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2D Flow around a Rectangular Cylinder: A Computational Study
(AFRREV STECH: An International Journal of Science and Technology, 2013-01-01) A.S., Olawore; I.F., Odesola
The unsteady flow around a rectangular cylinder is an area of great research for scientist for several years. A two-dimensional unsteady flow past a rectangular cylinder has been investigated numerically for the low Reynolds numbers (flow is laminar). Gambit has been used throughout this work to generate the geometry and meshes and the computational fluid dynamics analysis is done using fluent software. The influence of vortical structure and pressure distribution around the section of rectangular cylinders are examined and reported. The integral aerodynamic parameters are also reported. Strouhal numbers for Reynolds numbers of 55, 75, 100, 150, 250 and 400 are 0.102, 0.122, 0.129, 0.136, 0.139 and 0.158 respectively. The magnitudes of the coefficient of drag for the Reynolds numbers are 1.565, 1.524, 1.432, 1.423, 1.526 and 1.545. The lift coefficient for flow around a rectangular cylinder with a chord-to-depth ratio equal to 5 of low Reynolds numbers of 55, 75, 100, 150, 250 and 400 are 0.067, 0.101, 0.157, 0.212, 0.404 and 0.537 respectively. The pressure drags obtained in the simulations at zero angle of incidence are 1.446, 1.455, 1.439, 1.412, 1.579 and 1.602 for Reynolds numbers 55, 75, 100, 150, 225, and 250. The velocity across the rectangular cylinders varies from 0.089 to 1.02m/s. The forces caused by vortex shedding phenomenon must be taken into account when designing buildings for safe, effective and economical engineering designs.
3D Flow around a Rectangular Cylinder: a review
(AFRREV STECH, Vol. 1 (2) April-July, 2012, 2012-04-01) Odesola, Isaac F.; Olawore, Ayodeji
Turbulent flows around three-dimensional obstacles are common in nature and occur in many applications including flow around tall buildings, vehicles and computer chips. Understanding and predicting the properties of these flows are necessary for safe, effective and economical engineering designs. This paper presents the review of 3D flow around a rectangular cylinder using large eddy simulation as the turbulence model and the computational study is developed in the frame of the Benchmark on the Aerodynamics of a Rectangular Cylinder (BARC). Different simulations around bluff bodies were reviewed and the results obtained through different methodologies are presented. The effect of change by vortex shedding on the magnitude of fluid forces of rectangular cylinders are examined and reported. The aerodynamic integral parameters obtained from different papers are compared.
A BRIEF REVIEW OF CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS IN ENGINEERING AND RELATED FIELDS
(International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), 2021-09) Issa, W. A.; Camur, H.; Savas, M.
Shape Memory Alloys shortened as SMA’s are examples of smart materials. They sense and respond to changes in environmental conditions or stimuli, such as chemical, electrical, mechanical among others. This review, discusses the concept of SMA’s, including their engineering effects and innovations in SMA’s research. Similarly, the uses and applications of SMA’s in engineering and related fields such aerospace, biomedical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering are reviewed briefly including the merits and demerits of using SMA’s
Biodegradable zinc alloys and Composites for Biomedical Application: an overview of Processing Routes and Possible future work.
(Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering "Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romani, 2020-12-23) Kolawole, M. Y, Aweda J. O., Abdulkareem S. and Bello S.A.,
Biodegradable metallic implants are revolutionized alternative materials currently being considered for orthopaedic and stents applications for the restoration and remodeling of defected or fractured hard tissues. Examples of biodegradable metals include magnesium, iron and zinc. Findings had revealed that magnesium and iron show high tendencies of being used as biodegradable metallic implant. However, premature loss of mechanical integrity, high hydrogen gas evolution of magnesium metal as well as slow degradation rate of iron below the clinical benchmark had hindered their applications. On the other hand, Zinc metal with near to ideal degradation rate suitable for orthopaedic application but poor mechanical properties compared to magnesium and iron metals has recently attracted research interest as potential candidate salvager of biodegradable metallic implants. This paper therefore, presents brief review of the current research progress on biodegradable zinc alloys and composites in relation to their processing routes for biomedical application. In addition, key existing and emerging strategies for mechanical properties improvement are highlighted. Processing technique, types and or proportion of alloying elements had been identified as center-hub control for improving mechanical properties of zinc metals. Deductions were made and strategies for further research work on biodegradable zinc alloys were suggested.
Characteristics of Al-Alloy/Seashell (SESB) Composites in Acidic and Alkaline Environments
(Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology, 2020-06-28) [3] Abdulkareem, S., Aweda, J. O., Kolawole, M. Y., Ibitoye, S. E., Akintunde, T. S., & Mohammed, M. O.
The corrosion behaviour of Al-alloy/Seashell (SeSh) composites in the acidic and alkaline environment was investigated in this study. Fifteen Aluminum alloy composites samples were produced usingstir casting technology by varying the amount of reinforcement (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 wt%) and particle size (100, 150, 200 μm) of milled SeShin the Aluminium alloy matrix. The corrosion rate was determined using a weight loss technique after 18 days of immersion at an interval of 72 hours. It was observed that 6.0 wt% of the 100 μm reinforced Aluminium alloy had the best corrosion resistance in acidic and alkaline environments. In general, the reinforced Al-alloy had better corrosion resistance when compared with the unreinforced samples. Analyses of the results show that aluminum alloy seashell composites exhibited better resistance to corrosion in the alkaline environment than the acidic environment
Computer Aided Design and Drafting of Helical Gears
(2012) Akinnuli B. O; Ogedengbe T. I; Oladosu K. O
An interactive user friendly low cost software called “CADDgear” was developed in this study to facilitate the design and drafting of helical and spur gears thereby generating reliable data for use in manufacturing process. The software was developed, using JAVA programming language, as a tool for determining the design parameters and producing accurate and efficient 3D (three dimensional) and 2D (two dimensional) detail working drawings of helical gears. The study considered the existing approaches in use for the design of helical gears and then established a design analysis procedure for helical gear design. The established procedure was implemented through the developed software so that a substantial saving in term of time and cost of production of the design is obtained. The outcome of this research would enhance the designer’s productivity by reducing the time required to synthesis, analyze and document helical gear design. This would permit a thorough analysis of a large number of design alternatives. Results generated by the software shows very good agreement with that obtained through manual calculation using the established procedure. It was observed that the developed software successfully increase productivity over manual gear design and drafting by approximately thirty-four times in term of the time required for the design
Computer Aided Design and Fabrication of Garri Rotary Fryer with Brush Scrapping Device
(International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), 2018-08) Oladebeye, D.H.; Adefidipe, E.R.; Issa, W. A.
A simple gari frying machine with brush scrapping device was done using Computer Aided Design (CAD), and then fabricated. The gari frying machine consists of a rotary shaft with paddles having brush scrappers at the tip. This system is inserted into a drum to fry sieved cassava mash with the aid of charcoal as the source of heat in the chamber is controlled by introducing heat exchangers. The paddle shaft is driven by a synchronous electric motor of 3.75kw with 1460rpm. As the shaft rotates, the paddle having a to and fro conveyor effect, turns the dewatered sieved cassava mash being fried. The total cost of production is N176, 095.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF HELICAL GEAR
(University POLITEHNICA Timisoara, Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, Romania., 2019-02-01) K.O. OLADOSU; A.O. AJAYEOBA; B.O. AKINNULI; M.O. ADEWUMI
In recent times, the gear design has become a highly complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of a modern gear drive system must remember that the main objectives of a gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dimensions of the driving system which can be constructed with minimum possible manufacturing cost, runs reasonably free of noise and vibrations and which requires little maintenance. As a result, an interactive user friendly low cost software HelOSpur2011” was developed to relieve designer of analytical way of calculating needed parameters for design of helical and spur gears, generating reliable data for use in manufacturing process. The software is able to produce accurate and efficient 2D (two dimensional) and 3D (three dimensional) detail working drawings as a result of interactive computer graphics and provide substantial saving in time and cost of production. Results generated by the software shows that the computed face width (for strength check) and wear check for helical gears design as against manual methods were in relative error of 0.64% and 0.35% respectively. Relative accuracy of the software stand at 99.6%.The work has demonstrated the effectiveness of using the software to cater for helical gear design problems as well as spur gears when helix angle is zero. The introduction of this software to the society will in no small way increase productivity and reliability of helical and spur gears design.
Computer Application for Maintenance Planning and Scheduling of Industrial Plant
(International Institute for Science, Technology and Education, 2012-01) Ajao, K. R.; Issa, W. A.; Muhammed, B. H.
Plant maintenance involves all activities carried out on a machine to ensure a zero downtime of operation. Maintenance activities vary from one industry to the other but the basic maintenance activities are mainly to ensure continuous operations of equipment, plant and machineries. Over the past few decades, the various industrial work activities and maintenance operations are performed without a concrete plan (schedule) or are performed via manual paper work. Industrial operations are usually complex and recurrent activities. Analysis has shown that lack or insufficient maintenance coordination, has accounted for the poor performances and inefficiencies of many industries. Thus, it is pertinent to deduce a planned maintenance organizer or a computer aided design for the planning and scheduling of industrial work activities. This becomes important as computer has revolutionalized industrial activities with the development of modern high level computer programming languages such as visual basic by Microsoft among others.
Corrosion inhibition performance of silver nanoparticles embedded-gloss paint on carbon steel and aluminium substrates in 2.0 M H2SO4 solution
(Nano Plus: Sci. Tech. Nanomat. 4 (2022) 57–66, 2022-06-30) Asafa, T.B.; Olawore, A. S.; Odusote, J. K.; Enone, G. A.; Lateef, A.; Adeleke, A. A.
Corrosion control of metals in aggressive environments has attracted a lot of attention due to its associated economic losses. However, most corrosion control techniques have not satisfactorily minimized these losses. This study examined the inhibition effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated in gloss paint on corrosion of carbon steel and aluminium in 2.0 M H2SO4 solution. The AgNPs were biosynthesized via green chemistry and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared, UV-Vis spectrometer, and Transmission Electron Micro-scope. Samples of carbon steel and aluminium were uniformly coated with a thin layer of gloss paint mixed with AgNPs solution at five different concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/ml. The inhibition efficiency of the AgNPs modified paint was conducted via gravimetric, gasometric, and potentiodynamic polariza-tion analyses. Results of the gravimetric analysis revealed an increased weight loss with an increased period of exposure and decreased concentration of AgNPs in the paint. The corrosion rates for the mild steel and aluminium samples were 0.051 and 0.005 mmpy with inhibition efficiencies of 42% and 69%, respective-ly, when immersed in 20 μg/ml AgNPs-incorporated coating and exposed for 120 hours. Potentiodynamic polarization analysis revealed that the presence of AgNPs in the paint (as inhibitor) retarded the anodic dissolution by the formation of protective films on the mild steel and aluminium sample surfaces. The evolu-tion of hydrogen gas from 20 μg/ml AgNPs-incorporated coating was signifi-cantly reduced by 81% and 14% for mild steel and aluminium, respectively, when compared with the control samples at 200 mins of exposure. These results revealed that incorporation of AgNPs into the gloss paint matrix minimizes the degradation due to corrosion of the mild steel and aluminium samples.
Design and Fabrication of a Charcoal Fish Smoking KILN
(International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2020-05) Issa, W. A.; Fatile O.E.; Abdulmumuni B.; Ologunye, O.B.; Okpara, I.N.
The fabricated charcoal fish smoking kiln was done to improve on the performance of the existing technology and determine its performance for future applications. The charcoal fish smoking kiln is made from rectangular mild steel of 2mm thickness and has three chambers such as the blower chamber, charcoal chamber, and the smoke chambers respectively. The chambers were insulated with 20mm thick thermosetting polymer welded in between two mild steel plates. The end of the smoke chambers is connected to a blower to assists in the heat convective flow mechanism during operation. The weight loss of the fish sample being calculated can be used to determine the smoking efficiency, including the smoking time by using charcoal and the temperature can as well be determined. The smoking kiln was tested by using two different species of fish: cat and panla smoked to an average moisture content of 62.5% within an average period of 4 hours, the average final weight of the dried fish was 0.24 Kg, weight loss 22.45Wb, residence temperature of 60-800C, heat exchanger temperature is 2430C, and heat different at chimney 242 0C. The fabricated machine is highly efficient. It produced dried smoked fish that lasted for seven weeks without spoilage. The fish produced had a golden brown colour. The fish processing itself took less than one hour and the temperature of the heat supplied was quite higher than the traditional drum oven type.
Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Awning/Canopy for Thermal Comfortability
(FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2017-03-24) Ajao, K. R., Yahaya, T., Kolawole, M. Y., & Aweda, J. O
This paper presents the design, fabrication and performance evaluation of retractable awning/canopy system for thermal comfortability. It consists of frame (mild steel bars), linear actuator, fabric (acrylic), adapter, roller pathways and photo sensor (for easiness of control). After fabrication and coupling of the whole components of the retractable awning system, it was connected to the adapter and power source for performance test evaluation. It was observed that, the actuator arm which was coupled to the fabric began projecting outward and once the photo sensor was shaded from sunlight using a dark material, the fabric retracted into the roller. Also a reduced solar heat gain factor of 28.16 W was achieved by shading the window compared to the solar gain factor of 498.54 W before shading with a cooling load of 415.37 W. This can be incorporated into building plans especially those at the sunheating direction and tropical region to reduce inner-house temperature air-conditioner loading for longer life and efficient operation
DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND TESTING OF A MOVABLE SOLAR OPERATED SPRAYER FOR FARMING OPERATION
(International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), 2020-03) Issa, W.A.; Abdulmumuni, B.; Azeez, R.O.; Okpara I.N.; Fanifosi, J.O.; Ologunye O.B.
Famers do spray seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc. to protect crops from different insects, pests, diseases and have good harvests. Hand and fuel operated spray pumps are the most common sprayer used in Nigeria. The sprayer causes user fatigue due to excessive bulky and heavy construction, a user can't use it for more than five (5) hours without getting tired, the fuel sprayer is expensive to maintain, emits carbon dioxide and harmful to our environment. In this study, a movable solar operated sprayer for the farming operation was designed and fabricated to overcome these difficulties. The system operates in both direct mode and indirect mode. In the direct mode, the sprayer is operated from the electricity generated by 50W solar panel mounted on a movable frame and in the indirect mode it is operated on stored electrical energy in the lead-acid DC battery (12 V, 12 Ah). Priming diaphragm pump of 10W or mini DC reciprocating cycle motor of 5W is used to generate the required operating pressure to spray the liquid pesticide formulations. The capacity of the storage tank is 20 liters for uninterrupted operation of 25.1 minutes with the discharge rate of 0.79 L/min through the electric flexible mists high-pressure multiple sprayers with four (4) nozzles. Data generated from the theoretical formulae were used to fabricate the system using locally available and durable materials. The sprayer was tested in farmland on two different crops after charging the battery for 3 hours in sunlight. The results obtained were as follows: Power conversion efficiency 20.4%, the time required to charge the battery 2.88hrs, time taken to spray 1 acre of land 2.13hrs, backup time of spray 14.5hrs, application rate 0.04 𝐿/𝑚2 and operating time of the battery 8hrs. The results obtained show that solar sprayer was effective and will be useful in rural areas where there is no constant power supply. The system is incorporated with an energy bulb and charging kit to light up the farmyard and for the operator to charge his/her phone
DETERMINANT FACTORS OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY IN YAM PRODUCTION IN MORO LGA, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.
(Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria, 2023-06-01) Ismail, U. O.; Mahmud, H.U
This paper investigates the determinants factors of technical efficiency using the stochastic frontier production function which incorporates the inefficiency model. A sample of 150 yam farmers were randomly selected from 17 wards of Moro LGA in Kwara State, Nigeria. Data was collected from the respondents with the aid of a structured interview schedule. The empirical result showed that land size, fertilizer, seedling, and use of herbicides were the main factors determining technical efficiency while age, experience, household size and contact with extension agent were the main determinants of the technical inefficiency of yam farmers. The mean technical efficiency was 0.636 which means that 36.4% of the technical output was not achieved. The result also indicates that land size, fertilizer, seedling, and herbicides are significant in yam production. And a significant relationship between age, household size, extension contact and years of experience and the output of the yam producers as it influences their technical efficiencies. The study concludes that land size, fertilizer, seedling, and use of herbicides were the main factors determining technical efficiency while age, experience, household size and contact with extension agent were the main the main determinants of inefficiency and thus recommends youths be encouraged to form cooperative organization and into yam production with attractive incentives like easy access to farm inputs, cooperate financing, easy exposure to markets.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER INTERFACE PROGRAM FOR THE MAINTENANCE PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF DANGOTE FLOUR MILLS, ILORIN, NIGERIA
(FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA, 2012) Ajao, K. R.; Issa, W. A.; Muhammed, B. H.
This work developed an interface for the planning and scheduling of plant maintenance operations at Dangote Flour Mills, Ilorin Nigeria. The focus of this computer based maintenance planning is to ensure continuous operations of equipment, plant and machineries and reduce operation stoppages or downtimes. It provides interactive modules whereby industrial activities can be assigned to employees by the company's management while employees can have an immediate view of job schedule, simplifies the process of requesting for work to be performed and manage the issuance of work permits, control parts and inventory, keep good record of equipment and appropriate safety management through proper documentation of accidents that may occur in plant operations among others. The paper form of planning and scheduling industrial work activities is tedious, past maintenance and scheduling records are always difficult to retrieve and in many instances when the stock level becomes zero all industrial production seizes and its attendant consequences.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DESIGN OF A SCALABLE COMBUSTION FURNACE USING PALM KERNEL SHELL AS HEAT SOURCE
(Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, Romania, 2017-03-01) .K.O. OLADOSU; B. KAREEM; B.O. AKINNULI; T.B. ASAFA
Steam boiler is an integral and important component of steam turbine used for electricity generation. Its design is however complex, time consuming and prone to errors if done manually. In this study, we report the application of computer based approach to design palm kernel shell combusting furnace for generating a desired amount of electricity. Using backward calculation approach, standard design equations were used to size furnace and its components. The equations were coded and solved using C-Sharp programming language. The results showed that to generate 5 kW of electricity from palm kernel shell; 5.5 kW turbines, 3.6 m super heater, 3.2 m riser, furnace of 1.432 m height and 0.45 m3 volume were required having considered power loss due to friction and others. While these results are in good agreement with those calculated manually, human errors are virtually eliminated. In addition, calculations and drafting time were reduced from 5 hrs 47 mins when done manually to about 4 mins when the developed code was used. This code can be used to size boiler for any desired power output.
Effect of bio-mineral oil blend quenchant on the mechanical properties of carburized mild-steel
(Springer Nature, 2023) Maruf Yinka Kolawole; Suleman Adeniyi Aliyu; Sefiu Adekunle Bello; Kamoru Olufemi Oladosu; Ilesanmi Jonathan Owoeye
In this study, the effect of bio-mineral oil blend quenchants on the mechanical proper ties of carburized mild steel was experimentally studied and reported. The tensile, hardness, impact, and microstructural test specimens were prepared in line with ASTM standards. Prepared specimens were then buried in a 50:50% ratio mixtures of egg shell/date-seed particulates as carburizing medium in a sealed packed cylindrical crucible. The carburization was then carried out in a muffle furnace at 950 oC for 3 h soaking time at 5 °C/min heating rate and thereafter quenched in different percentage blends of bio-mineral oils. Before the mechanical test and microstructural examination, amples were tempered at 200 oC for 1 h. Results from the experimental findings revealed that water and bio-mineral oil blend quenchants significantly influenced the mechanical properties and microstructure of carburized mild steel in varying degrees depending on the quenching media. Specimen quenched in 100% groundnut oil yielded the maximum yield tensile strength (805.43 MPa) and hardness at the surface edge (173.8 HV) equivalent to 106.7 and 87.66 percentage increment however, the best combination of mechanical properties (tensile strength 738.66 MPa, strain 17.12%, hardness 169.5 HV and impact strength 51.1 J) was obtained in the specimen quenched in 60/40% groundnut oil and SAE40 oil blends respectively. The enhancement in the mechanical property was due to the grain refinement in the microstructure of the bio-mineral oils quenched specimen. The 60/40 groundnut/SAE40 oil blend is therefore recommended for metallurgical heat treatment of mild steel for critical industrial applications
Effect of copper nanoparticles on centrifugal pump
(Nano Plus: Science and Technology of Nanomaterials, 2021) Issa, W. A.
This experimental study presents fluid flow characteristics obtained for a non-ferrous metallic water nanofluid, copper-water mixture, through a one-horsepower centrifugal pump. The results obtained for three different pressures rise of 3.8, 4.2, 4.8 (bar) by pumping copper-water nanofluid through a constructed pump test unit, with the addition of 5g of copper nanoparticles to 20L of water are Head (m); 0.17, 0.33, 0.41; Flow Rate (m3/s); 0.463070155, 0.285632676, 0.076961558; Brake Power (Kw); 0.0723825, 0.1050225, 0.041503 and Efficiency; 0.6899997, 0.6399991,0.5999997, while for 10g of copper in 20L of water are Head (m); 0.15, 0.28, 0.37; Flow Rate (m3/s); 0.4606172, 0.2175568, 0.0949577; Brake Power (Kw); 0.0814823, 0.0914652, 0.0591155 and Efficiency; 0.6099998, 0.5699993, 0.5199997. The pump flow rate was observed to decrease as a higher head is attained while the head gained increases with an increase in pumping pressure. The head attained due to pumping was observed to reduce as the copper nanofluid concentration increases, while the pump vibration increases as the particle concentration increases. There was an observed temperature rise in the components of the nanofluid pump testing machine due to a rising temperature of the copper nanofluid during the pumping operations. Lastly, this experimental research clearly shows the impact of copper nanofluid on the pumping power, flow rate, head gained, pump speed, and pump efficiency.
Effects of cold extrusion on the mechanical properties of scrapped copper coil
(Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 8(2), 2021-12-10) Olawore, A.S.; Oladosu, K.O.; Sadiq, T.O.; Ahmed, M; Adesope, W.A.
The recycling of copper coil into finished products via sand casting with subsequent cold extrusion was investigated. This paper examined the effects of cold extrusion on the mechanical properties of the scrapped copper coil using a locally manufactured extruder with a conventional face die. The mechanical properties tested on the extrudates are limited to hardness, tensile, and compressive strength. The results reveal that the hardness of extruded copper of 11.10 mm and 11.45 mm improved significantly by 39 % and 41 %, respectively, compared with respective non-extruded copper. The compressive and tensile strength increases by 42 % and 22 %, respectively, for 11.10 mm extruded copper compared with the corresponding non-extruded copper. Also, the elongation of the extruded copper of 11.10 mm and 11.45 mm increases by 33 % and 34 %, respectively. It was deduced that the extruded copper is more ductile than the non-extruded copper. The micrograph reveals that grains in non-extruded copper are relatively coarse and nonuniform with voids, but fine and relatively uniform grains are obtained in extruded copper. The grains are refined during cold extrusion, and voids and dislocations are reduced significantly.
Effects of Cold Extrusion on the Mechanical Properties of Scrapped Copper Coil
(Sumy State University, Ukraine, 2021-12-10) Olawore A. S; Oladosu K. O; Sadiq T. O; Ahmed M; Adesope W. A
The recycling of copper coil into finished products via sand casting with subsequent cold extrusion was investigated. This paper examined the effects of cold extrusion on the mechanical properties of the scrapped copper coil using a locally manufactured extruder with a conventional face die. The mechanical properties tested on the extrudates are limited to hardness, tensile, and compressive strength. The results reveal that the hardness of extruded copper of 11.10 mm and 11.45 mm improved significantly by 39 % and 41 %, respectively, compared with respective non-extruded copper. The compressive and tensile strength increases by 42 % and 22 %, respectively, for 11.10 mm extruded copper compared with the corresponding non-extruded copper. Also, the elongation of the extruded copper of 11.10 mm and 11.45 mm increases by 33 % and 34 %, respectively. It was deduced that the extruded copper is more ductile than the non-extruded copper. The micrograph reveals that grains in non-extruded copper are relatively coarse and nonuniform with voids, but fine and relatively uniform grains are obtained in extruded copper. The grains are refined during cold extrusion, and voids and islocations are reduced significantly

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