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    Microfinance and Income Level in Nigeria
    (Department of Accounting and Finance, Kwara state University, Malete, 2023-12-10) Ibrahim Sheriff Akanji
    Abstract In underdeveloped nations, microfinance has drawn a lot of attention as an effective tool for reducing poverty and promoting economic empowerment as potent stimulators of income level. This is achieved through channelization of credit to the poor and unbanked segment of the economy to help them engage in new productive business activities or to sustain or expand existing ones. This paper examines the relationship between microfinance banks activities and income level in Nigeria, using per capita income (PCI) as the dependent variable, and microfinance banks activities such as loan and advances (LADV), deposit mobilization (TDEP) and other non-banking financial activities (NBFIN) as independent variables. The research adopted quantitative design and employed regression analysis in analysing the effect of microfinance bank activities on income level in Nigeria between 1995 to 2022. The findings were that the activities of microfinance banks account for more than 53% of the variation in per capita income. The paper thus concluded that these institutions make financial markets accessible to individuals and households so they can finance investments and boost their per capita income. It recommends that microfinance banks should seek to mobilize deposits from the underserved demography of the economy to help the economically active but underserved segment of Nigerian society raise their standard of living. Keywords: Per Capital Income, Microfinance Bank Activities, Income Level JEL Classification: G21, I3
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    Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Haematological profile among Children in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
    (2024-08) Ahmmed, B. O; Nassar, S.A
    Background: Malaria is one of the most severe global public health problems worldwide, particularly in Africa, where Nigeria was ranked among the countries with the highest numbers of malaria cases. This community-based study was designed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of malaria and to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and Haematological profile regarding malaria among children in Ilorin North-Central Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted on 354 participants from three local government areas in Ilorin Kwara Central Senatorial districts of Kwara State. Blood samples were collected and examined for the presence of Plasmodium species by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and Giemsa-stained (thin and thick blood films). Detail information on demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental data using a pre tested questionnaire designed with the standard knowledge, attitudes and practices were collected. Results: A total of 279 (78.8%) participants were found positive for Plasmodium falciparum. The prevalence differed significantly by age group (p < 0.01), but not by gender or location. Also, studies underscore distinct age-associated variations in Haematological parameters, with notable differences in haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit levels, and white blood cell counts among the different age groups. Multivariate analysis showed that malaria was associated significantly with aged, a low household family income, not using insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Overall, 78.8% of the respondents had prior knowledge about malaria, and 64.5, 33.0 and 69.2% knew about its transmission, symptoms, and prevention respectively. Findings also showed that 71.7% of the respondents considered malaria a serious disease. Although 83.3% of the respondents had at least one ITN in their household, utilization rate of ITNs was 72.3%. Significant associations between the respondents’ knowledge concerning malaria and their age, gender, education, and household monthly income were reported. Conclusion: Malaria is still highly prevalent among rural communities in Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Despite high levels of knowledge and attitudes in the study area, significant gaps persist in appropriate preventive practices, particularly the use of ITNs. Innovative and Integrated control measures to reduce the burden of malaria should be identified and implemented in these communities. Community mobilization and health education regarding the importance of using ITNs to prevent malaria and save lives should be considered.
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    Histological Changes and Lipid Profile Analysis in Male Rats Exposed High Fat Diet
    (International Journal of Basic and Clinical Toxicology, 2022-11-19) Ibrahim Munirudeen; Lawal Abubakar Z; Ogunwale Kola A; Falusi Titilope A; Garuba Wasiu O; Popoola Abdulgafar N; Adunmo Godwin.O; Suleiman Ibrahim E; Busari Akeem O; Balogun Musbau O; Nuhu Abdulrasak
    Abstract Background: High Fat Diet (HFD) is associated with development of cardiovascular, metabolic, liver and central nervous system diseases. The study is aimed at evaluating the effects of high fat diets on lipid profile and selected organs in male wistar rats. Methodology: 24 rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups. Group A received Normal Rat Chow diet + Distilled Water (DW), Group B fed 25% HFD + DW, Group C fed with 50% HFD + DW and Group D fed 100% HFD + DW. Animal’s weights were measured pre and post-treatment. Rats were anaesthetized (diethylether) and sacrificed after 12 hours fast. The blood samples taken from the orbital sinus, centrifuged and serum obtained was used for the assay of lipoprotein A, Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). The brain, liver and heart were excised and processed for histology. Results: Result showed the presence of a significant dose dependent increase (p < 0. 0 5) in the body weight, concentrations of TC, TAG, LDL, lipoprotein A and decrease in the concentrations of HDL in HFD groups compared with the control. Histological results from HFD treated rats have showed no histological abnormalities of the liver, brain and heart tissues. Conclusion: Intake of high fat diets in this study altered serum lipid profile with significant weight gain - a risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Keywords: High Fat Diet, Lipid profile, Lipoprotein A, Histological Changes
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    (2025), Volume 11, Issue 1 Niyi et al. 22 https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/HealthResJ RESEARCH ARTICLE EFFECTS OF SALBUTAMOL ADMINISTRATION ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CYTOAR- CHITECTURE OF THE CEREBELLUM AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT WISTAR RATS
    (Health and Research Journal, 2025-01) Popoola AbdulGafar Niyi; Ibrahim Munirudeen; Ibiyeye Ruqayyah Yetunde; Faniyi Ayodeji Amos; Balogun Musbau Olusesan; Busari Akeem Olayinka; Garba Wasiu Olanrewaju; Ogunwale Kolawole Ayobami; Lawal Abubakar Zubair; Suleiman Ibrahim Eleha; Adunmo Godwin Olawoyin; Nuhu Abdulrazak
    Abstract Background: Salbutamol is the most preferred and widely used drug for treating bronchial asthma and bronchospasm. Its abuse has however been reported amongst users. Most of the side effects reports on salbutamol are clinical based such as headache, tremor, weakness etc. This study, therefore, investigated the sub-acute effect of oral salbutamol on the general morphology of the cerebellum and hippocampus of adult Wistar rats. Method and Material: Twenty adult Male Wistar rats (125 – 224g) were divided into four groups of five rats each. The control (distilled water); the 20mg/kg salbutamol, the 30mg/kg salbutamol, and the 40mg/kg salbutamol groups. Drugs were administered orally for 21 days. The body weight of each animal was monitored throughout the experiment. On day 22, animals were euthanized, brains excised, fixed in 10% buffered formal-saline, cerebelli and hippocampi were identified and processed with Haematoxylin and Eosin staining techniques. Data were analysed by ANOVA at p≤0.05 level of significance using SPSS and results presented as mean ± SEM Results: Results showed that the animals that received 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg salbutamol had significant weight loss. The cerebellum of the 40mg/kg group showed eroded granule cell layer. Hippocampus also revealed pyknotic cells in the pyramidal cell layers at 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg. Conclusions: This study showed that salbutamol at relatively higher doses caused significant weight loss; degeneration of cerebellum granule cells, which might affect motor coordination; and pyknosis of hippocampal pyramidal cells which may affect learning and memory. Keywords: Salbutamol, weight loss, brain, degeneration.
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    Reproductive Hormone Profiles and Infertility Risk in Heat-Exposed Female Kitchen Workers in Ilorin, Nigeria
    (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI), 2024-10) Abdul Gafar Niyi Popoola; Munirudeen Ibrahim; Abdulrazak Ayodeji Mustapha; Wasiu Olanrewaju Garuba
    ABSTRACT The kitchen environment is considered as a potential risk area of heat stress and the kitchen workers are likely victims of infertility disorders due to heat stress. Unlike many other causes of infertility in black communities, hormonal factors have been least researched. This study aimed to investigate the effect of heat stress on female reproductive hormones and FBG among female kitchen staff working within the Ilorin metropolis. It was a cross-sectional comparative study. A purposive sampling technique was used to draw 80 participants comprising 40 female kitchen staff and 40 non-kitchen staff (control). Semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information while 5mls of blood was collected from each subject through venipuncture to estimate hormones. Hormones were estimated by ELISA technique while data were analysed using SPSS. Data were significant at p≤0.05. Results revealed that FSH (p=0.01) and progesterone (p=0.039) increased significantly while oestrogen (p<0.0001) and FBG (p<0.0001) decreased significantly compared to the control. A significant correlation was seen between marital status and prolactin level (p=0.02). Also, a significant correlation was found between parity and prolactin levels (p=0.01). LH (p=0.003) and FBG (p=0.01) increased significantly while prolactin level decreased significantly (p=0.02) in participants exposed to combined heat sources compared to others, indicating a significant correlation between sources of heat and the hormones and FBG. The length of occupation as a kitchen staff also had a significant association with the oestrogen level (0.003). The drastic increase in FSH and progesterone levels, along with the tremendous decrease in oestrogen and FBG, indicates a potential threat to fertility in female kitchen staff. Keywords: Heat, female kitchen staff, reproductive hormones.