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Small Scale Biochar Production Technologies: A Review
(Scholarlink Research Institute, 2010-12-01) Odesola, Isaac F.; Owoseni, Tunji Adetayo
This paper is set to review the available small scale biochar production technologies. Biochar production technologies are a few of the green technologies that seek to rid the environment of green house gases (GHG). The products of this technology are biochar and biofuels (oil and syngas). Variant methods of this small scale production are known. The use of single (metal) container to two barrels is common, while some units are built of ceramic materials like fired brick. However, there is no published work stating the production of biochar in Nigeria, as at the time of this compilation.
Development of local technology for a small-scale biochar production process from agricultural wastes
(Scholarlink Research Institute, 2010-12-01) Odesola, Isaac F.; Owoseni Tunji Adetayo
A charcoal fired reactor for small-scale production of biochar was successfully designed, fabricated and tested. The method of biochar production offered by this equipment was evaluated by comparing its output with a single barrel method of production. The results obtained during the test indicated that the efficiency of the equipment based on its output per kg of Cocoa pod husk was 79.9%. It has the capacity to produce 18.3 kg of Biochar from Cocoa Husk per day using 1 bag of local Charcoal. Cocoa pod Husk can be effectively used as raw material for Biochar production. The Specific Heat Capacity of Cocoa pod Husk was obtained as 3.8 kJ/kg K using the Choi and Okos model. The equipment can be afforded by small scale farmers at production cost of -24, 600.00. This machine can be easily used and maintained without any formal training. The reactor is therefore appropriate for use by subsistent farmers, and households for producing biochar on a small scale.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER INTERFACE PROGRAM FOR THE MAINTENANCE PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF DANGOTE FLOUR MILLS, ILORIN, NIGERIA
(FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA, 2012) Ajao, K. R.; Issa, W. A.; Muhammed, B. H.
This work developed an interface for the planning and scheduling of plant maintenance operations at Dangote Flour Mills, Ilorin Nigeria. The focus of this computer based maintenance planning is to ensure continuous operations of equipment, plant and machineries and reduce operation stoppages or downtimes. It provides interactive modules whereby industrial activities can be assigned to employees by the company's management while employees can have an immediate view of job schedule, simplifies the process of requesting for work to be performed and manage the issuance of work permits, control parts and inventory, keep good record of equipment and appropriate safety management through proper documentation of accidents that may occur in plant operations among others. The paper form of planning and scheduling industrial work activities is tedious, past maintenance and scheduling records are always difficult to retrieve and in many instances when the stock level becomes zero all industrial production seizes and its attendant consequences.
Computer Aided Design and Drafting of Helical Gears
(2012) Akinnuli B. O; Ogedengbe T. I; Oladosu K. O
An interactive user friendly low cost software called “CADDgear” was developed in this study to facilitate the design and drafting of helical and spur gears thereby generating reliable data for use in manufacturing process. The software was developed, using JAVA programming language, as a tool for determining the design parameters and producing accurate and efficient 3D (three dimensional) and 2D (two dimensional) detail working drawings of helical gears. The study considered the existing approaches in use for the design of helical gears and then established a design analysis procedure for helical gear design. The established procedure was implemented through the developed software so that a substantial saving in term of time and cost of production of the design is obtained. The outcome of this research would enhance the designer’s productivity by reducing the time required to synthesis, analyze and document helical gear design. This would permit a thorough analysis of a large number of design alternatives. Results generated by the software shows very good agreement with that obtained through manual calculation using the established procedure. It was observed that the developed software successfully increase productivity over manual gear design and drafting by approximately thirty-four times in term of the time required for the design
Analysis of Two Dimensional Heat Transfer Problem Using Spreadsheet Approach
(Energy Technology and Management conference, 2012) A.A Oladosu; I.F Odesola; A.S Olawore
The storage of thermal energy in the form of sensible and latent heat has become an important aspect of energy management with the emphasis on efficient use and conservation of the waste heat and solar energy in industry and buildings. Heat storage materials absorb heat through standard heat transfer mechanisms, e.g., radiation, conduction, and convection. The need for developing software for solving these problems become imperative because it has necessary functions for solving a large class of engineering problems. The aim of this project is to demonstrate how Spreadsheet can be used for solving heat transfer problems in an arbitrary geometry. Survey was carried out on various geometries. An example considered was a chimney. The symmetry of the geometry was considered. Energy balances were obtained and finite difference formulations were made. Finite difference equations for various nodes were determined. Spreadsheet was set up for the problem. Various temperature distributions were obtained. Temperatures are highest at the inner wall (but less than 300oC) and the lowest at the outer wall (but more than 260 k), as expected. The average temperature at the outer surface of the chimney was 352.65k. The rate of heat loss through the 1m long section of the chimney was determined both manually and numerically.
Design and development of vapor absorption refrigeration system for rural dwellers
(Covenant University, 2012) Adekeye, T; Oyedepo, S.O; Oyebanji, J.A
Computer Application for Maintenance Planning and Scheduling of Industrial Plant
(International Institute for Science, Technology and Education, 2012-01) Ajao, K. R.; Issa, W. A.; Muhammed, B. H.
Plant maintenance involves all activities carried out on a machine to ensure a zero downtime of operation. Maintenance activities vary from one industry to the other but the basic maintenance activities are mainly to ensure continuous operations of equipment, plant and machineries. Over the past few decades, the various industrial work activities and maintenance operations are performed without a concrete plan (schedule) or are performed via manual paper work. Industrial operations are usually complex and recurrent activities. Analysis has shown that lack or insufficient maintenance coordination, has accounted for the poor performances and inefficiencies of many industries. Thus, it is pertinent to deduce a planned maintenance organizer or a computer aided design for the planning and scheduling of industrial work activities. This becomes important as computer has revolutionalized industrial activities with the development of modern high level computer programming languages such as visual basic by Microsoft among others.
3D Flow around a Rectangular Cylinder: a review
(AFRREV STECH, Vol. 1 (2) April-July, 2012, 2012-04-01) Odesola, Isaac F.; Olawore, Ayodeji
Turbulent flows around three-dimensional obstacles are common in nature and occur in many applications including flow around tall buildings, vehicles and computer chips. Understanding and predicting the properties of these flows are necessary for safe, effective and economical engineering designs. This paper presents the review of 3D flow around a rectangular cylinder using large eddy simulation as the turbulence model and the computational study is developed in the frame of the Benchmark on the Aerodynamics of a Rectangular Cylinder (BARC). Different simulations around bluff bodies were reviewed and the results obtained through different methodologies are presented. The effect of change by vortex shedding on the magnitude of fluid forces of rectangular cylinders are examined and reported. The aerodynamic integral parameters obtained from different papers are compared.
Random vortex element modelling of groundwater flow
(World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2012-06-01) Kareem, M.W.
Exploitation of groundwater for both domestic and industrial uses has continuously been undertaken in different parts of the world. The proper harnessing of available water required adequate analysis of the flow in the aquifer. Successful attempts have been made using finite difference and finite element methods. However, the possibility of vortex element method as an alternative technique was considered in this work. A model was developed using random vortex element method to simulate groundwater flow with constant head at the aquifer boundary. This was carried out by transforming the governing equation for groundwater flow into a typical vorticity equation for vortex method. The model was then used to determine groundwater head at varying time for Lagos basement complex with transmisivity and storativity of 5.5 X 10-5 m and 6.840796 X 10-2 respectively. The aquifer thickness varied from 4.0 m to 7.0 m. At the aquifer thickness of 4.0m the predicted groundwater heads varied from 0.0 m to 0.024833690 m, while at the aquifer thickness of 7.0m the predicted heads varied from 0.0m to 0.159134 m for varying time step at 0.1 s. The head differs only from literature value by 2.44%. Random vortex element method is therefore a viable numerical tool for predicting the groundwater flow parameters of the aquifer at any desired location.
2D Flow around a Rectangular Cylinder: A Computational Study
(AFRREV STECH: An International Journal of Science and Technology, 2013-01-01) A.S., Olawore; I.F., Odesola
The unsteady flow around a rectangular cylinder is an area of great research for scientist for several years. A two-dimensional unsteady flow past a rectangular cylinder has been investigated numerically for the low Reynolds numbers (flow is laminar). Gambit has been used throughout this work to generate the geometry and meshes and the computational fluid dynamics analysis is done using fluent software. The influence of vortical structure and pressure distribution around the section of rectangular cylinders are examined and reported. The integral aerodynamic parameters are also reported. Strouhal numbers for Reynolds numbers of 55, 75, 100, 150, 250 and 400 are 0.102, 0.122, 0.129, 0.136, 0.139 and 0.158 respectively. The magnitudes of the coefficient of drag for the Reynolds numbers are 1.565, 1.524, 1.432, 1.423, 1.526 and 1.545. The lift coefficient for flow around a rectangular cylinder with a chord-to-depth ratio equal to 5 of low Reynolds numbers of 55, 75, 100, 150, 250 and 400 are 0.067, 0.101, 0.157, 0.212, 0.404 and 0.537 respectively. The pressure drags obtained in the simulations at zero angle of incidence are 1.446, 1.455, 1.439, 1.412, 1.579 and 1.602 for Reynolds numbers 55, 75, 100, 150, 225, and 250. The velocity across the rectangular cylinders varies from 0.089 to 1.02m/s. The forces caused by vortex shedding phenomenon must be taken into account when designing buildings for safe, effective and economical engineering designs.
Comparative study of single pass collector and double pass solar collector filled with porous media
(Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 2013-01-15) Kareem, M.W.
This research reports a comparative study of the convectional single pass flat plate collector and the double pass solar collector filled with porous media such as gravel and metal chips at the lower channel of the absorbing unit. The component materials, design, performance efficiencies, capabilities and the application of the solar collectors are presented to show various disparities that exist between the collectors. Emphasis was laid on the multi-pass approach as a gate way to future development on solar collectors.
Corrugated Laterite Based Ceramic Roof Tile Stabilized with Cement
(IJET Publications-UK, 2014) Kolawole, F.O.; Adeniji, S. A.; Adeyinka, T. I.; Owoseni, Tunji Adetayo; Ngasoh, O. F.; Soboyejo, W. O.
The use of laterite based material as ceramic roof tile contributes to the innovation and application of local materials within our immediate environment. In this study the aim is to design and produce corrugated laterite based roof tile and investigate its water absorption and penetration. Paste of laterite-cement mix was formed with water to cement ratio of 3:1. The percentage composition of the cement used was 15% and 20%. The paste was poured into a wooden frame (dimension of 200mm x 300mm x 20mm) with an underlying corrugated metal sheet, while another corrugated metal sheet was placed on the paste to ensure formation of the corrugated shape on both sides. Water analysis carried out on the cast samples showed that the sample with 20% cement composition had a better resistance to water absorption and penetration. The result of this study indicates that the formation of corrugated roofing tile using laterite material is feasible and it is possible to have good water resistant property if fully optimized.
Lumped component modelling of double pass solar collector with porous matrices
(Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014-02-10) Kareem, M.W.
In this report, the modeling and simulation of a double pass solar air absorber was carried out using combination of Simscape and Simulink modeling tools. The solar system air mass flow rate and the porous media were critically investigated by using local weather data of Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia. Optimal inlet air flow rate of 0.034kgm-2s-1 was obtained and one of the packed beds, sandstone extended the thermal transfer period of solar collector system by 1150s which displayed good agreement with the reported model and experimental outcomes. The results obtained have shown that it is a promising alternative tool for solar thermal experimentation modeling.
A review of solar air heater for drying of agricultural products
(Advanced Materials Research, 2014-02-27) Kareem, M.W.
Bulk of farm products need to be preserved because of their perishable nature. The cheapest and environmental friendly means is indirect usage of solar irradiance to reduce the moisture content of these products to a level that cannot sustain the activities of micro-organisms. The research on solar collector has gained its popularity over the years due to man’s quest for green energy which has led to increase in demand for the utilization of solar energy. Harnessing of solar energy by man for drying purposes was predominantly by direct method which reduces the quality and quantity of the dried products. This work presents the most recent contributions on solar air heater of flat plate absorber category. Various models, material of component parts and performance efficiency of these air heaters were discussed and there is need for collector optimization. The study was concluded with a focus on multiple pass approach of solar harvesting.
Numerical modelling of hot air multi-pass solar dryer
(International Solar Energy Society Conference Proceedings, 2014-07-06) Kareem, M.W.
This article presents the investigation of modeling solar drying system using partial differential equation module of MATLAB to predict the thermal conditions of a drying system with pebble beds as heat storage medium. A 2-dimensional geometry of the air heater was examined using both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions to define the heat transfer and temperature gradient at the walls of the system. Appropriate thermal equations were used to define the multi-layer drying system with specific properties of materials which have significant effect on the performance efficiency of the solar collector. Finite element method of meshing the system component was employed to solve the heat transfer equation. The dynamic simulation of the air heater was tested for 5000 s at the average maximum daily temperature of 318 K with solar irradiation of 800 Wm-2. Despite five cabinet channels design, the temperature gradient of hot air distribution at various points was less than 1 K. The heat transfer simulation of the system has been achieved in good agreement with the reported studies. However, the mass transfer aspect of the model still needs to be improved upon for better and accurate collector characterization.
A Study on Energy Demand and Consumption in Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
(Covenant University, 2015) Oyedepo, S. 0; Adekeye T; Lerarno, R.O; Kilanko, 0; Babalola, O.P; Balogun A. 0; Akhibi M. 0
Microstructure, tribological and mechanical strengthening effect of multiphase Zn/ZrO2-SiC electrodeposited composite coatings
(The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2015) O. S. I. Fayomi; A. P. I. Popoola; A. Oheiza; T. Adekeye
Dynamic modelling of solar air collector with thermal storage material
(Applied Mechanic and Materials, 2015-01-25) Kareem, M.W.; Habib, Khairul; Sopian, K.
The investigation of solar air heater using SIMULINK tool to predict the transient state of solar thermal collector is presented in this article. The modeling is primarily centered on the solar crop drying system for small and medium scale farmers. Double transparent walls and sensible heat storage rocks were used in the modeling to aid the performance efficiency of the flat plate solar collector. The simulation was run with variable steps solver of relative tolerance of 0.001 using Dormand-Prince technique. The outcome of this investigation revealed the time trend of solar irradiance, effects of laminar forced convection on thermal coefficient, and early performance efficiency ratio. However, the model required improvement for it to accurately predict the system efficiency ratio after long period of operation.
Numerical and experimental investigation of direct solar crop dryer for farmers
(AIP Conference Proceeding, 2015-02-07) Kareem, M.W.; Habib, Khairul; Sulaiman, S.A.
This article presents a theoretical and experimental investigation on effects of weather on direct solar crop drying technique. The SIMULINK tool was employed to analyze the energy balance equations of the transient system model. A prototype of the drying system was made and data were collected between the months of June and July in Perak, Malaysia. The contribution of intense sunny days was encouraging despite the wet season, and the wind velocity was dynamic during the period of investigation. However, high percentage of relative humidity was observed. This constitutes a hindrance to efficient drying process. The reported studies were silent on the effect of thick atmospheric moisture content on drying rate of agricultural products in tropic climate. This finding has revealed the mean values of insolation, wind speed, moisturized air, system performance efficiency and chili microscopy image morphology. The predicted and measured results were compared with good agreement.
Numerical modelling of multi-pass solar dryer filled with granite pebbles for thermal storage enhancement
(IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2015-04-03) Kareem, M.W; K. Habib; M.H. Ruslan
In this paper, a theoretical modelling of a cheap solar thermal dryer for small and medium scale farmers with multi-pass approach has been investigated. Comsol Multiphysics modelling tool was employed using numerical technique. The rock particles were used to enhance the thermal storage of the drying system. The local weather data were used during the simulation while parameters and coefficients were sourced from literature. An improvement on efficiency of up to 7% was recorded with error of 10-5 when compared with the reported double pass solar collector. A fair distribution of hot air within the cabinets was also achieved. Though the modelling tool used was robust but the characterization of the system materials need to be done to improve the system accuracy and better prediction.

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