Department of Politics and Governance

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A project of World Bank Global Development Finance for the Control of Poverty in Developing Countries
(American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 10, 2021, 2021) Mubarak Sulaiman Jamiu
Advancement help can't be apportioned simply on standards of selectivity. Pointers of good monetary advancement are not strong and connection of these markers with destitution mitigation isn't programmed; more accentuation should be given to reallocation arrangements. Shifts in thinking and practice concerning aid have posed serious challenges in monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for both donors and recipients, but progress in reform remains slow. Advancement help as a level of absolute streams is declining and is excessively little and wasteful to give adequate cradles to repeat worldwide emergencies. This article presents a diagnostic checklist that captures issues of M&E policy of World Bank. It applies Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) test, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs to a review of the PRSP M&E arrangements of 10 aid dependent countries, which are recipient of World Bank Funds to demonstrate comparative strengths and weaknesses. Keywords: World Bank Funds, Monitoring and Evaluation, PRSP, Quasi-experimental Designs, 10Aid-dependent Countries
ACCESSING BASIC EDUCATION: A STUDY OF ELECTED PUBLIC SCHOOL IN KWARA STATE
(2019) Salahu Moshood Olayinka; Ambali Abdulrauf
Accessing Basic Education: A Study of Selected Public Schools IN Kwara State
(Gombe Journal of Administration and Management (GJAM) 2705-3407, 2019) Moshood Olayinka Salahu; Ambali AbdulRauf
Over the years, the Nigerian government has in various capacities intervened in the provision of basic education across the nation. Given Nigeria’s quest for development and its determination to make education accessible to all school-age children in the country, it has intensified effort in the implementation of the Universal Basic Education Program in terms of funding and provision of policy guidelines. However, despite the robustness of the policy, and the various efforts by governments at different levels in the country to see to the success of the program, its implementation has not been as successful as expected. It is against this background that this paper attempts to examine the access to basic education in Kwara state, using selected public schools in the state. The study engaged the use of primary and secondary data for its analysis. The primary data were elicited through structured questionnaires administered in the selected schools. Data so elicited were analyzed using simple percentage. The study discovers that in Kwara state, in terms of availability, public schools are available within walking distance as stipulated in the basic education policy guidelines, but are not really affordable, despite the fact that they are tuition-free, as most parents still find it difficult to pay the extra charges. The study therefore recommends the introduction of the School Voucher System among others as possible ways out of the conundrum the state has found itself.
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES AND THE CHALLENGES OF SERVICE DELIVERY IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN BUREAUCRACY
(2016) Aliyu, O.A & I. M Danjuma
This paper examines the effect of bureaucracy, administrative processes and procedures on service delivery in Nigeria. This article view bureaucracy as a process and standard operating procedures established for the conduct of the government business; which has significantly affected service delivery in the Nigerian public sector. This work attempts to comprehend how the existing rigid bureaucracy (institutionalized holdup) has thwarted the deliverance of democratic dividends in Nigeria. Findings show that various administrative bottlenecks and strict adherence to bureaucratic procedures are attributable to some of the failed policies, programmes and incidences’ of abandoned projects in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the article argue that, since administrators are saddled with the task of implementing programmes and policies of government, they must observe all the laid down rules, regulations and at the same time possess some level of flexibility as the situations demand. The paper concludes that the Public service rules and regulations should be structurally flexible to address critical cases and emergency situations.
An Assessment of Dispute Management Strategies Among Commodity Market Associations in Kwara State, Nigeria: A Qualitative Approach
(International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies (IJMSSPCS), 2024-06-25) Saraki, Akeem Aderayo; Raji, Shittu Adewole
This research project aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of dispute management strategies employed by commodity market associations in Kwara State, Nigeria. The study recognizes the pivotal role these associations play in maintaining a harmonious and cooperative environment among their members, and it seeks to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of existing dispute management mechanisms. The methodology involves a qualitative approach focusing on in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, including association leaders, members, and individuals involved in the administration of dispute management processes. This qualitative method aims to uncover perspectives, experiences, and perceptions surrounding the various strategies in place. The analysis explores the diversity of dispute management strategies, ranging from formal mechanisms such as arbitration and mediation to informal approaches rooted in traditional practices. It will also assess the role of communication, leadership, and organizational culture in influencing the effectiveness of these strategies. Special attention will be given to identifying any contextual factors specific to Kwara State that may impact the success of dispute management efforts. Anticipated outcomes include an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of current dispute management strategies within commodity market associations in Kwara State. The research findings aim to contribute practical recommendations for refining existing approaches or implementing new strategies that better align with the unique dynamics of commodity markets in the region. This analysis aspires to foster a more cooperative and resilient environment among association members, ultimately enhancing the overall sustainability and success of commodity market associations in Kwara State, Nigeria.
AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW VOTER TURNOUT IN NIGERIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
(Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria. Kashere Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2023-06-15) Rashida Adamu Oyoru
Nigeria gained independence in 1960 but became full-fledged democracy in 1999 after several years of military intervention in the political sphere of the country. The first republic was between 1960-1966 followed by the second republic which took place between 1979-1983; the third republic was later established in 1993 following a presidential election that was largely regarded as free and fair but was later nullified by General Ibrahim Babangida which prevented the president-elect, Moshood Abiola, from assuming office. The need to involve citizens in the business of governance is one of the reasons that inform the modern democratic thinking. There has been steady decline in voter turnout since 2003 general election to the 2019 presidential election in Nigeria. The major objective of this study is to review literature on the factors responsible for voter turnout in Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study, the study adopted content analysis of secondary data and relied on secondary data as source of data for the study. The study concluded that the main causes of low voter turnout in Nigerian elections include but not limited to the following; the failure of elected officials to fulfill their campaign promises, poor civic education among other things. The study recommended among other things that the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) should be impartial and free of political influence by refusing to associate with any political party before, during and after the election.
AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN KWARA STATE: A STUDY OF BARUTEN AND ILORIN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (1999-2007)
(LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012, 2012-03-12) Rashida Adamu Oyoru
AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN KWARA STATE: A STUDY OF BARUTEN AND ILORIN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (1999-2007)
(LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany., 2010-10-19) Rashida Adamu Oyoru
Local government is a body crated by law to provide a specified range of services to the local people because of the difficulty by the state to administered successful all her functions through the central organ. “After decades of the creation of local governments in Nigeria and the reforms they undergone, the development profile of our local communities remain woeful” inspite of the funds they received from both federal and state government over the years. Using Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments as case studies, this research study assess Local Government Administration in Kwara State. The essence of the research was to find out why there has been low grassroots development in Kwara and to proffer solution to this perennial issue. Based on this, the study has three objectives to determine which are as follows: whether or not the statutory allocation of Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments is adequate for the development of the areas, to find out whether or not the funds allocated are utilised in ensuring development of these local governments, and to also find out whether or not there are other factors militating against development of both Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments in Kwara State. The scope of the study covers the period of 1999 – 2007 being a period of democratic government. Data for the study was generated from both primary and secondary sources. The instruments used for primary data include interview and questionnaire while secondary sources include, books, articles, unpublished materials and so on. Based on the formulated hypotheses which says that, the amount of statutory allocation received by Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments does not affect their developmental performance, and that interference of Kwara State government in the activities of Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments has positively affects their performance we analysed data generated using tables, simple percentage and chi-square as statistical tools. And therefore the study reveals that, the amount of statutory allocation received by Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments affects their developmental performance, that Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments must seek for approval from the Kwara state government before embarking on any capital project, besides, that, the Kwara state government does not remit, the ten percent (10%) of her Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) to Baruten and Ilorin West local Governments and also that the operation of joint account among the local governments in Kwara state has hindered Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments from meeting the yearning of the people at the grassroots. Inline with the above findings, we recommended that tax base and financial allocation of Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments should be increased and Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments should also judiciously make use of the available fund. Baruten and Ilorin West Local Governments should be given freedom in carrying out their constitutional functions, autonomy to embark on viable projects and federal government should ensure that, state governments comply with the 10% remittance of her Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) to Local Governments and finally, federal government allocation to local governments should be direct funding from the Federal Government to Local Government’s Accounts.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF INTRA-PARTY CONFLICTS ON DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIATION IN NIGERIA'S FOURTH REPUBLIC (1999-2016)
(Journal of Political Inquiry, Department of Political Science, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, Kano-Nigeria, 2017-09-23) Johnson O. Olaniyi Ph.D and Lukman Omomeji Shehu
Political parties the world over are seen as one of the instruments through which democratic processes are carried out. Their importance in establishing and maintaining a stable democratic order cannot be overemphasized. However, since Nigeria returned to demo critic rule in 1999 political parties have failed to perform their fundamental role of democratic consolidation religiously. This is not unconnected with the fragile inter and intra-party relations and incessant conflicts of varied magnitude. The main objective of the study is to assess how intra-party conflicts have been affecting political parties in contributing to the task of democratic consolidation in Nigeria's fourth Republic. This study examines the causes of intra-party conflicts in Nigeria and their implications on democratic consolidation in the Fourth Republic. In this study, comparative cum historical method serves as the research methodology Findings of this research work reveal that factors such as; lack of internal democracy paucity of party ideology godfatherism, issues relating to candidates' selection, among others, are the causes of intra-party conflicts in Nigeria. The study equally reveals that intra-party conflicts have impacted negatively on the quest for democratic consolidation in Nigeria in a number of ways which include; proliferation of weak political parties, creation of civil unrest and electoral related violence. Based on its findings, the study recommends that political party should adhere to the principles of internal democracy: embrace certain political ideology; and play down the importance of godfatherism in its internal democracy
An Insight on Nigeria's Role in Political and Economic Development of Africa
(Journal of Gregory University, 2016-12-01) Aliyu, Lukman O.
This paper examines Nigeria's role in Political and Economiy development of Africa. The methiodology of the paper is based on the cntent and qualitative analyses. Nigerian foreign policy has been geared towards economic cooperation and develoment; regional intergration; conflict resolution and emancipation of Africa. Along this line, the paper argues that Nigeria has been participating in conflict resolution in countries such as Liberia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Rwanda, Sieria Leone, Lybia, Somalia and Mali. It has also played a major role in the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), African Union (AU).and New partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) that help in regional intergration and economic development. In addition, Nigeria played a role in the restoration of democracy in countries like Sierria Leone and Liberia. Furthermore, the inflow of foreign direct investment has been championed by the role played by Nigeria by attracting foreign investors in the region. The paper conclude that the role played by Nigeria has been guided by the relative strength of its economy. Therefore, there is the need to diversify its economy to enable it play more role in the continent.
AN OVERVIEW OF LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT FUNCTION AND SEPARATION OF POWERS IN A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE
(Department of Public Administration, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria, 2023-02-13) Rashida Adamu Oyoru
The study assessed the oversight function of the legislature in Nigerian democratic setting. The main objective of the study is to find out the contribution of oversight function of the legislature in Nigeria. There have been reported cases of legislature using their oversight function to witch-hunt political opponents rather than using such power to strengthen Nigeria fragile democracy. The study relied on secondary source of data and adopted content analysis of data. The study concluded that the oversight function of the legislative arm of government is not effective especially as it relates to supervision of project where some members of the National Assembly now use as an avenue to witch hunt their political opponent. The study recommended among other things that the management of the National Assembly should consider providing the legislators with adequate capacity training and reorienting them toward effective performance as opposed to the ceremonial trainings that were provided to them at the start of the first session and which hardly provided them with sufficient knowledge about bill processing, budget scrutiny, oversight function among other legislative duties.
Analysing Digital Technologies (e-Governance Initiative) as A Tool for Promoting Transparent Governance in Nigeria
(Abuja Journal of Administration & Management, 2024-09) 1Ashiru Olayemi Aliyu, 2Lawal Yusuf Birisan & 3Adamu Rasheedat Oyoru
The primary responsibility of every government either in developing or developed countries entails the delivery of essential services to the citizenry efficiently and transparently. This is no doubt aligned with the democratic ideals of every modern State. Conversely, the advent of e-governance, driven by rapid advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), has emerged to transform traditional governance practices, promoting transparency and accountability. However, despite the benefits inherent in e-governance initiatives in Nigeria, a gap persists between their potential benefits and actual outcomes. There is a low level of adoption and effectiveness of these initiatives due to challenges such as low digital literacy among government officials and citizens. The main thrust of this study centres around the assessment of the role of internal e-governance initiatives in promoting transparent governance in Nigeria. Moreso, the article examined the relevance of external e-governance initiatives in fostering transparency. The study’s propositions are formulated thus: internal e-governance initiatives have not effectively promoted transparency; and - external e-governance initiatives have similarly fallen short. Using a qualitative research design, including the use of both face-to-face interviews and online interview – web-based interviews and document analysis, to assess the effectiveness of e governance in Nigeria. The study found that internal e-governance initiatives, such as e-finance and eprocurement, have enhanced transparency and efficiency in Nigeria's public service, particularly in financial management and procurement systems. Similarly, external initiatives like eparticipation have promoted transparency through improved public information sharing and online collaboration, though traditional paper-based communication remains prevalent in some government sectors. Evidence from the study revealed that while e-governance has a high potential to improve transparency, issues such as insufficient digital infrastructure and inadequate training have hindered its full implementation. The study recommends investing in digital literacy, enhancing ICT infrastructure, and fostering public awareness to maximize the benefits of egovernance and achieve transparent governance in Nigeria.
Analysing Digital Technologies (e-Governance Initiative) as A Tool for Promoting Transparent Governance in Nigeria
(Abuja Journal of Administration and Management, 2024) Ashiru Olayemi Aliyu, 2Lawal Yusuf Birisan & 3Adamu Rasheedat Oyoru
The primary responsibility of every government either in developing or developed countries entails the delivery of essential services to the citizenry efficiently and transparently. This is no doubt aligned with the democratic ideals of every modern State. Conversely, the advent of e-governance, driven by rapid advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), has emerged to transform traditional governance practices, promoting transparency and accountability. However, despite the benefits inherent in e-governance initiatives in Nigeria, a gap persists between their potential benefits and actual outcomes. There is a low level of adoption and effectiveness of these initiatives due to challenges such as low digital literacy among government officials and citizens. The main thrust of this study centres around the assessment of the role of internal e-governance initiatives in promoting transparent governance in Nigeria. Moreso, the article examined the relevance of external e-governance initiatives in fostering transparency. The study’s propositions are formulated thus: internal e-governance initiatives have not effectively promoted transparency; and - external e-governance initiatives have similarly fallen short. Using a qualitative research design, including the use of both face-to-face interviews and online interview – web-based interviews and document analysis, to assess the effectiveness of egovernance in Nigeria. The study found that internal e-governance initiatives, such as e-finance and eprocurement, have enhanced transparency and efficiency in Nigeria's public service, particularly in financial management and procurement systems. Similarly, external initiatives like eparticipation have promoted transparency through improved public information sharing and online collaboration, though traditional paper-based communication remains prevalent in some government sectors. Evidence from the study revealed that while e-governance has a high potential to improve transparency, issues such as insufficient digital infrastructure and inadequate training have hindered its full implementation. The study recommends investing in digital literacy, enhancing ICT infrastructure, and fostering public awareness to maximize the benefits of egovernance and achieve transparent governance in Nigeria.
ANALYSING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES (E-GOVERNANCE INITIATIVE) AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING TRANSPARENT GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
(Department of Public Administration, University of Abuja, 2024-09-13) Ashiru Olayemi Aliyu; Lawal Yusuf Birisan; Rashida Adamu Oyoru
The primary responsibility of every government either in developing or developed countries entails the delivery of essential services to the citizenry efficiently and transparently. This is no doubt aligned with the democratic ideals of every modern State. Conversely, the advent of e-governance, driven by rapid advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), has emerged to transform traditional governance practices, promoting transparency and accountability. However, despite the benefits inherent in e-governance initiatives in Nigeria, a gap persists between their potential benefits and actual outcomes. There is a low level of adoption and effectiveness of these initiatives due to challenges such as low digital literacy among government officials and citizens. The main thrust of this study centres around the assessment of the role of internal e-governance initiatives in promoting transparent governance in Nigeria. More so, the article examined the relevance of external e-governance initiatives in fostering transparency. The study’s propositions are formulated thus: internal e-governance initiatives have not effectively promoted transparency; and - external e-governance initiatives have similarly fallen short. Using a qualitative research design, including the use of both face-to-face interviews and online interview – web-based interviews and document analysis, to assess the effectiveness of e-governance in Nigeria. The study found that internal e-governance initiatives, such as e-finance and e-procurement, have enhanced transparency and efficiency in Nigeria's public service, particularly in financial management and procurement systems. Similarly, external initiatives like e-participation have promoted transparency through improved public information sharing and online collaboration, though traditional paper-based communication remains prevalent in some government sectors. Evidence from the study revealed that while e-governance has a high potential to improve transparency, issues such as insufficient digital infrastructure and inadequate training have hindered its full implementation. The study recommends investing in digital literacy, enhancing ICT infrastructure, and fostering public awareness to maximize the benefits of e-governance and achieve transparent governance in Nigeria.
Application of Quantitative Forecasting Models in a Manufacturing Industry
(European Journal of Business and Management, 2017-07-23) Akeem Olanrewaju Salami Kyrian Kelechi Okpara Rahman Oladimeji Mustapha
Time series forecasting analysis has become a major tool in different applications for the Manufacturing Company. Among the most effective approaches for analyzing time series data is ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average). In this study we used Box-Jenkins methodology to build ARIMA model for annual sales forecast for 7up Bottling Company Plc for the period from January 2010 to December 2015, given the available monthly sales data. After the model specification; the best model for production was ARIMA (1, 1, 1) and for utilization was ARIMA (0, 1, 1). A 12 months forecast have also been made to determine the expected amount of sales revenue in year 2016. The time plot reveals seasonal variation. It thus concludes that that there is increase in sales revenue of Company with time, hence these models can be adopted for sales, production, utilization and demand forecasting in Nigeria
Appraisal of e-Governance as a Mechanism for Promoting Efficiency in the Kwara State Public Service
(Journal of Administrative Science, 2015) Aliyu, O. A
Despite the undoubtful opportunities inherent in the adoption of e-governance initiatives in the world over, many government agencies are still reluctant in keying to this contemporary drive. This paper unravels (underscore) the significant impact of E-governance: (Information Communication Technologies ICT driven governance) on service delivery in the Kwara State Public Service. Both primary and secondary data were employed; secondary data were used to augment the primary data. The study adopted cluster sampling technique to select two ministries (two departments in each ministry) as a cluster. In all, forty questionnaires were returned out of fourth sixty questionnaires administered. The study affirms the contribution of ICT towards improving efficiency and effectiveness in government functioning, and the responsiveness of government to citizen’s demand. The E-governance initiative has engendered transparency and accountability in the conduct of government business, as a result of improved interface between government and citizens via the internet. This paper therefore recommends that E-governance initiatives should be embraced by all publicly-owned institutions and agency because of its capacity to reduce the cost of governance, facilitate efficiency, effectiveness and timely delivery of services.
Artificial Intelligence in Governance: A Path to Efficient Public Service Delivery in Nigeria
(Abuja Journal of Administration & Management, 2024-09) 1Lawal Yusuf Birisan, & 2Adamu Rasheedat Oyoru
The adoption of AI in governance has the potential to improve service delivery and fraud detection in Nigeria. The study assessed Artificial Intelligence in Governance: A path to efficient public service delivery in Nigeria. This study was entirely qualitative in nature; that relied on remote interview also called online interview – web-based interview. Secondary data corroborated the data generated from interview. The data generated from the aforementioned sources were thematically analysed. The study found that that the adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Governance has promoted on the speed of public service delivery in Nigerian agencies. Some of several ways where AI has promoted on the speed of public service delivery in Nigerian agencies include automation, predictive analytics etc. On objective II and proposition II, the study found that the adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Governance has promoted fraud detection in Nigerian agencies e.g. AI systems has helped in identifying patterns of fraudulent activity, such usual transaction patterns or data discrepancies. The study recommended among others the need to establish standards and protocols for the use of AI in government services that can help to ensure that AI systems are interoperated and integrated with existing systems and processes Finally, the study also recommended the need for the agencies to share data and information on fraudulent activities, allowing AI systems to learn from a larger pool of data and identify patterns more accurately.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN GOVERNANCE: A PATH TO EFFICIENT PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY IN NIGERIA
(Department of Public Administration, University of Abuja, 2024-09-19) Lawal Yusuf Birisan; Rashida Adamu Oyoru
The adoption of AI in governance has the potential to improve service delivery and fraud detection in Nigeria. The study assessed Artificial Intelligence in Governance: A path to efficient public service delivery in Nigeria. This study was entirely qualitative in nature; that relied on remote interview also called online interview – web-based interview. Secondary data corroborated the data generated from interview. The data generated from the aforementioned sources were thematically analysed. The study found that that the adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Governance has promoted on the speed of public service delivery in Nigerian agencies. Some of several ways where AI has promoted on the speed of public service delivery in Nigerian agencies include automation, predictive analytics etc. On objective II and proposition II, the study found that the adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Governance has promoted fraud detection in Nigerian agencies e.g., AI systems has helped in identifying patterns of fraudulent activity, such usual transaction patterns or data discrepancies. The study recommended among others the need to establish standards and protocols for the use of AI in government services that can help to ensure that AI systems are interoperated and integrated with existing systems and processes Finally, the study also recommended the need for the agencies to share data and information on fraudulent activities, allowing AI systems to learn from a larger pool of data and identify patterns more accurately.
Assessing Basic Education: A selection of Public Secondary Schools in Kwara State
(2019) Ambali Abdulrauf; Salahu Moshood Olayinka
Assessing the Crime Control and Regional Security Responses: An Analytical Study of Operation Fagge Yamma, Nigeria
(Bulletin of “Carol L” National Defense University, Romania, 2026) Araba, A.A, and Muhammed, T.O
This study provides an analytical assessment of Operation Fagge Yamma, the joint military task force mandated to address escalating banditry, kidnapping, and terrorism in North-West Nigeria. The research employed a descriptive survey approach, utilizing a mixed-method design to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. A clustered/ stratified sampling technique was used to administer 983 questionnaires and conduct interviews with a diverse population comprising Operation Fagge Yamma personnel, state-sponsored vigilance groups, community leaders, and general residents across purposively selected high-impact Local Government Areas in Zamfara, Katsina, and Kaduna States. The findings reveal a significant paradox: while the operation has achieved notable kinetic success in reducing the frequency of large-scale bandit attacks and kidnapping (RQ1), its overall effectiveness and long-term sustainability are severely undermined by critical systemic failures. These include a profound lack of inter-agency coordination and “turf wars” (RQ2), a persistent trust deficit with local communities driven by a lack of consultation, and perceptions of unprofessionalism and slow emergency response. The study concludes that while Operation Fagge Yamma is a necessary component of the regional security architecture, it cannot succeed as a purely kinetic, top-down intervention. It recommends a fundamental shift toward an integrated hybrid security model that formally mandates intelligence sharing and empowers state vigilance groups as partners to rebuild civil-military relations.

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