Department of Plant and Environmental Biology

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    Fruit and seed characteristics among selected Parkia biglobosa (JACQ) G. Don. Population
    (2011) Olorunmaiye, K.S, Fatoba, P.O, Adeyemi, Oreoluwa.C. and Olorunmaiye, P. M
    Fruit Characteristics (pod length, number of pod per bunch, pulp and seed weight, pulp weight and pod breadth), Seed Characteristics (number of seed per bunch, expected seed number per pod and seed weight per bunch), and Qualitative Characteristics of seeds (seed colour, shape, size and texture) of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) G. Don population were investigated in this study. Twenty six (26) P. biglobosa population were sampled at the permanent site of the University of Ilorin, Nigeria, in May 2010 and fruits were collected from these populations for study. Pulp and seeds were removed manually from the dry brown indehiscent pods by using hand to break the pods along their sutures and de-pulping was done by manual washing with hands in water. There were significant differences (at P=0.05) among the fruit and seed characteristics of 26 populations of P. biglobosa investigated. Five (5) plants showed high pod number per bunch with 20 pods and above while long pod lengths were observed in seventeen (17) plants. Two (2) plants have narrow pointed tip pods (apex) and four (4) plants with broad pod breadth. One (1) plant has its apex size similar to its base (1.53cm). Seventeen (17) plants were observed to have more than 100seeds per bunch while, only one plant was noticed to exhibit wrinkled seed coat, the fifteen (15) plants had flat oval seeds. Two (2) plants had pure black seed coat and twenty four (24) had brownish seed coat colours. Larger percent of the plants have medium seed size, five (5) plants have small seed size and others are of big size.
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    Seed weight and Morpho-physiological parameters in Mango (Mangifera indica) seedlings
    (Croatian Society of Agronomist, 2011-05-12) K.S. Olorunmaiye
    Seeds from a local variety of Mango (Mangifera indica) were collected shortly after the seasonal fruiting period between March and May, 2009. The seeds were sorted into four groups tagged, very heavy, heavy, medium and light (25-32, 20-24,16-19 and10- 15g) respectively. The study investigated the effect of seed weight on the number of seedlings per seed, stem height, number of leaves, and seedling dry weight. The results showed that the seed weight influenced the various morpho-physiological parameters studied though, not statistically significant. However, the results of this study showed that a group (HYS) among the heavy seeds category produced more than one seedling per seed, while another group (VHS) of heavy seeds produced only one seedling per seed like other groups of seeds. Greater stem heights were obtained from the seedlings of heavy and medium weights seed groups, while the shortest stem height was obtained in medium and light seeds. Seedling dry weights were much higher in heavy and medium weights seeds than light seeds
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    Proximate Analysis of Fresh and Dry Leaves of Telfairia occidentalis (Hook.f.) and Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd
    (2012) Elizabeth Oluwatoyin Orhuamen, *Olorunmaiye, Kehinde Stephen, Adeyemi, Christiana Oreoluwa
    A study of the proximate analysis of two commonly grown and consumed leafy vegetables in Nigeria “fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occiden talis) and water leaf (Talinum triangulare) was carried out. Leaves of the two vegetables were analysed in both wet and dry conditions with the aim of determining their nutrient contents and the effects of sun drying on these nutrients. The results revealed the presence of protein in the fresh leaves of Telfairia occidentalis and Talinum triangulare to be 8.31% and 2.99% respectively, while, their dried leaves protein contents were 3.43% and 2.45% for both Telfairia occidentalis and Talinum triangulare respectively. Fat content was higher in fresh leaves T.occidentalis than its dried leaves (1.40% and 0.70%), while, this was higher in the dried leaves than the fresh leaves of T. triangulare (of 0.65% and 1.45%) respectively. Crude fibre content was constant in both fresh and dried leaves of T. occidentalis (2.20 % each) but higher in the dried leaves of T. triangulare than its fresh leaves (4.0% and 1.20%) respectively. Ash contents were higher in the dried leaves than the fresh leaves of both Telfai ria occidentalis (fresh leaves 1.5%, dried leaves 10.40%) and Talinum triangulare (fresh leaves 1.0%, dried leaves 8.85%). Talinum triangulare contained higher moisture in both its wet and dried leaves (22.6 and 13.40%) than that of Telfairia occidentalis (5.60 and 0.76%). Drying had effects on these vegetables as both recorded decrease in their moisture and crude protein contents on drying. Crude fibre, ash and Nitrogen free extract of both samples either increased or remained relatively constant.
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    VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) LOCAL VARIETY INFLUENCED BY POULTRY MANURE AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS
    (2012) Ogunsola, K. Olamide, Olorunmaiye, K.S., Adeyemi Christiana, O.
    A study to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) (40 days local variety) was carried out at the biological garden of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Poultry manure was used as organic fertilizer while inorganic fertilizers consisted of single super phosphate, urea, and NPK 15:15:15. Results obtained revealed that application of poultry manure enhanced more vegetative growth, when compared with NPK 15:15:15, urea, single super phosphate and control experiment in terms of stem height, stem girth, leaf area, and number of leaves. Number of leaves was highest in plants treated with urea (10.3) compared with those treated with poultry dung (8.0), single super phosphate (3.0), NPK15:15:15 (6.7) and least in the control experiment with (2.7). The study clearly indicated the efficacy of poultry dung as a promising organic manure while urea was the best among the inorganic fertilizers followed by NPK 15:15:15, and single super phosphate being the least for A.esculentus growth.
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    Germination and Seedling Development of Seeds from Different Parkia biglobosa ( Jacq) G. Don Trees
    (2013) Christiana O. ADEYEMI1, Kehinde S. OLORUNMAIYE, Elizabeth O. ORHUAMEN2, Kike O. OGUNSOLA
    The effect of daylight, continuous illumination and acid scarification on the seed germination and seedling vegetative growth (epicotyl and hypocotyl lengths, and number of secondary roots) of different Parkia biglobosa were investigated in the Plant Physiology Laboratory University of Ilorin, Ilorin Kwara State Nigeria. Seeds from two out of the twenty six Parkia tree samples (trees B and T) germinated within 24 hours of planting in the daylight germination study while seeds from another tree (Q) did not germinate until the third week after planting (3WAP). Some seeds have higher germination percentage both in the daylight (preliminary germination study) and in the continuous light (illuminated study). The treatment with concentrated Sulphric acid (conc. H2SO4) was effective in breaking the seed dormancy as seeds from eight (8) trees produced one hundred percent (100%) germination. At p= 0.05 the length of epicotyl and hypocoty1 lengths were significantly different as seedling vegetative growth were long in the seedlings from the daylight experiment than the continuous light experiment. The vegetative growths of the seedlings from the scarified seed were longer at 15min of scarification in all except in trees F and Z. It was observed that the time of scarification affect the both seed germination and seedling development.
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    Water hyacinth and Duck weed as indicator of heavy metal pollution in river Asa
    (EM publishers, India, 2013-01) Stephen Oyedji, Clement Ogunkunle, Paul Ojo Fatoba and Gada Mariam Akanbi
    An investigation into the potentials of duckweed and water hyacinth as possible biomonitors of aquatic environment was carried out in River Asa. Water, duckweeds and water hyacinths were collected from six different locations along River Asa. The water and plant samples were analysed for physicochemical and heavy metal contents with standard methods. Result showed that temperature ranged from 25.35 to 31.20 °C. pH was high at site 1 and low at 5. Site 2 was more turbid (21.35 N.T.U.) and TSS range was 182.0 – 218.4 mg/L. BOD and COD ranges were 7.78 - 13.90 mg/L and 129.00 - 150.30 mg/L respectively. Dissolved O2, alkalinity and total hardness ranged between 12.00 and 20.32 mg/L, 5.41 and 16.90 mg/L, 12.90 and 14.40 mg/L respectively. Phosphate and nitrate levels ranged between 0.44 and 3.43 mg/L, 0.64 and 1.41 mg/L respectively. Of all the heavy metals in the plant tissues, Cd and Cr levels were highest. Except for Pb, no significant difference exists in heavy metal levels within the tissue of the two aquatic plants. The positive correlation of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb levels in duckweed as well as those of Cd and Pb in water hyacinth to the levels in the river reflect the ability of the plants to monitor these metals. The study concluded that duckweed and water hyacinth could therefore serve as useful tools to monitor heavy metal pollution in rivers and other wetlands.
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    Effect of Parkia Biglobosa (JACQ) G. Don. Pod Extracts on its Seed Germination and Seedling Development
    (2014) Christiana O. OKE, Kehinde S. OLORUNMAIYE and Kike O. OGUNSOLA
    The pod extracts at different concentrations influenced the seed germination and seedling vegetative growth of twenty-six different Parkiabiglobosa(JACQ) G. Don Samples. Aqueous Parkia pod extracts of various concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20g in 100ml of water) were used for the planting of the Parkia seeds and water as control. Significant (at p=0.05) reduction was observed in concentration of 20g of Parkia pod. The seed germination, epicotyl and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings of the different Parkia trees exhibited varying responses to the extracts at various concentrations among the twenty-six Parkia biglobosa tree seeds used for the germination study within the three weeks of the experiment. The retardation in the seedlings vegetative growth was suspected to influence by the allelopathic components in the pod extracts. The varied responses of the Parkia seedlings to these extract concentrations were assumed to be either from the pod used which were selected from all the tree samples or that the seedlings were sensitive to an allelophatic chemicals of their own pod extracts or to other pods extracts.
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    Effect of expired pendimethalin (Stomp) on germination and seedling development of Mango (Mangifera indica)
    (2014) Olorunmaiye, K. S., Olorunmaiye, P. M., Adeyemi, C. OreOluwa
    Effect of expired herbicide on seed germination and seedling development of Mango (Mangifera indica) was investigated using Pendimethalin herbicides that have expired for 7, 5 and 1 years respectively. Two concentrations 100 and 150ml/l of each of the expired herbicides were used as the treatment concentrations for the investigation. Mango germination was delayed in all the herbicide treatments but not in the control treatment. Germination rate was consistently higher in the control treatment than in all the herbicide treatments except the herbicide that expired in 2011.There were no herbicide injuries nor growth retardation on Mango seedlings except slight stem distortion and reduced leaf size at the early emergence stage.
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    Comparative Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Jatropha Curcas L. (igi lapalapa) from Two Ecological Zone
    (2016) DAIRO Kunle Paul, FEMI-ADEPOJU Abiola Grace, OKE Christianah Oreoluwa & ADIO A. Abdulrasheed
    Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening of Jatropha curcas were carried out on Forest and Guinea savannah samples. Both quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out on stems, seeds and leaves of Jatropha from Forest and Guinea savannah. Qualitative result revealed the presence of tannin, saponin, alkaloid, total phenol, flavonoid, combines and free anthraquinone in the plant from both zones. Quantitatively, Five (5) constituents were tested (i.e tannin, saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid and total phenol). It was revealed that the concentration of tannin was the highest with a range of 33.38mg/g and 25.21mg/g while the concentration of flavonoid was the lowest with a range of 8.08mg/g and 6.41mg/g in leaf extract of the plant collected from the guinea and forest zones respectively. However in the seed extract of the plant from the guinea and forest zones, it was recorded that alkaloid has highest concentration of 4.57mg/g and 3.77mg/g while saponin has the lowest concentration of 1.5mg/g and 1.22mg/g. 0.79mg/g and 0.86mg/g of total phenol was recorded as the highest concentration range while 0.18mg/g and 0.30mg/g of saponin was recorded as the lowest concentration range in stem extract of the plants from the two ecological zones. In general it was revealed that the seeds, leaves and stem extracts of the plant from the guinea savanna zone are significantly higher (P < 0.5) in the five constituents than the seed, stem and leaf extracts of the plant from the forest zone. The antimicrobial result revealed that extracts of Jatropha curcas collected from the guinea savanna has bioactive agents that contain antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus feacalis.
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    Pesticide Use: Properties and Environmental Fate
    (2016) Abdulra’uf, L. B., Ibrahim, H. B., Lawal, A. R. and Tan, G. H
    This paper reviews the benefits and risks of pesticides use with brief discussion on their properties and movement in the environment. The growing demand for food by the ever increasing world population has led to tremendous increase in the use of pesticide. However, recent developments in pesticide production has helped to reduce the volume of pesticide use due to the synthesis of more potent active ingredients and the introduction of good agricultural practices. The transportation, accumulation and degradation of pesticide residues in the environment depend on their properties. The analysis of pesticide residues on food especially fruits and vegetables which are consumed raw have been a matter of public concern, due to the health risks. Therefore, there is need to balance the expected benefits of pesticide use and their risks to human health.
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    Pesticide Use: Properties and Environmental Fate
    (Al-Hikmah Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2016) Abdulra’uf, L. B., Ibrahim, H. B., Lawal, A. R. and Tan, G. H.
    This paper reviews the benefits and risks of pesticides use with brief discussion on their properties and movement in the environment. The growing demand for food by the ever increasing world population has led to tremendous increase in the use of pesticide. However, recent developments in pesticide production has helped to reduce the volume of pesticide use due to the synthesis of more potent active ingredients and the introduction of good agricultural practices. The transportation, accumulation and degradation of pesticide residues in the environment depend on their properties. The analysis of pesticide residues on food especially fruits and vegetables which are consumed raw have been a matter of public concern, due to the health risks. Therefore, there is need to balance the expected benefits of pesticide use and their risks to human health
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    Comparative Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Jatropha Curcas L. (igi lapalapa) from Two Ecological Zones
    (2016) DAIRO Kunle Paul; FEMI-ADEPOJU Abiola Grace; OKE Christianah Oreoluwa; ADIO A. Abdulrasheed
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    Using Multi Techniques Analysis in Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification and Mapping of Mambilla Plateau in Taraba State Nigeria
    (2016) Gabriel Salako; Oluwasogo Olalubi; Henry Sawyerr; Glenn Howe; Abel Adebayo; Abdulrasheed Adio
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    Comparative Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Jatropha Curcas L. (igi lapalapa) from Two Ecological Zones
    (2016) DAIRO Kunle Paul; FEMI-ADEPOJU Abiola Grace; OKE Christianah Oreoluwa; ADIO A. Abdulrasheed
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    Alpha-amylase Inhibition and Brine Shrimp Lethality Activities of Nine Medicinal Plant Extracts from South-West Nigerian Ethnomedicine
    (Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2016-08-12) Ogbole Omonike Oluyemisi, Aliu Latifat Olabimpe, Abiodun Oyindamola Olajumoke and Ajaiyeoba Edith Oriabure
    Acanthospermum hispidum, Alchornea laxiflora, Calyptrochilum christyanum, Heliotropicum indicum, Holarrhena floribunda, Ipomoea asarifolia, Nauclea diderrichii, Piper guineense, and Tetracera scandens were extracted into methanol and screened for the availability of alpha-amylase inhibitors. Plant extracts’ toxicity was determined by brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The most active plant, Nauclea diderichii, was fractionated into four solvent systems (n-hexane fractions, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-butanol) and tested. All the extracts showed varying degrees of alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. N. diderrichii with IC50 = 248.30 ± 0.27 μg.mL–1 had the highest inhibitory activity, while its butanol fraction with IC50 = 137.8 μg.mL– 1 had activity comparable to the standard α-amylase inhibitor acarbose (IC50 = 177.50 ± 0.42 μg.mL–1). LC50 values for BSLA ranged from 11.35 to 1,127.50 μg.mL–1, with T. scandens being the most toxic with 11.35 μg.mL–1 and N. diderrichii the least toxic with 1,127.50 μg.mL–1.
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    Development Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Method for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetable Samples using OFAT Design
    (Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 21(3), Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2017) Abdulra’uf, L. B., Lawal, A. R. and Tan, G. H.
    A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method was developed as a preliminary investigation using univariate approach for the analysis of 14 multiclass pesticide residues in fruits and vegetable samples. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry parameters (desorption temperature and time, column flow rate, interface temperature) and solid phase microextraction parameters (fiber coating type, extraction temperature and time, pH, salt addition, stirring rate, dilution factor, organic solvent type and amount) were all investigated and optimized. The optimum values for the optimized parameters are as follows: Injection Temperature, 270 °C; Interface temperature, 300 °C; Column flow rate, 1.3 mL/min; Fiber coating, PDMS/DVB; Extraction time, 30 mins; Extraction temperature, 60 °C; Stirring rate, 300 rpm; Salt addition, 10% (v/w) NaCl; pH, 7; Desorption time, 7 min; Desorption temperature, 270°C; Organic solvent 3 % (methanol/acetone, 21:79%). The optimization of the mixture of organic solvents was optimized using design of experiment (DOE) with simplex lattice, designed using Minitab Statistical Software®. The developed method was then applied to the analysis of samples of apple, tomato, broccoli, lettuce, grape, cucumber, cabbage and pear. The investigated pesticides were found to be below the maximum residue levels, while some were not found. This shows that the fruit and vegetable samples are safe for consumption and do not pose any health risk for consumers
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    Application of Multivariate Data Analysis to the Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
    (Jordan Journal of Chemistry, Yarmouk University, Jordan, 2017) Abdulra’uf, L. B., Saeed, I. M., Lawal, A. R. and Tan, G. H.
    Design of experiment (DOE) was employed to develop a headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) method for pesticide residues analysis. The significance of SPME parameters was determined using Plackett-Burman (P-B) design. The main effect and the interaction effect of the significant factors were also determined followed by the optimization of the significant factors using central composite design (CCD). A Minitab® statistical software was used to generate both the 27-4 Plackett-Burman and the central composite design matrix. The same statistical software was also employed in the determination of the optimum level of the significant parameters using surface response optimizer and desirability surface plot. The most significant factors are: extraction temperature (90%), extraction time (80%), the pH and stirring rate (50% and 60% respectively). The optimum parameters are: Temperature, 62 °C; time, 34 min; NaCl, 10%; stirring, 350 rpm; pH, 6; desorption time, 7 min; desorption temperature, 270 °C. The figures of merit of analytical methodologies were determined using an internal standard calibration method. The linearity of the developed method ranges from 1- 500 µg/kg with correlation coefficient (R2) greater than 0.99. The average recovery was found to be between 74–115% and relative standard deviation ranges from 1.1–14%. The developed method was used to analyze 14 multiclass pesticide residues in two fruit (pear and grape) and two vegetable (lettuce and broccoli) samples, and the method was found to be satisfactory with LOD between 0.17–7.34 µg/kg and LOQ ranges from 0.55–24.50 µg/kg.
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