Department of Plant and Environmental Biology

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    A review of farmers-herders conflict and implications on food security, ecological systems and economy of Ibarapa, Oyo State, Nigeria
    (EPH – International Journal of Educational Research, 2023) Jimoh, A. A., Lawal, A. R., and Bello, Z. A.
    In Nigeria, thousands of people die in violent clashes between groups of farmers and nomadic pastoralists. Due to better access to weapons and communication tools, the war has been worse in recent years. The old and the well-established systems of negotiation between the groups have mostly broken down. Thus, those with superior tools try to acquire what they want without speaking to other parties. The lack of resources, however, did not suddenly appear in the region and is also a result of several other factors that were discussed in this study, such as ineffective state mechanisms, the Nigerian oil boom, late effects of colonialism, climate change, constantly rising non-state group armament, e. t. c. To demonstrate effects of the conflict, the socioeconomic implications will be discussed. This research focuses on the crisis between the farmers and the Fulani herdsmen in the Ibarapa community of Oyo State as a review case study. The Ibarapa community is made up of various socioeconomic groups who have lived together for a long time, even though this coexistence has both beneficial and negative effects. Yoruba people, that are primarily farmers, and Fulani herdsmen, who are primarily herders, make up the majority of those leaving the Ibarapa community. In recent years, tension and hostility between farmers and herdsmen have emerged due to the battle for land and other scarce resources. Insecurity and food crisis have also resulted from the conflict, which have escalated into fights between the two groups. The connection between the two groups has soured, though, and this is a serious matter that warrants attention on a worldwide scale. Hence this review is apt.
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    ALLELOPHATIC EFFECT OF PROSOPIS AFRICANA (GUILL AND PER) TAUB POD POWDER ON THE GERMINATION INDICES OF THREE VARIETIES OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH
    (2020) Christiana Oreoluwa OKE, Ayodele Samuel OLUWATOBI, Mariam Abiola AKANBI-GADA and Victor Jesulayomi BAMISAYE
    The release of certain chemicals by plants has been found to significantly affect different facets of other plant life cycles, from germination through to reproduction. The study was carried out to investigate the allelopathic effect of Prosopis Africana pod powder on the germination, growth and yield attributes of three varieties of Abelmoschus esculentum. Germination indices such as germination percentage, germination rate and germination index were evaluated. Growth parameters namely; number of leaves, plant height, stem girth and leaf area were also assessed. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 version. Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to separate mean differences (P<0.05). Results revealed that the highest germination percentage, index and rate values were recorded for variety Yellen (100%, 3.447 and 0.5), respectively when treated with Prosopis Africana pod powder extract. Highest germination index values were recorded in okra varieties Yellen, Clemson spineless and NHAe when treated with 40, 60 and 40 g of the pod extract (3.447, 3.057 and 3.39) respectively. Least germination percentage, and germination index recorded in okra variety Clemson spineless and NHAe (7.22% and 0.39) respectively. Administration of 80 and 100 g of the Prosopis Africana pod powder extract resulted in a detrimental effect on the three okra varieties, thus concluded allelopathic at these concentrations.
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    ALLELOPHATIC EFFECT OF PROSOPIS AFRICANA (GUILL AND PER) TAUB POD POWDER ON THE GERMINATION INDICES OF THREE VARIETIES OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH
    (Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, 2020) Christiana Oreoluwa OKE* , Ayodele Samuel OLUWATOBI , Mariam Abiola AKANBI-GADA and Victor Jesulayomi BAMISAYE
    The release of certain chemicals by plants has been found to significantly affect different facets of other plant life cycles, from germination through to reproduction. The study was carried out to investigate the allelopathic effect of Prosopis Africana pod powder on the germination, growth and yield attributes of three varieties of Abelmoschus esculentum. Germination indices such as germination percentage, germination rate and germination index were evaluated. Growth parameters namely; number of leaves, plant height, stem girth and leaf area were also assessed. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 version. Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to separate mean differences (P<0.05). Results revealed that the highest germination percentage, index and rate values were recorded for variety Yellen (100%, 3.447 and 0.5), respectively when treated with Prosopis Africana pod powder extract. Highest germination index values were recorded in okra varieties Yellen, Clemson spineless and NHAe when treated with 40, 60 and 40 g of the pod extract (3.447, 3.057 and 3.39) respectively. Least germination percentage, and germination index recorded in okra variety Clemson spineless and NHAe (7.22% and 0.39) respectively. Administration of 80 and 100 g of the Prosopis Africana pod powder extract resulted in a detrimental effect on the three okra varieties, thus concluded allelopathic at these concentrations.
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    Alpha-amylase Inhibition and Brine Shrimp Lethality Activities of Nine Medicinal Plant Extracts from South-West Nigerian Ethnomedicine
    (Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2016-08-12) Ogbole Omonike Oluyemisi, Aliu Latifat Olabimpe, Abiodun Oyindamola Olajumoke and Ajaiyeoba Edith Oriabure
    Acanthospermum hispidum, Alchornea laxiflora, Calyptrochilum christyanum, Heliotropicum indicum, Holarrhena floribunda, Ipomoea asarifolia, Nauclea diderrichii, Piper guineense, and Tetracera scandens were extracted into methanol and screened for the availability of alpha-amylase inhibitors. Plant extracts’ toxicity was determined by brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The most active plant, Nauclea diderichii, was fractionated into four solvent systems (n-hexane fractions, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-butanol) and tested. All the extracts showed varying degrees of alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. N. diderrichii with IC50 = 248.30 ± 0.27 μg.mL–1 had the highest inhibitory activity, while its butanol fraction with IC50 = 137.8 μg.mL– 1 had activity comparable to the standard α-amylase inhibitor acarbose (IC50 = 177.50 ± 0.42 μg.mL–1). LC50 values for BSLA ranged from 11.35 to 1,127.50 μg.mL–1, with T. scandens being the most toxic with 11.35 μg.mL–1 and N. diderrichii the least toxic with 1,127.50 μg.mL–1.
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    Application of Multivariate Data Analysis to the Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
    (Jordan Journal of Chemistry, Yarmouk University, Jordan, 2017) Abdulra’uf, L. B., Saeed, I. M., Lawal, A. R. and Tan, G. H.
    Design of experiment (DOE) was employed to develop a headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) method for pesticide residues analysis. The significance of SPME parameters was determined using Plackett-Burman (P-B) design. The main effect and the interaction effect of the significant factors were also determined followed by the optimization of the significant factors using central composite design (CCD). A Minitab® statistical software was used to generate both the 27-4 Plackett-Burman and the central composite design matrix. The same statistical software was also employed in the determination of the optimum level of the significant parameters using surface response optimizer and desirability surface plot. The most significant factors are: extraction temperature (90%), extraction time (80%), the pH and stirring rate (50% and 60% respectively). The optimum parameters are: Temperature, 62 °C; time, 34 min; NaCl, 10%; stirring, 350 rpm; pH, 6; desorption time, 7 min; desorption temperature, 270 °C. The figures of merit of analytical methodologies were determined using an internal standard calibration method. The linearity of the developed method ranges from 1- 500 µg/kg with correlation coefficient (R2) greater than 0.99. The average recovery was found to be between 74–115% and relative standard deviation ranges from 1.1–14%. The developed method was used to analyze 14 multiclass pesticide residues in two fruit (pear and grape) and two vegetable (lettuce and broccoli) samples, and the method was found to be satisfactory with LOD between 0.17–7.34 µg/kg and LOQ ranges from 0.55–24.50 µg/kg.
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    Assessment of the Effect of Leachates on Ground Water Supplies in Selected Locations in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
    (Longdom Group SA, 2021) Akanbi Gada Mariam A., Olawepo Gabriel K., Iyeh Veronica A. and Ogundele Susan B
    Ground water pollution as a result of anthropogenic activities of man in the environment is increasing on a daily basis and this comes with some negative environmental and health impacts on man. Due to the impacts of leachate on groundwater and other water supplies, its importance has gained much attention in recent times. Well water sample were collected from wells in four sites selected from Osogbo, Osun State Nigeria. Ten samples each were collected from the four sites. The sites were Oke Baale area of the city (control), Oke-fia area of the state capital, where three sites were identified based on proximity to landfills. Analyses of physiochemical parameters and Heavy metals were done on the collections. Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to separate the means and in case (s) of significant difference in means, data were further subjected to Duncan multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. Temperature range was between 27.30°C-27.5°C. Site 1 was the turbid (7.49) while site 2 was the least turbid (1.38). There is no significant difference in the pH of the control and site 3. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) was highest in site 2 (270.70). Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) ranges from 130.40 mg/l to 174.20 mg/l while Electrical Conductivity ranged from 315 S/m to 401.00 S/m. Nitrite and Nitrate were highest site 1 (55.90) and control (0.78). Lead and Cadmium were not detected. Sodium was highest (819.00 mg/l) in site 1 and Calcium was also highest (102.00) in site 1. The study revealed that the concentration of waste materials in the land fill site had systematically polluted the ground water over time. This pollution was not high and the values recorded for all the examined physicochemical parameters examined were still within the permissible levels of WHO and USEPA. Keywords: Ground water; Physicochemical; Osogbo; leachates; Heavy metals
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    BIOCHAR EFFECT ON SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF MONOCOTS IN SPENT-OIL-CONTAMINATED SOIL
    (South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment, 2023-12-31) Ogunremi , Olamide Omolafe; Amubieya Omolara Faith; Fatoba Paul Ojo
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    Biomonitoring of aquatic habitat using Apodu Dam in Malete, Moro local government area of Kwara state Nigeria as a case study
    (Peertechz publishers, 2023)
    Water bodies such as dams are an essential part of the ecosystems and the Apodu dam, a Local Government Area of Kwara State supplies water for the populace of Malete. The water is used for both domestic and agricultural purposes. Given the proposed rural development in the catchment area of the Apodu dam, it becomes imperative therefore to do extensive biomonitoring of the dam before the development begins so as to determine the likely source of pollution in the dam as well as determine the health of the dam. Ten samples of both water and plants were collected at different sampling points designated as A-J. The samples collected were digested and analyzed using standard techniques. Data generated from the research were subjected to T-test to determine whether there is a significant variation in the two sets of data. The parameters examined fall within the permissible level of standards set by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Total hardness (TH) was 88.00-128.80 mg/l, pH 6.60-6.80, Total dissolved solids (TDSS) 242.00-420.00 mg/l, Electrical conductivity 102.32-103.39 μs cm, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 3.47-3.53 mg/l, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 104.00-168.00 mg/l and Dissolved oxygen (DO) 3.47- 3.53 mg/l. The lower concentration of DO is an indication of high water quality and this is advantageous for aquatic life as it suggests that there is less decomposition of foreign materials. In conclusion, high potential for an increasingly detrimental impact on the water quality resulting from increased anthropogenic activities especially if the proposed developments commence is imminent.
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    Bioproductivity and grain quality of two cowpea in relation to frequency of hand weeding
    (Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria, 2019) Olayinka, B. U., Lawal, A. R., Abdulbaki, S. A., Ayinla, A., Oladokun, L. T., Udo, O. F., Akinwunmi, M. A., Atejere, E. O.
    The concern for human health and safety coupled with the increase in herbicides resistant weeds necessitated the need to investigate the effect of frequency of hand weeding on weed suppression, productivity and grains quality in two varieties of cowpea (Tvx 3236 and Ife brown). Plot layout was a split-plot arrangement in complete randomized block design with three replications. The cowpea lines were subjected to five treatments of frequency of hand weeding. Data on weed and crop were subjected to Analysis of Variance. Means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 0.05 level of significance. Weed species that were found to be preponderant include Brachiaria deflexa, Euphorbia heterophylla and Commelina benghalensis. The three hand weeding at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after planting (WAP) showed the highest weed control efficiency of 90.48 % followed by those of two hand weeding at 3 and 6 WAP (86.98%) and one hand weeding at 3 WAP (74.68%). The weed free check was the most effective in controlling weeds (93.80%). Growth and productivity of the two cowpea lines were enhanced with increase in frequency of hand weeding when compared with the weedy check. Weeds reduced crop yield by 56.17%. The results of grain quality such as crude protein, lipid content, ash and crude fibre were also enhanced with increase in frequency of hand weeding. Generally, growth and yield were higher in Ife brown than Tvx3236. The research was limited to one cropping season and there is need for reproducibility for consistent of results. The study concluded that weeding twice and three times were found to be feasible since these frequencies of weeding times promoted effective weed reduction, higher growth, and yield and grain quality of the two cowpea varieties studied
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    Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical and Proximate Composition of Allium sativum L. and Zingiber officinale Rosc
    (Nigeria Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2018) Lawal, A. R., Olayinka, B. U., Murtadha, R. A., Ayinla, A. and Etejere, E. O.
    Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale are spices with great potentials as food additives and medicinal values. In this study, the phytochemical and proximate composition of the two spices were evaluated and compared. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides and phenols in both the bulb of Allium sativum and rhizome of Zingiber officinale. The bulb of Allium sativum contained significantly higher amount of saponins, tannins and phenols when compared to the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. Zingiber officinale is rich in glycosides and flavonoids as compared to Allium sativum bulb. Terpenoids was the highest phytochemical detected in both spices while phenol recorded the least amount. The proximate composition of both spices showed moisture, protein, ash, fat fibre, and carbohydrate contents with values that ranged between 60.35 ± 0.23-76.48 ± 0.05%,7.52 ± 0.10-10.15 ± 0.02%, 1.51±0.05-1.54 ± 0.05%,1.02 ± 0.02-4.29 ± 0.06%, 2.13 ± 0.06-2.64 ±0.08%, 7.59 ± 0.23-24.82 ± 0.08% respectively. Protein and carbohydrate were significantly higher in Allium sativum bulb as compared to the rhizome Zingiber officinale. Significant differences were not recorded for all constituents analysed except for moisture. The energy content of Allium sativum bulb was higher than that observed for the Zingiber officinale rhizome. The present investigation therefore indicated that variations exist in both the phytochemical and proximate composition of the two spices, thus their use in food recipe should be encourage.
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    Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Coco Fibre on the Growth Performance of Telfaira Occidentalis Hook. f. (Ugwu) and Capsicum annuum L. (Pepper): An Approach to Sustainable Waste Management
    (2024) *Akanbi-Gada, M.A. Saliu A.O . Amubieya O. F. Iyanda Y.A. Oke, C.O. Oluwatobi A. S. Opeyemi P. T. and Sulaimon, R.M
    An investigation into the potentials of coco fibre as a growth enhancer/medium was carried out on a potted experiment with ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) also known by many as fluted pumpkin and pepper (Capsicum annuum) as test plants. Growth indicators such as plant height and the number of leaves per plant were used as the basis for the comparison of coco fibre with the conventional soil (topsoil). The study was conducted at Kwara State University's Plant and Environmental Biology Screen house in Malete, Kwara State Nigeria. A sustainable substitute such as coco fibre was made from the husks of coconuts following standard methods. Data collected from both coco fibre cultivated plants as well as the topsoil were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to check the main and interactive effects of treatments using R Version 4.3.0. Post-hoc comparison of means was performed using the Eemeans package at a 0.05 level of Significance. Results showed that coco fibre-treated ugwu plants had higher plant height and number of leaves per plant across all the weeks at 0.05 level of Significance for the experiment while pepper grew more luxuriant in topsoil cultivation than coco fibre. To optimize nutrient delivery and evaluate long-term effects on plant health and yield, more research is recommended
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    Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Coco Fibre on the Growth Performance of Telfaira Occidentalis Hook. f. (Ugwu) and Capsicum annuum L. (Pepper): An Approach to Sustainable Waste Management
    (Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi. Kebbi State of Nigeria., 2024-12) Akanbi-Gada, M.A. Saliu A.O . Amubieya O. F. b Iyanda Y.A. Oke, C.O. Oluwatobi A. S. Opeyemi P. T. and Sulaimon, R.M.
    An investigation into the potentials of coco fibre as a growth enhancer/medium was carried out on a potted experiment with ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) also known by many as fluted pumpkin and pepper (Capsicum annuum) as test plants. Growth indicators such as plant height and the number of leaves per plant were used as the basis for the comparison of coco fibre with the conventional soil (topsoil). The study was conducted at Kwara State University's Plant and Environmental Biology Screen house in Malete, Kwara State Nigeria. A sustainable substitute such as coco fibre was made from the husks of coconuts following standard methods. Data collected from both coco fibre cultivated plants as well as the topsoil were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to check the main and interactive effects of treatments using R Version 4.3.0. Post-hoc comparison of means was performed using the Eemeans package at a 0.05 level of Significance. Results showed that coco fibre-treated ugwu plants had higher plant height and number of leaves per plant across all the weeks at 0.05 level of Significance for the experiment while pepper grew more luxuriant in topsoil cultivation than coco fibre. To optimize nutrient delivery and evaluate long-term effects on plant health and yield, more research is recommended
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    Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Coco Fibre on the Growth Performance of Telfaira Occidentalis Hook. f. (Ugwu) and Capsicum annuum L. (Pepper): An Approach to Sustainable Waste Management
    (Savanna Journal of Basic Applied Sciences, 2024-11-30) Akanbi-Gada, M.A. Saliu A.O . Amubieya O. F. Iyanda Y.A. Oke, C.O. Oluwatobi A. S. Opeyemi P. T. and Sulaimon, R.M.
    An investigation into the potentials of coco fibre as a growth enhancer/medium was carried out on a potted experiment with ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) also known by many as fluted pumpkin and pepper (Capsicum annuum) as test plants. Growth indicators such as plant height and the number of leaves per plant were used as the basis for the comparison of coco fibre with the conventional soil (topsoil). The study was conducted at Kwara State University's Plant and Environmental Biology Screen house in Malete, Kwara State Nigeria. A sustainable substitute such as coco fibre was made from the husks of coconuts following standard methods. Data collected from both coco fibre cultivated plants as well as the topsoil were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to check the main and interactive effects of treatments using R Version 4.3.0. Post-hoc comparison of means was performed using the Eemeans package at a 0.05 level of Significance. Results showed that coco fibre-treated ugwu plants had higher plant height and number of leaves per plant across all the weeks at 0.05 level of Significance for the experiment while pepper grew more luxuriant in topsoil cultivation than coco fibre. To optimize nutrient delivery and evaluate long-term effects on plant health and yield, more research is recommended
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    Comparative Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Jatropha Curcas L. (igi lapalapa) from Two Ecological Zone
    (2016) DAIRO Kunle Paul, FEMI-ADEPOJU Abiola Grace, OKE Christianah Oreoluwa & ADIO A. Abdulrasheed
    Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening of Jatropha curcas were carried out on Forest and Guinea savannah samples. Both quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out on stems, seeds and leaves of Jatropha from Forest and Guinea savannah. Qualitative result revealed the presence of tannin, saponin, alkaloid, total phenol, flavonoid, combines and free anthraquinone in the plant from both zones. Quantitatively, Five (5) constituents were tested (i.e tannin, saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid and total phenol). It was revealed that the concentration of tannin was the highest with a range of 33.38mg/g and 25.21mg/g while the concentration of flavonoid was the lowest with a range of 8.08mg/g and 6.41mg/g in leaf extract of the plant collected from the guinea and forest zones respectively. However in the seed extract of the plant from the guinea and forest zones, it was recorded that alkaloid has highest concentration of 4.57mg/g and 3.77mg/g while saponin has the lowest concentration of 1.5mg/g and 1.22mg/g. 0.79mg/g and 0.86mg/g of total phenol was recorded as the highest concentration range while 0.18mg/g and 0.30mg/g of saponin was recorded as the lowest concentration range in stem extract of the plants from the two ecological zones. In general it was revealed that the seeds, leaves and stem extracts of the plant from the guinea savanna zone are significantly higher (P < 0.5) in the five constituents than the seed, stem and leaf extracts of the plant from the forest zone. The antimicrobial result revealed that extracts of Jatropha curcas collected from the guinea savanna has bioactive agents that contain antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus feacalis.
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    Comparative Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Jatropha Curcas L. (igi lapalapa) from Two Ecological Zones
    (2016) DAIRO Kunle Paul; FEMI-ADEPOJU Abiola Grace; OKE Christianah Oreoluwa; ADIO A. Abdulrasheed
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    Comparative Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Jatropha Curcas L. (igi lapalapa) from Two Ecological Zones
    (2016) DAIRO Kunle Paul; FEMI-ADEPOJU Abiola Grace; OKE Christianah Oreoluwa; ADIO A. Abdulrasheed
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    Composition of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. Cv. Fiji Dwarf) Edible Endosperm and Physicochemical Properties of its Oil
    (Jewel Journal of Scientific Research, 2021-08-21) Abdulkareem, K. A.; Olayinka, B. U.; Lawal, A. R.; Adeniji, O. A.; Ibuowo, M. B.; Jacobs, O. E.; Abdulra’uf, L. B.; Kareem, I.; Aboyeji, O. O.; Mustapha, O. T.; Etejere, E. O.
    Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of the most important oil producing crops in the world. It has enormous industrial and health benefits. To affirm the foregoing, the proximate and physicochemical constituents of the oil extracted from the edible endosperm were determined. The results showed that percentage moisture, protein, ash, crude fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate had respective values of 42.39 %, 6.21 %, 1.04 %, 17.18 %, 8.95, and 23.69 %. The edible mesocarp has high amount of mineral elements such nitrogen, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. Whereas, elements such as sodium, manganese, magnesium, copper and chlorine occurred in low quantity. The physicochemical properties of the oil showed a refractive index of 1.46, specific gravity of 0.92 g/cm3, acid value of 2.15 %, free fatty acid of 1.08 %, saponification of 125.980 mgKOH/g and iodine value of 2.89 indicating that the oil is good for consumption. Given, the results of proximate and mineral compositions, the edible endosperm could therefore be considered as good source of energy and alternative source of dietary supplement for human nutrition.