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- Item2-D Spectral Analysis of Aeromagnetic Anomalies over Parts of Bida Basin, Nigeria(Ilorin Journal of Science, 2024-11-03) Issa T. A. Olatunji S. and *Omolaiye G. E.The average depth of magnetic sources was estimated in some portions of the Bida Basin. A 2-D spectral analysis of aeromagnetic anomalies over six aeromagnetic map sheets, each spanning an area of ½° x ½° on a scale of 1:100,000, was carried out. To identify residual features and draw attention to the more intense anomalies in comparison to the strong regional gradients, data augmentation techniques were used. Adopted techniques include various filtering approaches, trend surface analysis, and computations reducing to the equator. The result shows the two-depth source model of the part of the basin with an average depth of the deeper magnetic sources at 3.26 km, which corresponded to the magnetic basement surface. This layer may be associated with intra-basement characteristics including faults and fractures, lateral changes in basement susceptibilities, and magnetic rocks found in the basement. There are magnetic intrusive bodies within the sediments, as evidenced by the average depth of 1.22 km and a range of 0.68 km to 2.32 km for the shallower magnetic sources. The magnetic source's average depth of 3.26 km to the basement indicates a sufficient sedimentary thickness for potential hydrocarbon accumulation. The undulating nature of the basement surface may create traps for hydrocarbons, suggesting that the possibility of hydrocarbon accumulation cannot be ruled out.
- ItemA Comparative study of peace maintenance strategies at College of Education and Polytechnic Institutions in Kwara State(Journal of Collaboration of Education Faculties in West Africa. CEFWA, 2011) Afolabi S.OThe study focused on peace maintenance strategies adopted at college of Education and Polytechnic Ilorin in Kwara State. 100 academic staff were randomly selected from two institutions. Peace Maintenance Strategies Questionnaire was the instrument used while T test statistics was used to analyze the hypotheses generated. The findings among others shoed that here was no significant difference between the peace maintenance strategies adopted by the management of Kwara State Polytechnic and colleges of education while the causes of crisis in institutions of learning are similar. Effective communication process and good human relation between school manger, Staff and unions were suggested.
- ItemA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD AND PRIMARY EDUCATION STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE BEFORE AND DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE(Association of Business Educators of Nigeria, 2022-10) Lukman Ajanaku HAMMED, Florence Ibukun AJIBOYE & Mary Oladamola ADEBOYEThe Covid-19 pandemic has led to major disruptions in social and economic activities as well as educational sector in all countries of the world. The primary aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of Early Childhood and Primary Education students’ academic performance before and during Covid-19 Pandemic in Kwara State University, Malete. The research design used was descriptive research design. The respondents were 150 students and were purposively selected. The research instrument was Proforma on Students Academic Achievement (PSAA). Five hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Data obtained from respondents were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics (percentages and frequency counts) and inferential statistics (t-test and Hypothesis (Analysis of Variance). The results of this investigation showed that there was no significant difference between students' academic performance before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since female students perform better than male students, there was a significant difference in academic performance between students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic depending on gender (t-cal was 0.19, degree of freedom 148, F was 1.92, and significant level of 0.01, P0.05). Students' academic performance differed significantly between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic based on level since 300L (F (2,149) = 0.537; P 0.05).students perform better than 200l and 400l. Based on the research findings, Researchers recommended that, governments, policy makers and curriculum planners should modify curriculum to accommodate both physical and virtual learning, parents should provide technological(teaching and learning) tools to enable their children to meet the standard of 21st century teaching and learning, teachers should update their knowledge on daily basis.
- ItemA CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION OF IDEALIST PHILOSOPHY AND ITS BEARING ON EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION(2024-07) DR. TOWOJU KAYODE TIMOTHYThe paper examined a conceptual clarification of idealist philosophy and its bearing on the early childhood education. The clarification is based on the three dimensional elements of philosophy such as metaphysics (reality), epistemology (knowledge and axiology (values). These are the facilitators of skills developments in all human beings. The clarification further premised on that fact that children minds are always active and attracted towards all things that they come across within their surroundings. This becomes necessary because, education needs to focus on the philosophy of self-realization to deliver the good life its purported in all society. The idealist philosophy is the most suitable because it explains how children can be helped or assisted to acquire the goal of self realization gradually. This is based on the fact that the early childhood education is all embracing as it focuses on the critical development of children to acquire some developmental skills and concepts during stipulated period of time. The skills they facilitate includes, identification counting, recitation as well as other-social emotional skills to the beginning of numeracy, literacy and actual thinking. All these educational activities assist children to acquire behavioural patterns and abilities necessary for effective social relations in future. The paper could be of great importance to all stakeholders in education who needs to train their children on the values of knowledge. The paper concluded that the idealist philosophy contains certain kinds of experience which could enrich the child’s life to breed self realization and hence, social integration gradually. The paper recommended that the curriculum of the early childhood education should embrace the philosophy of self-realization so that the child should be able to relate his learning experience with early later experience in life.
- ItemA Conceptual Clarification Of Problem-solving And Decision MakingTheory For Management Innovations In Education(2024-04) Timothy Kayode TOWOJU, Ph.D; Deborah Adejumoke ADEYEMO, Ph.DThe dynamic and systematic changes in the management of education are traceable to the introduction of new technological innovations into the system. This result and enhance little demarcation from the past in the affairs of management practices as well as other areas such as teaching and learning. It is factual that educational theories direct management innovations practices and that practices correct theories. Educational management theories are the essential features of management innovations. Variations in individual or human nature are believed to be responsible for differences in the application of knowledge needed for the management innovations in education. Hence, the paper examines the concept of problem-solving and decision-making theory to show how it's bearing affect management innovation in education. The paper explores some steps in problem• solving and decision-making theory to show how it can be applied on the problems of management innovations to yield positive result. It is therefore, of opinion, that the paper would assist all the stakeholders in education in their day to day discharging of their duties.
- ItemA PHILOSOPHICAL APPRAISAL OF THE EMERGING TREND OF ADULT EDUCATION IN A DEPRESSED ECONOMY(2024-12) TIMOTHY KAYODE TOWOJU, Ph.D,; ABDULLAHI IBRAHIM SALAUDEEN, Ph.D; SAFI LAWAL, Ph.DThe study is a philosophical appraisal of the emerging trend of Adult education in a depressed economy. Nigeria is currently being bitten hard by depressed economy. The depression is characterized by economic hardship, high inflation, accumulation of debt servicing, unemployment and job loss amongst others. This lends credence to the consideration and adoption of the philosophy of self reliance and self consciousness through technologies in-built into the programs of the education. This is based on the fact that education has been globally regarded and recognized as an instrument of change and social transformation. Hence, there is need to make a philosophical appraisal of the emerging trend of Adult education to throw more lights on how the programs of the education could enhance and improve the productive powers of the learners to breed adequate development. The paper concludes that adequate strengthening of Adult education through its philosophical base is indisputable a force for promoting individuals survival in a depressed economy. The paper makes a suggestion of new innovation that can serves as eye’s openers for the individuals who wants to know more about the emerging trend of Adult education and to assist them in the development and imbibing of new skills
- ItemA PHILOSOPHICAL CLARIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION(2024-07) DR. TOWOJU KAYODE TIMOTHYThis study made a critical examination of knowledge as an objective of education in the Nigerian National Policy on Education, highlighting the need for philosophical clarification. Through a critical analysis of the policy document and relevant literature, this research identified ambiguities and inconsistencies in the understanding of knowledge, which hinder the effective implementation of the policy. By employing philosophical tools and concepts, this study clarifies the meaning of knowledge, based on the fact that education can be used as an instrument of social transformation and reconstruction through the promotion of viable knowledge as spelled out in the Nigerian National Policy on Education. It raises little or no doubt that the national policy on Education is a statement of education intentions pre-designed to breed physical, social, and economic development through the development of individual attitudes, norms, and skills to foster continuously the wellbeing of mankind. Consequently, the concept of knowledge in relation to mind, skills, values, and attitude should serve as the basic concepts of clarification, since it would enable stakeholders to dislodge the gaps between theory and practice of education and hence breed better commitment or adherence to the issue of knowledge in the policy. This research contributes to the ongoing debate on the nature of knowledge and its implications for education policy and practice. The paper recommended, amongst other things, that our programs of education should be directed towards positive applications of knowledge as value-oriented.
- ItemA PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF DUALISM AND ITS PLACE IN EDUCATION IN THIS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AGE(2024-12) DR. TOWOJU KAYODE TIMOTHY; ABDULLAHI IBRAHIM SALAHU-DEEN, Ph.D,; ADELEYE AJIBOYE RAPHAELThe main purpose of this paper is to provide a clarification of theory of dualism by showing its place in the process of education in this artificial intelligent age. Dualism is a philosophical theory which posits the existence of two fundamental substance entities or realms, often contrasted as mind and body, soul and matter or consciousness and physical. Dualism posits that these two aspects are separate and distinct, and that they interact regularly but are not reducible to each other James, 1960. This work was embarked upon to draw the attention of the educators and stakeholders to the important role of mind and body in the process of education. The clarification of dualism is to show its place in education, and it becomes necessary because in the process of acquiring knowledge, the reception and precaution/storing of ideas, reading and the process of awareness or consciousness, the mind explores various sources of ideas, and the body serves as an instrument of actions during the process of teaching and learning in this artificial intelligent age. Based on the foregoing discussion, it is obvious that in education, most courses are splitted up into its practical (physical) and theoretical (mental) foundation; this calls for the consideration of how dualism influences our educational prosperousness in order to breed progressive development and improvement. This owes to the fact that educators, stakeholders can annex the dual nature of man for the purpose of improving the quality of education in this artificial intelligent age, if the place of dualism in education is properly figured out as mental and physical, knowledge will easily be acquired.
- ItemA PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AS QUIDDITY OF FREEDOM MANAGEMENT(2024-06) Timothy Kayode TOWOJU Ph.D; Abdullahi Ibrahim SALAHU-DEEN, Ph DThe paper provides a philosophical underpinning of entrepreneurship education by showing how its philosophical base freely affects the procuring, maintaining and development of competent workforce in an organization to achieve the greatest goals. In the course of the explanation, the necessary philosophy of pragmatism coupled with the power of limited human freedom are employed to root out effective freedom management. This is because, pragmatism embraces human experience and emphasizes changes. Hence, it can be used to determine the appropriate structure and scope of the entrepreneurship education as it equally embraces freedom by encouraging people/human to seek out process when works best in order to achieve desirable end through freedom management. The methodology of approach is conceptual clarification and this is the structural framework by which philosophical arguments are suited for logical presentation. Therefore the bearing of entrepreneurship education on the freedom management in an organization is elucidated using the philosophy of pragmatism. The study prefers that knowledge need to be re-directed, re-oriented and reformulated to address the problem of freedom management to enable each component of the workforce to work in its state of affairs to become aware of itself as method of responsibility
- ItemA PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AS QUIDDITY OF FREEDOM MANAGEMENT(2024) Abdullahi Ibrahim SALAHU-DEENThe paper provides a philosophical underpinning of entrepreneurship education by showing how its philosophical base freely affects the procuring, maintaining and development of competent workforce in an organization to achieve the greatest goals. In the course of the explanation, the necessary philosophy of pragmatism coupled with the power of limited human freedom are employed to root out effective freedom management. This is because, pragmatism embraces human experience and emphasizes changes. Hence, it can be used to determine the appropriate structure and scope of the entrepreneurship education as it equally embraces freedom by encouraging people/human to seek out process when works best in order to achieve desirable end through freedom management. The methodology of approach is conceptual clarification and this is the structural framework by which philosophical arguments are suited for logical presentation. Therefore the bearing of entrepreneurship education on the freedom management in an organization is elucidated using the philosophy of pragmatism. The study prefers that knowledge need to be re-directed, re-oriented and reformulated to address the problem of freedom management to enable each component of the workforce to work in its state of affairs to become aware of itself as method of responsibility.
- ItemA SEARCH OF APPROPRIATE ONLINE INSTRUCTIONAL APPLICATIONS IN COVID-19 AREAS: SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS PERCEPTION(SOSAN, 2021-01-01) Yusuf, A., & Obafemi, K. E.This study investigated the perception of social studies teachers towards the use of online instructional applications in covid-19 areas. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. A number of 238 teachers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Researcher-designed questionnaire was used for data gathering. The questionnaire was titled: Questionnaire on Social Studies Teachers’ Perception towards the use of Online Instructional Applications (QSSTPOIA). The questionnaire was validated and tested for reliability (r = 0.78). One research question and three null hypotheses were raised and formulated respectively. Gathered data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (Frequency count, percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (independent sample t test and Analysis of Variance. The hypotheses were tested 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the perception of social studies teachers towards the use of online instructional applications in covid-19 areas was positive (Weighted mean = 2.56). Also, the findings of the study unfolded that there was no significant difference in the perception of social studies teachers towards the use of online instructional applications in covid-19 areas based on gender (t=-.146; df = 236; P>0.05), years of experience (F(2; 235) = .012; P>0.05) and educational qualification (F (2; 235) = .055; P>0.05). Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the perception of social studies teachers towards the use of online instructional application was positive. Based on the findings, it can be recommended that virtual teaching-learning should be incorporated into teacher education programme. Also, Social studies teachers should also be exposed to in-service training on how to use the online instructional application.
- ItemA STUDY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS READING CULTURE IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA(2021-01) Lawal Safi; MOHAMED, Fatima Hafiz; Obateru, 0luwatoyin ToluThe development of primary education trend across the globe was replicated prior to the attainment of independent in Nigeria, This is a move to look inward on how the country can lay a very good foundation for Nigeria education. The inclusion of language skils in the primay education programme is to create steel between the goals of establishing lower basic education and the actualization processes of the programme, The performance of Nigeria primary school pupils is not commensurate with the output expected of them in reading. Many factors are responsible for this declined nature. The trust of this paper therefore, is to assess Kogi State primary school teachers' reading culture using reading efficiency inventory adopted from NTI 2016 millinium development goals (MDGSs) in English project manual as Instrument to assess teachers variables. Five research questions were raised, The questionnaire on teachers' reading culture, habits and efficiengy was analysed using frequency count and percentage, The results revealed there is no correlation between Kogi State primary school teachers reading culture, habits efficiency and their reading skils. Base on the findings, it was recommended that teachers attitude, interest habits, skills and efficiency as components of reading culture be positive and suggestions for further study was made for other researchers to assess students and teachers reading culture habits and efficiency at other levels of Nigeria education,
- ItemA SURVEY OF LOWER-BASIC SCHOOL PUPILS' ATTITUDE AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS THE LEARNING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN IKERE-EKITI, EKITI, NIGERIA(2019-05) Ogunleye, Gladys Aderonke; Lawal Safi; Obateru, Oluwatoyin ToluSignificant among factors that constitute foreign language learning problems are affective variables such as attitudes; orientations, motivation, and anxiety. Out of these identified factors, leamners' attitude and motivation are essential to successtul second language learning and learing. The dignified role of English language in Nigeria calls for prompt attention to pupils' low proficiency/problems in English Language. These problems could originate from lower- basic school pupils' poor attitude and dearth of motivation owards the learning of English language account for their poor leamning in the subject. This mini-research examines lower basic school pupils' attitude and motivation towards English language. Forty pupils between the ages of 11-15 vears were drawn as respondents from samnple schools. Questionnaire was used for the collection of data and descripti'" statistics was used to analysis the data. The findings indicate that pupils with positive attitude and extrinsic motivation towards learning of English performed better in the language. Based on the findings, this study recommends that teachers of English anguage at the upper basic school level should employ approprate teaching strategies to motivate learners and that learners of English language should have positive attitude towards the learning of the subject.
- ItemA SURVEY OF PROBLEMS HINDERING THE OPERATION OF OPEN UNIVERSITY SYSTEM IN OYO AND KWARA STATES, NIGERIA(Academia Research Internation, 2011-07-15) Dr. A. Y. Abdulkareem, Dr. O. G. Olorisade, Dr. S. O. Afolabi,National Open University which was formally established in Nigeria by Act 25 of 1983 aimed at bridging the existing gap between the education of male and female, able and disabled, young and old, and nomads in the society. This study focused on problems facing the National Open University in Nigeria as perceived by facilitators and students in Kwara and Oyo States. Stratified random sampling method was used to select 40 facilitators and 50 students from Kwara and Oyo State study centers. A researchers' designed questionnaire was used for data collection. It was validated and its reliability co-efficient, determined through lest-retest method, was found to be 0.76. Two research questions were answered and two research hypotheses were tested using percentage and chi-square statistics respectively. The findings of the study revealed lack of standard classroom, inadequate supply of electricity and inadequate funding. The study also showed that there is no significant difference between facilitators and students' perception of the problems associated with resource allocation and organization of the programme. It was therefore, recommended among others that course materials, computer-based media and other facilities should be made available at all study centers for students' use. Also, adequate funding and uninterrupted academic calendar of the University should be ensured while internet services should be provided at all study centers.
- ItemA SURVEY OF PROBLEMS HINDERING THE OPERATION OF OPEN UNIVERSITY SYSTEM IN OYO AND KWARA STATES, NIGERIA(Academic Research International, 2011) Olayiwola Olorisade; Afolabi S.O.; Abdulkareem A.Y.National Open University which was formally established in Nigeria by Act 25 of 1983 aimed at bridging the existing gap between the education of male and female, able and disabled, young and old. and nomads in the society. This study focused on problems facing the National Open University in Nigeria as perceived by facilitators and students in Kwara and Oyo States Stratified random sampling method was used to select 40 facilitators and 50 students from Kwara and Oyo State study centers A researchers' designed questionnaire was used for data collection It was validated and its reliability co- efficient, determined through test-retest method, was found to be 0.76. Two research questions were answered and two research hypotheses were tested using percentage and chi-square statistics respectively. The findings of the study revealed lack of standard classroom, inadequate supply of electricity and inadequate funding The study also showed that there is no significant difference between facilitators and students' perception of the problems associated with resource allocation and organization of the programme It was therefore, recommended among others that course materials, computer-based media and other facilities should be made available at all study centers for students use. Also, adequate funding and uninterrupted academic calendar of the University should be ensured while internet services should be provided at all study centers
- ItemA SURVEY OF STUDENTS AND FACILITATORS' PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEMS IN OPEN UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, OYO AND KWARA STATES, NIGERIA(Academic Research International, 2011-07) Dr. A. Y. Abdulkareem, Dr. Afolabi, S. O., Dr. Olorisade, O. G.National Open University which was formally established in Nigeria in 1983 aimed at bridging the existing gaps in education. The study is a survey research of descriptive type which unveiled the myriads of problems facing the National Open University of Nigeria as perceived by the facilitators and the students in Kwara and Oyo States. Forty facilitators and fifty students randomly selected from Kwara and Oyo States study centres participated in the study. Questionnaire was the major instrument used while simple percentage and chi-square statistics were used to analyze the research questions and the two hypotheses generated respectively. The findings of the study revealed lack of standard classrooms, inadequate supply of electricity and inadequate funding which are the variables of resource allocation and organization, as major problems facing the Open University Programme in Nigeria. However, the study revealed that there is no significant difference between facilitators’ and students’ perception of the problems associated with resource allocation and organization of programmes. It was therefore, recommended among others that adequate funds should be made available by the government, the institution should make course materials and computer-based media available at all study centres for students’ use. Also, uninterrupted academic calendar of the university must be ensured while internet services should be provided at all study centres
- ItemA Synchronous Study of Listening Awareness of Students of Tertiary Institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria(2016-03) lliyas Rasaq; Olajide Stephen; Abdulmumeen Yekeen; Lawal ShafiThe study examined listening awareness of students of higher institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Since the impression hat listening is acquired naturally has been found to be erroneous particularly in English as a Second Language (ESL) environment. the study tries to situate listening awareness movement on the Nigeria context. This becomes imperative considering a near entirely aural knowledge delivery context through ESL in the country's higher education system. To determine required pedagogical tudents' sigeeds, enhance critical thinking, ESL learning academic performance`and impactful education, the study inquest into the listening awareness of tudents with 207 participants drawn from 8 tertiary institutions. Questionnaire was used to collate data and the reliability of the instrument was determined in a split half pilot testing on two institutions not involved in the study yielded an index of 0.82 when analysed using Pearson Moment Correlation, which showed its reliability. Data analyzed reveal that students generally have awareness of listening, but disagree that listening topics are uninteresting and that listening do not need to be taught. The study, however found no significance difference in the listening awareness of students based on gender, courses of study and differences in the institutions they attend. It is therefore recommended that teachers of the Use of English should be retrained on current strategies of teaching listening and curriculum agencies should introduce and emphasize listening teaching from the lower school level to make education the means of national development.
- ItemAcademic Anxiety as Correlate of Academic Achievement of Students in Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria(Journal of Special Education, 2015-07-01) Dada, O.C, Adesokan A and Hamzat R.A.A
- ItemAcademic Staff Retention as a Tool for Goal Achievement in Nigerian Private Universities.(Journal of Arts and Social Sciences Education, 2019) Abdulkareem, Y. A., Mustapha, A. I., Yusuf, S., & Yusuf, A. A. (2019)It is often said that availability of staffis key to ensure successful implementation of organization goals and objectives. Sadly, the issue of brain drain has become a common phenomenon and is no longer news in Nigerian universities most especially in private universities. In view of the foregoing, this paper examined academic staff retention as a tool for goal achievement in private Universities. The concepts of academic staff retention, retention strategies and university goal achievement were examined. Besides, overview of private universities in Nigeria as well as academic staff retention strategies and goal achievement in the institutions were carefully examined. Also, it was discovered through the reviewed that ineffectiveness of private Universities in retaining quality academics continue to be crucial to the changing prospects and potential of knowledge formation and learning. The paper concluded that effective retention of proven and competent academics in private Universities is highly essential for achieving the stated goals. It was suggested that compensation package of academic staff in private Universities should be enhanced and made relevant to prevailing economic circumstances by reviewing them periodically. Additionally, academic staff development programmes should be accorded priority to ensure the retention of competent and dedicated academics. Finally, prominence should be given to stimulating work environment to boost lecturers’ morale thereby facilitating the attainment of university goal, while promotion prospect should be improved in order to enhance lecturers’ sense of advancement.
- ItemACHIEVEMENT IN COMMERCE AMONG FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GIRLS’ COLLEGES, NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA(2022-06) Dr. Abdulrazak Mohammed & Haruna HassanTeacher’s recruitment procedure in Federal Government Colleges involves the utilization of Government policies to influence the number and calibre of teachers employed in the system. This study was undertaken with the general objective to assess Teachers’ Recruitment Procedure and its influence on students; achievement in commerce in Federal Government Girls’ Colleges located in the North-Central part of Nigeria. Four research questions were raised. In addition, two research hypotheses were formulated for the study. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study consisted of 175 commerce students and 77 teachers from all the seven Federal Government Girls Colleges located in North-Central, Nigeria. Data were obtained through colleges. The data collected were analysed by using mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution, percentages, ranking and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) Statistics. The four null hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 alpha level of significance. These hypotheses were all rejected which indicated a correlation between the tested variables. The findings from this study indicated that students achieve more in commerce where recruited commerce teachers are adequate and have many years of teaching experience. In addition, problem-solving methods are one of the best methods for effective teaching of commerce. Based on the findings, recommendations were made. These include among others, that the Federal Government should adopt the right procedure in the recruitment of teachers by making the exercise highly competitive with aptitude tests to determine who should be recruited. Higher salaries and other incentives in order to stay long on the job and to acquire years of teaching experience capable of enhancing students’ achievement in the subject should adequately motivate commerce teachers.