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Effect of moisture content on crackability of bambara groundnut using a centrifugal cracker
(Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2007-04-17) F.A. Oluwole; A.T. Abdulrahim; R.K. Olalere
One of the most tedious operations in processing bambara groundnut is the shelling operation. However, moisture content normally affects the handling and processing of agro materials, such as nut shelling/cracking. This study was conducted to determine the effect of moisture content on shelling efficiency of bambara groundnut using a centrifugal cracker. A 50 kg bag of bambara groundnut obtained from Damboa Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria, was divided into three groups. These groups were prepared for tests by soaking them in ordinary water at room temperature for different periods of 0, 60 and 90 min to obtain different levels of moisture content. Moisture content of each sample was determined by oven drying at 130°C for 6 h. The moisture content levels were found to be 5.3, 9.6, and 12.2% (d.b.) for samples A, B and C, respectively. The samples were subjected to impact energy through a centrifugal impaction device operating at an angular velocity of 1920 r.p.m., using three different types of impellers. Data obtained on the percentage of fully shelled pods and unbroken seeds, fully shelled pods with broken seeds, partially shelled pods and unshelled pods were statistically analysed. Results showed that both moisture content and impeller angula tions have a significant effect on these performance indices. The most effective performance was obtained at moisture content of 5.3% (d.b.), at which the shelling efficiency, percentage of dama ged seeds, percentage of partially shelled pods and percentage of unshelled pods were 96, 3.4, 0.6 and 0, 86.6, 3.6, 5.6 and 4.2, 85, 2.4, 5.4, and 7.2% for the forward facing impeller, radially posi tioned impeller and the backward facing impeller, respectively. The study further showed that development of a centrifugal impact bambara groundnut sheller with winnower would eliminate the tediousness of the present manual pod cracking methods.
Development and performance evaluation of impact bambara groundnut sheller
(Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2007-09-01) F.A. Oluwole; A.T. Abdulrahim; M.B. Oumarou
A centrifugal bambara groundnut sheller was designed, constructed and evaluated. The sheller consists of a feed hopper with a flow rate control device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. Nine different impellers were used for the investigation at three different pod moisture contents. Results of the performance tests were examined using a 3x3x3 factorial design with moisture content, impeller slot angulations and number of impeller slots as variables. Results showed that moisture content, impeller slot angulations, number of impeller slots and interaction between these variables statistically affected the per formance indicators (shelling efficiency, percentage of breakage, percentage of partially shelled pods, percentage of unshelled pods and winnowing efficiency) at the significance level of 5%. The forward facing impeller with eight slots gave the best performance of 96% shelling efficiency, 3.4% breakage, 0.6% partially shelled pods. No unshelled pods were recorded, and winnowing efficiency of 97.3% was recorded at an average feed rate of 215.8 kg h-1
Small Scale Biochar Production Technologies: A Review
(Scholarlink Research Institute, 2010-12-01) Odesola, Isaac F.; Owoseni, Tunji Adetayo
This paper is set to review the available small scale biochar production technologies. Biochar production technologies are a few of the green technologies that seek to rid the environment of green house gases (GHG). The products of this technology are biochar and biofuels (oil and syngas). Variant methods of this small scale production are known. The use of single (metal) container to two barrels is common, while some units are built of ceramic materials like fired brick. However, there is no published work stating the production of biochar in Nigeria, as at the time of this compilation.
Development of local technology for a small-scale biochar production process from agricultural wastes
(Scholarlink Research Institute, 2010-12-01) Odesola, Isaac F.; Owoseni Tunji Adetayo
A charcoal fired reactor for small-scale production of biochar was successfully designed, fabricated and tested. The method of biochar production offered by this equipment was evaluated by comparing its output with a single barrel method of production. The results obtained during the test indicated that the efficiency of the equipment based on its output per kg of Cocoa pod husk was 79.9%. It has the capacity to produce 18.3 kg of Biochar from Cocoa Husk per day using 1 bag of local Charcoal. Cocoa pod Husk can be effectively used as raw material for Biochar production. The Specific Heat Capacity of Cocoa pod Husk was obtained as 3.8 kJ/kg K using the Choi and Okos model. The equipment can be afforded by small scale farmers at production cost of -24, 600.00. This machine can be easily used and maintained without any formal training. The reactor is therefore appropriate for use by subsistent farmers, and households for producing biochar on a small scale.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER INTERFACE PROGRAM FOR THE MAINTENANCE PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF DANGOTE FLOUR MILLS, ILORIN, NIGERIA
(FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA, 2012) Ajao, K. R.; Issa, W. A.; Muhammed, B. H.
This work developed an interface for the planning and scheduling of plant maintenance operations at Dangote Flour Mills, Ilorin Nigeria. The focus of this computer based maintenance planning is to ensure continuous operations of equipment, plant and machineries and reduce operation stoppages or downtimes. It provides interactive modules whereby industrial activities can be assigned to employees by the company's management while employees can have an immediate view of job schedule, simplifies the process of requesting for work to be performed and manage the issuance of work permits, control parts and inventory, keep good record of equipment and appropriate safety management through proper documentation of accidents that may occur in plant operations among others. The paper form of planning and scheduling industrial work activities is tedious, past maintenance and scheduling records are always difficult to retrieve and in many instances when the stock level becomes zero all industrial production seizes and its attendant consequences.
Computer Aided Design and Drafting of Helical Gears
(2012) Akinnuli B. O; Ogedengbe T. I; Oladosu K. O
An interactive user friendly low cost software called “CADDgear” was developed in this study to facilitate the design and drafting of helical and spur gears thereby generating reliable data for use in manufacturing process. The software was developed, using JAVA programming language, as a tool for determining the design parameters and producing accurate and efficient 3D (three dimensional) and 2D (two dimensional) detail working drawings of helical gears. The study considered the existing approaches in use for the design of helical gears and then established a design analysis procedure for helical gear design. The established procedure was implemented through the developed software so that a substantial saving in term of time and cost of production of the design is obtained. The outcome of this research would enhance the designer’s productivity by reducing the time required to synthesis, analyze and document helical gear design. This would permit a thorough analysis of a large number of design alternatives. Results generated by the software shows very good agreement with that obtained through manual calculation using the established procedure. It was observed that the developed software successfully increase productivity over manual gear design and drafting by approximately thirty-four times in term of the time required for the design
Analysis of Two Dimensional Heat Transfer Problem Using Spreadsheet Approach
(Energy Technology and Management conference, 2012) A.A Oladosu; I.F Odesola; A.S Olawore
The storage of thermal energy in the form of sensible and latent heat has become an important aspect of energy management with the emphasis on efficient use and conservation of the waste heat and solar energy in industry and buildings. Heat storage materials absorb heat through standard heat transfer mechanisms, e.g., radiation, conduction, and convection. The need for developing software for solving these problems become imperative because it has necessary functions for solving a large class of engineering problems. The aim of this project is to demonstrate how Spreadsheet can be used for solving heat transfer problems in an arbitrary geometry. Survey was carried out on various geometries. An example considered was a chimney. The symmetry of the geometry was considered. Energy balances were obtained and finite difference formulations were made. Finite difference equations for various nodes were determined. Spreadsheet was set up for the problem. Various temperature distributions were obtained. Temperatures are highest at the inner wall (but less than 300oC) and the lowest at the outer wall (but more than 260 k), as expected. The average temperature at the outer surface of the chimney was 352.65k. The rate of heat loss through the 1m long section of the chimney was determined both manually and numerically.
Design and development of vapor absorption refrigeration system for rural dwellers
(Covenant University, 2012) Adekeye, T; Oyedepo, S.O; Oyebanji, J.A
Heat Stress as A Measure of Human Level of Comfort in A Semi-Arid Zone, Maiduguri, Nigeria
(Research | Reviews | Publications, 2012) Abdulbaqi T ABDULRAHIM; Richard B MSHELIA; Olajide G STEPHEN; Emmanuel T KYAUTA
This study examined thermal stress and physiological comfort in Maiduguri, Nigeria using thermal heat stress index as a measure of human comfort. Dry-bulb temperature, Relative humidity, and Air velocity were measured in three observatory sites (class room, under neem (azadirachta indica) tree and under direct sunlight) within the Faculty of Engineering University of Maiduguri, Nigeria between the hours of 7.00 am and 5.00 pm on some days from October to December 2010 in order to establish the physiological responses to thermal stress and disorder. The data were analyzed using Effective Temperature (ET) and Relative Stress Index (RSI). The mean ET mean ET obtained vary from 23.58oC to 31.18oC, while the RSI values vary from 0.12 to 0.49 for the period just after the raining season. And for the hammatan period, the mean ET mean ET vary from 19.31oCto 29.09oC , while the RSI values vary from-0.01 to 0.38. The results showed that the three locations are generally comfortable during the morning hours and become uncomfortable as the day progresses. The class room was found to be the most comfortable during the period of the investigation while the location under the sun recorded the highest level of discomfort in both seasons.
Computer Application for Maintenance Planning and Scheduling of Industrial Plant
(International Institute for Science, Technology and Education, 2012-01) Ajao, K. R.; Issa, W. A.; Muhammed, B. H.
Plant maintenance involves all activities carried out on a machine to ensure a zero downtime of operation. Maintenance activities vary from one industry to the other but the basic maintenance activities are mainly to ensure continuous operations of equipment, plant and machineries. Over the past few decades, the various industrial work activities and maintenance operations are performed without a concrete plan (schedule) or are performed via manual paper work. Industrial operations are usually complex and recurrent activities. Analysis has shown that lack or insufficient maintenance coordination, has accounted for the poor performances and inefficiencies of many industries. Thus, it is pertinent to deduce a planned maintenance organizer or a computer aided design for the planning and scheduling of industrial work activities. This becomes important as computer has revolutionalized industrial activities with the development of modern high level computer programming languages such as visual basic by Microsoft among others.
Design analysis of solar bi-focal collectors
(2012-02-02) Abdulrahim A; Diso I. S; Abdulraheem A. S
This study carried out the design analysis of solar bi-focal collectors with the basic units comprising the paraboloid concentrators, receivers and support/connectors. The design of the receivers is such that it works on thermo-siphon principle while the heat energy requirement for each receiver is 650 kJ. Solar energy required to provide the needed power input in the collector’s receiver is amounted to 0.967 kJ/s. The results of the analysis revealed that each collector has diameter of the receiver of 0.3 m, aperture diameter of 1.4 m and internal surface area of 1.53 m2. The materials and dimensions of parts were selected based on the design specifications. The design analysis will serves as basis for the development of a solar tracking bi-focal collector system for possible steam generation.
3D Flow around a Rectangular Cylinder: a review
(AFRREV STECH, Vol. 1 (2) April-July, 2012, 2012-04-01) Odesola, Isaac F.; Olawore, Ayodeji
Turbulent flows around three-dimensional obstacles are common in nature and occur in many applications including flow around tall buildings, vehicles and computer chips. Understanding and predicting the properties of these flows are necessary for safe, effective and economical engineering designs. This paper presents the review of 3D flow around a rectangular cylinder using large eddy simulation as the turbulence model and the computational study is developed in the frame of the Benchmark on the Aerodynamics of a Rectangular Cylinder (BARC). Different simulations around bluff bodies were reviewed and the results obtained through different methodologies are presented. The effect of change by vortex shedding on the magnitude of fluid forces of rectangular cylinders are examined and reported. The aerodynamic integral parameters obtained from different papers are compared.
Random vortex element modelling of groundwater flow
(World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2012-06-01) Kareem, M.W.
Exploitation of groundwater for both domestic and industrial uses has continuously been undertaken in different parts of the world. The proper harnessing of available water required adequate analysis of the flow in the aquifer. Successful attempts have been made using finite difference and finite element methods. However, the possibility of vortex element method as an alternative technique was considered in this work. A model was developed using random vortex element method to simulate groundwater flow with constant head at the aquifer boundary. This was carried out by transforming the governing equation for groundwater flow into a typical vorticity equation for vortex method. The model was then used to determine groundwater head at varying time for Lagos basement complex with transmisivity and storativity of 5.5 X 10-5 m and 6.840796 X 10-2 respectively. The aquifer thickness varied from 4.0 m to 7.0 m. At the aquifer thickness of 4.0m the predicted groundwater heads varied from 0.0 m to 0.024833690 m, while at the aquifer thickness of 7.0m the predicted heads varied from 0.0m to 0.159134 m for varying time step at 0.1 s. The head differs only from literature value by 2.44%. Random vortex element method is therefore a viable numerical tool for predicting the groundwater flow parameters of the aquifer at any desired location.
Modelling and Simulation of Low Calorific Value Municipal Solid Waste Incineration
(Research | Reviews | Publications,, 2012-09) Mohammed B OUMAROU; Abdulbaqi T ABDULRAHIM; Mohammed DAUDA
The paper focused on the mathematical modelling and simulation of low calorific value municipal solid waste incineration in semiarid region. Municipal solid wastes were collected and analysed; from which wood samples were taken and incinerated using a prototype incinerator. A mathematical model, based on Fourier series (FS) and finite elements method (FEM) was developed, ran and validated using experimental and literature data. Critical minimum volume of 4.93 m3 or about 6 % of the total volume of the incinerator would be needed at 20% moisture content refuse and a critical maximum volume of 51.10 m3 or 69.21% of the total volume, would be needed at 50% moisture content. The ignition time and the time at which the combustion becomes self-sustaining are greatly influenced by the moisture content. Critical drying temperature was found to be 711.44 K. The grid size had little or no effect on the simulated results. The developed model can accurately predict the critical sizes and performance of the actual plant even at its virtual stage. There is need to optimize the critical drying temperature and mathematical model /physical model correlation which would help improve the efficiency of the process and better understand the drying mechanism involved.
Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recovery and Recycling
(Research | Reviews | Publications, 2012-10) Mohammed B OUMAROU; Mohammed DAUDA; Abdulbaqi T ABDULRAHIM; Alhaji B ABUBAKAR
The paper presents a case study focused on waste generation, material recovery, and the recycling potential of municipal solid waste in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The municipal solid waste (MSW) generation was estimated using a fuzzy logic based mathematical model followed by a collection scenario thought of, adopted and tested within two planned residential areas; the University of Maiduguri campus and the 202, 303 housing estates of the Maiduguri metropolis. Data obtained were analyzed using simple statistical methods. The mathematical model predicted 255 tonnes of MSW against 226.63 tonnes by collection estimates. An important amount of recyclable materials was found to be generated within the study area. Incurred fuels expenses on the trucks alone, do exceed the monthly wages of 400 waste collectors. MSW collection, material recovery and recycling are alternatives to fight poverty, and contribute immensely towards social re-insertion of marginalized people. Further research is needed on the waste production equation for estimates of waste generation in not well planned areas.
Characterization and Generation of Municipal Solid Waste in North Central Nigeria
(International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 2012-10) M. B. Oumarou; M. Dauda; A. T. Abdulrahim; A. B. Abubakar
The study focused on the characterization and generation of municipal solid waste in the north central part of Nigeria. Daily samples were collected and interpreted using Microsoft Excel for quantification purposes while the characterization samples were collected during the months of February, March and April and during the raining season in August. The refuse physical characteristics were then evaluated by sifting through the waste and separate it into its various physical major components. They were analyzed for proximate and ultimate composition using ASTM standards. Average moisture contents were found to vary from 26.743 to 32.593. Wood, paper, plastic and leaves were found in varying proportions and an average waste generation of 1. 23 kg per person per day was found. Energy recovery is possible with an addition of supplementary fuel as sugar cane straw, weeds. The knowledge of the refuse CV alone is not enough to conclude whether the refuse will burn or not. Its moisture content is also an essential parameter.
2D Flow around a Rectangular Cylinder: A Computational Study
(AFRREV STECH: An International Journal of Science and Technology, 2013-01-01) A.S., Olawore; I.F., Odesola
The unsteady flow around a rectangular cylinder is an area of great research for scientist for several years. A two-dimensional unsteady flow past a rectangular cylinder has been investigated numerically for the low Reynolds numbers (flow is laminar). Gambit has been used throughout this work to generate the geometry and meshes and the computational fluid dynamics analysis is done using fluent software. The influence of vortical structure and pressure distribution around the section of rectangular cylinders are examined and reported. The integral aerodynamic parameters are also reported. Strouhal numbers for Reynolds numbers of 55, 75, 100, 150, 250 and 400 are 0.102, 0.122, 0.129, 0.136, 0.139 and 0.158 respectively. The magnitudes of the coefficient of drag for the Reynolds numbers are 1.565, 1.524, 1.432, 1.423, 1.526 and 1.545. The lift coefficient for flow around a rectangular cylinder with a chord-to-depth ratio equal to 5 of low Reynolds numbers of 55, 75, 100, 150, 250 and 400 are 0.067, 0.101, 0.157, 0.212, 0.404 and 0.537 respectively. The pressure drags obtained in the simulations at zero angle of incidence are 1.446, 1.455, 1.439, 1.412, 1.579 and 1.602 for Reynolds numbers 55, 75, 100, 150, 225, and 250. The velocity across the rectangular cylinders varies from 0.089 to 1.02m/s. The forces caused by vortex shedding phenomenon must be taken into account when designing buildings for safe, effective and economical engineering designs.
Comparative study of single pass collector and double pass solar collector filled with porous media
(Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 2013-01-15) Kareem, M.W.
This research reports a comparative study of the convectional single pass flat plate collector and the double pass solar collector filled with porous media such as gravel and metal chips at the lower channel of the absorbing unit. The component materials, design, performance efficiencies, capabilities and the application of the solar collectors are presented to show various disparities that exist between the collectors. Emphasis was laid on the multi-pass approach as a gate way to future development on solar collectors.
Drying Technology
(Taylor & Francis, 2013-04-05) Lovelyn N. Onuoha; Ndubisi A. Aviara; Toyin A. Abdulrahim; Ahmed T. Suleiman c
A mathematical model for predicting moisture profile in parboiled paddy during drying was developed using the prolate sphe roidal coordinate system. The model was solved using the Crank Nicolson central difference scheme and the variation of its predictive potential with paddy cultivar was investigated. Parboiled paddy dry ing was carried out at 60C using a cabinet tray dryer. The variation of the moisture ratio of different paddy cultivars (Banki, De-gold, and Liberia) with time and drying rate and with time and moisture content was determined. Model validation was carried out using residual plots, root mean square deviation, and coefficient of deter mination. The parboiled Banki, De-Gold, and Liberia paddy culti vars had equivalent diameters of 3.73, 4.75, and 3.68mm, prolate spheroidal geometric dimensions (equatorial and polar radii) of 1.16 and 4.78mm, 1.22 and 5.45mm, and 3.10 and 3.92mm, and effec tive moisture diffusion coefficient of 2.81934 10 10, 5.71515 10 10, and 3.77336 10 10m2/s, respectively. Drying of parboiled paddy occurred in the falling rate phase with initial period of induc tion and critical moisture content that varied with cultivar. The residual plots showed that the model was acceptable for predicting moisture transport in all the cultivars during drying. Comparison of the observed and predicted moisture ratios showed low root mean square deviation and high coefficient of determination, which varied with cultivar indicating that the predictive potential of the model was cultivar dependent.
Corrugated Laterite Based Ceramic Roof Tile Stabilized with Cement
(IJET Publications-UK, 2014) Kolawole, F.O.; Adeniji, S. A.; Adeyinka, T. I.; Owoseni, Tunji Adetayo; Ngasoh, O. F.; Soboyejo, W. O.
The use of laterite based material as ceramic roof tile contributes to the innovation and application of local materials within our immediate environment. In this study the aim is to design and produce corrugated laterite based roof tile and investigate its water absorption and penetration. Paste of laterite-cement mix was formed with water to cement ratio of 3:1. The percentage composition of the cement used was 15% and 20%. The paste was poured into a wooden frame (dimension of 200mm x 300mm x 20mm) with an underlying corrugated metal sheet, while another corrugated metal sheet was placed on the paste to ensure formation of the corrugated shape on both sides. Water analysis carried out on the cast samples showed that the sample with 20% cement composition had a better resistance to water absorption and penetration. The result of this study indicates that the formation of corrugated roofing tile using laterite material is feasible and it is possible to have good water resistant property if fully optimized.

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