chapters 1 to 4 discuss the control and prevention of aflatoxin contaminations in foods, and Chapters 5 to 10 discuss the health risk posed by aflatoxin contaminations in food, while Chapters 11 and 12 discuss the new development in the analysis and detection of aflatoxins in food samples. The book contains up-to-date publications of leading experts, and, therefore, it is hoped that the reference cited by various authors will be a starting point to acquire a deeper knowledge on the prevention, control, identification, and determination of aflatoxins in foods and feedstuffs. I gratefully acknowledge the efforts and expertise of the contributing authors for their time and efforts in preparing the chapters and for their interest in the book project. I am indebted to the vice chancellor of Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria, Prof. Abdul Rasheed Na’Allah and all the academic staff of the Department of Chemistry for the support and encouragement. I also acknowledge the support of my wife (Mrs. Rihanat Abdulra’uf), my children, and my colleagues at the School of Basic and Remedial Studies, Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin, Nigeria, for their unwavering support and encouragement during the chapter review process. My special appreciation and thanks go to the editorial team and publishing manager of InTechOpen Publisher for their promptness, encouragement, and patience during the review and publication process. Dr. Lukman Bola Abdulra’uf Department of Chemistry, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
Aflatoxins - Occurrence, Detoxification, Determination and Health Risks
(2022-06-05) Abdulra’uf, Lukman Bola
Alternative method of reducing sugars determination in some selected fizzy drinks and fruits by chromic acid reagent
(Alternative method of reducing sugars determination in some selected fizzy drinks and fruits by chromic acid reagent, 2020-04-30) Mustapha, Aliru Olajide
Chromic acid reagent as an alternative colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars and ascorbic acid in some selected fizzy drinks: Seven Up, Limca, Mirinda, Cocoa-Cola, Fanta, Pepsi Cola, Maltina, Guinness Malt, Hi-Malt and Maltonic) and fruits: pineapple (Ananas cosmoses), sweet orange (Cimifi sinensis), grape fruit (Dints paradise) and tangerine (Citrus reticulate) has been studied. Chromic method involves sugar solution of about 1% concentration. treated with an equal volume of concentrated nitric acid and a few drops of a 5% solution of potassium dichromate was added, a blue colour develops in less than a minute in the cold and the absorbance taken in a Spectronic 20D Spectrophotometer at 560 um. Results obtained from the simple chromic acid as test method compares well with those obtained from the titrimetric methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2012) and Pearson (1991) as control, with negligible variations. Apart from being a very powerful oxidizing agent, its reaction with monosaccharide, disaccharides and ascorbic acid are less-time consuming, showed distinct colour development and its easy preparation, made chromic acid reagent a faster, better and suitable alternative method for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars and ascorbic acid in routine analyses of foods.
Amphetamines analysis in wastewaters – method performance of solid phase extraction-higher performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques (SPE-HPLC MS/MS).
(Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors., 2011-08-19) Mustapha, A.O. and Usman L.A
Recently, many articles have reported different levels and distribution of amphetamine hither-to detected in biological fluids now appreciably found in aquatic environment at ng/L levels. Identification and measurement of amphetamine and its metabolites in surface and sewage waters using higher performance liquid chromatographic methodologies in the literatures now on current trend have provided information that are of scientific interest and effectively re-placed immunological methods which only suggest the presence of these substances. Active research on both distribution and impacts of this important drug of abuse and related metabo-lites in the wastewaters are on-going.

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