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Water Quality Assessment of Iju River in Ogun State, Nigeria: Effect of Human Activities
(IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2013) Mutiu A. Alabi, Gbolahan Idowu, Olalekan H. Oyefuga, Rita M. Sunday, Temitope Olowokere, Folake G. Osanaiye and Stella Odiaka
An assessment of the groundwater quality of well and bore holes was carried out in Sagamu Town, Ogun State. Sagamu Local Government Area of Ogun State, a semi-urban settlement, southwest Nigeria and falls under the rain forest agro-ecological zone. The study was aimed at examining the various sources of groundwater, the potential pollutants in the groundwater and the quality of the groundwater as it relates to public health. The study identified two sources of groundwater supply namely, boreholes and wells. Groundwater samples (12) were taken from boreholes and wells and subjected to physical, chemical and biological analysis. The results were compared with WHO standards. The results from the laboratory analysis revealed evidences of pollution from both chemical and biological sources. These were evident from high levels of nitrite (4.46 to 7.08 mg/l), lead (0.004 to 0.026 mg/l), copper (0.011 to 0.098 mg/l), nickel (0.009 to 0.042 mg/l) and iron (0.089 to 3.461), and the presence of bacteria, coliforms and fungi. It was further established that the boreholes and wells were more polluted in areas nearer farms and sanitation units than the areas further away from them. Improper sanitation management and improper education for farmers on farming skills could be the major problem for groundwater quality of the study areas. Also, relevant agencies should make continuous effort to control, regulate and educate the people and those using the water on indiscriminate waste disposal from laundry, domestic and agriculture within the study area.
Proximate Composition of Whole Seeds and Pulp of African Black Velvet Tamarind (Dialium guineense)
(IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2013) Folake G. Osanaiye, Mutiu A. Alabi, Ekundayo T. Salami, Rita M. Sunday, Temitope Olowokere, Taiwo A. Otunla and Stella C. Odiaka
Whole seeds and pulp of Dialium guineense have been used as medicinal remedies, as source of vitamin C and as flavour in snacks and non alcoholic beverages but not much work has been done on its proximate composition. This study is aimed at analysing the proximate composition of Dialium guineense. The method applied in this analytical determination were mainly that of the association of official analytical chemist (AOAC) which includes spectrophotometer, gravimetric and titrimetric and all determination were carried out in duplicate. Values obtained for the proximate analysis of whole seeds and pulp were; moisture (10.13% and 10.53%), dry matter (90.15% and 88.4%), ash (2.55% and 12.52%), organic matter (12.62% and 41.55%), crude fat (35.33% and 5.34%), crude fibre (13.52% and 1.05%), carbohydrate (43.9% and 58.65%), protein (17.44% and 3.94%) and total nitrogen free extract (2.79% and 0.65%) respectively. The results obtained from the proximate mineral composition of the whole seeds and pulp were; magnesium (0.16mg/l and 0.40mg/l), sodium (2.42mg/l and 2.88mg/l), iron (0.91mg/l and 1.43mg/l), calcium (0.54mg/l and 0.35mg/l) and potassium (0.34mg/l and 1.21mg/l) respectively. Values are significantly different from each other at P< 0.05. The results suggest that the whole seeds and pulp of D. guineense can serve as a good source of essential nutrients for human and livestock.
Effect of A. precarorius Aqueous Seed Extract on the Histology of Kidney, Lungs and Intestines of Wistar Rats
(Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2013) Rita M. Sunday, Olapade R. Ilesanmi, Mutiu A. Alabi, Folake G, Osanaiye, Temitope Olowokere and Taiwo Otunla
This study was carried out to evaluate the potential detect of aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius (A. precatorius) seeds on the histology of kidneys, lungs and intestines of Wistar rats. Aqueous extract of A. precatorius seeds was administered For fourteen days through intraperitoneal route tip) to age matched Wistar rats. The rats were grouped into four with five rats per group. The control group was administered 3 mL kg 1 distilled water while the treatment groups were administered 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mg/kg of aqueous extract of A. precatorius seeds. The animals were sacrificed after fourteen days. The kidneys, lungs, small and large intestine were removed, weighed and preserved in 10% formalin solution and embedded in paraffin wax. Tissues from these organs were stained for assessment of tissue morphology. Pathological changes were observed in the tissues of the treatment groups while no change was observed in the control group. The median lethal dose (LD5a) was determined to he 0.35 mg/g (i.p). The results showed that intraperitonial administration of aqueous extract of A. precatorius seeds may cause slight changes to these organs and caution should be exhibited in its use in traditional medicine.
Effect of bitters on the body weight, lipid profile, catalase and lipid peroxidation in experimental animals
(Journal of Mdical Sciences, 2013) Mutiu A. Alabi, Rita M. Sunday, Temitope Olowokere, Fatai A. Kareem and Folake Osanaiye
This study was designed to investigate the potential effect of hitters on body Weight, lipid proﬁle (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HIDL)-cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol), catalase and lipid peroxidation in the plasma and heart tissue of Albino rats. Three brands of bitters (Yoyo, Swedish and Living bitters) were administered daily for thirty-two days through oral rout to age matched twenty eight Albino rats of both sexes. The rats were grouped into four with seven rats per group. The control group was administered normal saline, the treatment groups were administered with Yoyo, Swedish and Living hitters respectively (15 mL kg_‘). The animals were sacrificed after thirty-two days. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight, a reduction in cardiac total cholesterol, lipid peroxidation, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels and an increase in catalase activity. There was also a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels but significant increase in plasma catalase activity. Hence, hitters could be recommended to be taken as digestive, as it may help to reduced the body weight, cardiac total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol levels, lipid peroxidation level and increase catalase activity.
Assessing the Ground Water Quality in Sagamu Town, Ogun State, South West Nigeria
(IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 2013-09) Mutiu A. Alabi, Gbolahan Idowu, Olalekan H. Oyefuga, Rita M. Sunday, Temitope Olowokere, Folake G. Osanaiye and Stella Odiaka
An assessment of the groundwater quality of well and bore holes was carried out in Sagamu Town, Ogun State. Sagamu Local Government Area of Ogun State, a semi-urban settlement, southwest Nigeria and falls under the rain forest agro-ecological zone. The study was aimed at examining the various sources of groundwater, the potential pollutants in the groundwater and the quality of the groundwater as it relates to public health. The study identified two sources of groundwater supply namely, boreholes and wells. Groundwater samples (12) were taken from boreholes and wells and subjected to physical, chemical and biological analysis. The results were compared with WHO standards. The results from the laboratory analysis revealed evidences of pollution from both chemical and biological sources. These were evident from high levels of nitrite (4.46 to 7.08 mg/l), lead (0.004 to 0.026 mg/l), copper (0.011 to 0.098 mg/l), nickel (0.009 to 0.042 mg/l) and iron (0.089 to 3.461), and the presence of bacteria, coliforms and fungi. It was further established that the boreholes and wells were more polluted in areas nearer farms and sanitation units than the areas further away from them. Improper sanitation management and improper education for farmers on farming skills could be the major problem for groundwater quality of the study areas. Also, relevant agencies should make continuous effort to control, regulate and educate the people and those using the water on indiscriminate waste disposal from laundry, domestic and agriculture within the study area.
INHIBITION STUDIES OF SOME KEY ENZYMES OF THE TERMITE AMITERMES EVEUNCIFER (SILVERSTRI) WORKERS: CLUE TO TERMITES SALT INTOLERANCE
(Science Focus, 2014) Bamidele S. Fagbohunka, Esther N. Ezima, Muinat M. Adeyanju, Mutiu A. Alabi, Dayo E. Oyedele and Adeneye A. Adeneye
Table salt which contains predominantly NaCl is used locally to control termites by pouring the salt on them or their habitat. This treatment is both toxic and lethal to the insects. Salts, containing cation and anion, will either inhibit or activate enzyme activity. It is suspected that either Na or Cl ion or both might be inhibiting or totally deactivating the activities of some crucial enzymes in termites thereby killing them. To provide a scientific explanation for this treatment and possibly design a pesticide for the destructive insect, we examined the effects of NaCl (table salt), some other chlorides and sodium salts on some important enzymes produced by termites. All the chloride salts tested inhibited all the enzymes even at a low concentration of 0.1mM. At this concentration, the effect was well pronounced on both the metabolic and detoxifying enzymes with the greatest effect on β-Glucosidase more than NaCl. However, it was observed that some chloride salts such as the chlorides of barium, calcium and magnesium were more potent on cellulase than NaCl (table salt), the conventional pesticide. Only CoCl inhibited 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphur Transferase (3 MST) activities more than NaCl but all other chlorides except NH4Cl and BaCl2 inhibited rhodanese more than NaCl. Also, NaCl inhibited all other enzymes more than cellulase. Finally, all the sodium salts tested except NaCH3COO and Na2SO4 inhibited cellulase more than NaCl.
Haematological Changes Associated with Administration of Therapeutic dose of P-Alaxin in Healthy Adult Wistar Rats.
(2014) Fatai A. Kareem, Ifabunmi O. Osonuga, Mutiu A. Alabo and Emmanuel O. Ajani
P-alaxin, an artemisinin based combined therapy is very effective in treating malaria infection in areas of high resistance to conventional antimalarial drugs. It is a potentially promising anti-malaria drug composed of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine phosphate. The present study investigates the safety in-use of therapeutic dose of p-alaxin by healthy individuals. Thirty adult wistar rats of both sexes weighing between 180 and 210g were grouped into three consisting of 5 males and 5 females per group. The control group was orally administered with normal saline, the test and recovery groups were given body weight 15.4mg/Kg of P-alaxin orally for three days after which the recovery group was allowed to recover from the drug’s effect for another three days. The animals were sacrificed twenty four (24) hours after the experiment. The blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture into heparinised tubes centrifuged at 5000rpm for 10mins and was used for haematological assay. The result showed no significant difference (p≥0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV), Red blood cell count and White Blood cell count of the male rats administered with P- alaxin and the recovery group when compared with the female groups. Whereas a significant increase (p≤ 0.05) was observed in the haemoglobin (HB) level of the male rats after treatment, there was no significant change in the Haemoglobin (HB) level of the female animals when the drug was administered as well as during the recovery period. The results of this study indicate administration of p-alaxin in healthy individuals will neither induce haemolysis nor anaemia.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria from Selected Hospitals in Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria
(Bacteriology Journal, 2014) Temitope Olowokere, Mutiu A. Alabi, Rita M. Sunday, Ekundayo T. Salami, Folake Osanaiye and Jemi J. Afolabi
In recent times, there has been an astronomical increase in the cases of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics by medical personnel in Akungba Akoko,Ondo State, Nigeria. It is just right for a study of this nature to be carried out in order to provide the important microbiological pieces of information to help medical practitioners to tackle this menance. Bacteria were isolated from inanimate object in hospitals in Ondo State which include: General Hospital, Iwaro-Oka; Reva Clinic, Akungba Akoko; University Health Centre, Akungba Akoko and Comprehensive Health Centre, Akungba Akoko. In this study seven organism were isolated, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Aeruginosa sp., Klebsiella sp., Bacillus sp. and Escherichia coli. All these organisms were identified based on their morphology and biochemical characteristics. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus (34.8%) was found to be dominant out of the gram-positive bacteria isolated. The incidence of E. coli (44.4%) was found dominant out of the gram-negative bacteria isolated. Of the 70 isolates recovered, 43 (61.4%) were gram-positive while 27 (38.6%) were gram-negative. Multiple resistances were recorded against antibiotics used in this study. This study reveals that staphylococci, streptococci, bacillus, pseudomonas and enterbacteriaceae are predominant organism associated with inanimate object in hospitals. Effective hospital control and aseptic precaution will help reduce the incidence.
Proximate Composition, Mineral Elements, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Physicochemical Analysis of Pride of Barbados Seed (Caesalpina pulcherrima).
(Journal of Biochemistry International, 2015) Temitope O. Ilori, Mutiu A. Alabi, Faith Olu, Aisha Abubakar, Christy Idowu and Juliet Awoyemi
Pride of Barbados (Caesalpina pulcherrima) is a legume which is known to contain biologically active components. The study aims at determining the proximate composition, mineral elements and anti-nutrients composition of Pride of Barbados with the view of further understanding its usefulness. The physicochemical, elemental, proximate and anti-nutrient analysis composition of pride of Barbados seeds were determined using standard method of analysis (AOAC) and instrumental method of analysis (AAS). The result of proximate analysis showed 4.970% of Ash, 8.067% of fat, 7.692% of moisture, 9.606% of crude fibre, 1.83% of crude protein. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil from pride of Barbados seeds shows that the peroxide value is 34.00 mM, saponification value is 65.91 mg KOH/g oil, acid value is 29.17 mg/g, free fatty acid is 14.66 mg KOH/g oil, unsaponification matter is 10.98 mg/g, refraction index is 1.438, smoke fire point 98°C, melting point 26°C, flash point 108°C, fire point 112°C. The mineral elements present in the sample in mg/100 g are Na - 183.31, K - 208.56, Mg - 258.91 and Ca - 175.01. The results also showed that tannin content is 0.485 mg/100 g, oxalate 6.122 mg/100 g and phytate 0.535mg/100g. Therefore, the seed could be a good source for low cost plant protein and mineral elements.
Proximate Composition, Mineral Elements, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Physicochemical Analysis of Pride of Barbados Seed (Caesalpina pulcherrima).
(Journal of Biochemistry International, 2015) Temitope O. Ilori, Christy idowu, Mutiu A. Alabi, Faith Olu, Aisha Abubakar and Juliet Awoyemi
Pride of Barbados (Caesalpina pulcherrima) is a legume which is known to contain biologically active components. The study aims at determining the proximate composition, mineral elements and anti-nutrients composition of Pride of Barbados with the view of further understanding its usefulness. The physicochemical, elemental, proximate and anti-nutrient analysis composition of pride of Barbados seeds were determined using standard method of analysis (AOAC) and instrumental method of analysis (AAS). The result of proximate analysis showed 4.970% of Ash, 8.067% of fat, 7.692% of moisture, 9.606% of crude fibre, 1.83% of crude protein. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil from pride of Barbados seeds shows that the peroxide value is 34.00 mM, saponification value is 65.91 mg KOH/g oil, acid value is 29.17 mg/g, free fatty acid is 14.66 mg KOH/g oil, unsaponification matter is 10.98 mg/g, refraction index is 1.438, smoke fire point 98°C, melting point 26°C, flash point 108°C, fire point 112°C. The mineral elements present in the sample in mg/100 g are Na - 183.31, K - 208.56, Mg - 258.91 and Ca - 175.01. The results also showed that tannin content is 0.485 mg/100 g, oxalate 6.122 mg/100 g and phytate 0.535mg/100g. Therefore, the seed could be a good source for low cost plant protein and mineral elements.
Methanol extracts of Brachystegia eurycoma and Detarium microcarpumseeds flours inhibit some key enzymes linked to the pathology andcomplications of type 2 diabetes in vitro
(ScienceDirect, 2015) Irondi Emmanuel Anyachukwu; Oboh Ganiyu; Akindahunsi Afolabi Akintunde
The inhibitory effect of methanol extracts of Brachystegia eurycoma and Detarium microcarpum seeds flours on some key enzymes [alpa-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and aldose reductase (AR)] linked to the pathology and complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D); and their antioxidant properties were evaluated. The antioxidant properties evaluated were DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging abilities, reducing power, and antioxidant phytochemicals (total phenolics, tannins, total flavonoids and total saponins). Extracts of both flours inhibited alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and AR in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of B. eurycoma on alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, AR and lipid peroxidation were lower than those of D. microcarpum, indicating that it had stronger inhibitory potency than D. microcarpum. B. eurycoma also had significantly (P < 0.05)higher DPPH•and ABTS•+scavenging abilities, and reducing power than D. microcarpum. The antioxidant phytochemicals (total phenolics, tannins, total flavonoids and total saponins) were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in B. eurycoma than D. microcarpum. The inhibitory effect of B. eurycoma and D. microcarpum extracts on alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and AR activities may be attributed to the combined action of their polyphenols and total saponins, and this may be a possible mechanism of action providing support for their use in managing hyperglycemia and the complications of T2D.
Activities of a Cellulase of the Termite, Ametermes eveuncifer (Silverstri) Soldier: Clue to Termites Salt Intolerance
(Journal of Natural Science Research, 2015) Bamidele S. Fagbohunka, Samuel E. Edorh, Muinat M. Adeyanju, Esther N. Ezima, Mutiu A. Alabi and Olugbenga O. Ogunlabi
Table salt which contains predominantly NaCl is both toxic and lethal to termites and is therefore used to control the insect traditionally. In an attempt to find out a scientific explanation for this treatment and possibly design a pesticide for the destructive insect, we carried out some tests on the effects of NaCl (table salt), some other chloride and sodium salts on some important enzymes produced by termites. At 0.1mM concentration, all the chloride salts inhibited all the enzymes. Acid phosphatase and arginase were however mildly inhibited. Interestingly, some chloride salts were more potent than NaCl the conventional pesticide. The greatest inhibition was by the chlorides of mercury (81%), manganese (78%), and sodium (76%). The inhibitory effect was more on cellulolytic enzymes; β-glucosidase and cellulase than on detoxifying enzymes; 3-MST and rhodanese. Again, all the sodium salts tested inhibited cellulase drastically with most of them more potent than NaCl. Thus both the sodium and chloride ions contributed immensely to the inhibition. Form these discoveries, one of the chloride salts of mercury, manganese and sodium or a combination of at least two can be used as a pesticide for termites. Almost all the sodium salts tested or a combination of at least two can also be used.
Safety Potential of Yoyo Bitter on Lipid Indices, Hematology and Renal Function in Experimental Animals
(Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015) Mutiu A. A. Alabi, Bamidele S. Fagbohunka, Rita M. Sunday, Oluwaseun A. Obideyi, Babafemi R. Babaniyi, B.R. and Fadlullah A. Ojo
There are many herbal medicines in Nigerian drug markets these days and the Government seems to have supported alternative therapy as this has become part of the curricula for the Medical Programmes of Nigerian Universities lately. Yoyo bitters and other bitters take the lead in indigenous herbal preparations. This study was carried out to determine the safety potential of the consumption of Yoyo bitters. The potential effect of Yoyo bitters on hematology and renal function in male Wister rats was determined. The rats were divided into three groups with seven rats per group. The control group (group 1) was administered 30 ml/kg normal saline while group 2 and 3 were administered 15 and 30 ml/kg Yoyo bitters respectively through oral route daily for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed on day 31. There was no significant change (p > 0.05) in lipid indices (artherogenic index and coronary risk index), hematological parameters (packed cell volume, platelet, white blood cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte count) and renal function test (sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine) of the treatment groups. The result of this study showed that Yoyo bitters may not trigger atherogenicity and coronary risk problems and have no adverse effect on the hematological parameters and renal function and thus can be said to be safe for human consumption.
HSPD1, HSPB1 and VDAC1 are Over-expressed in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
(International Journal of Cancer Research, 2016) Mutiu A. Alabi, Olugbenga O. Adebawo, Oluwole A. Daini, Stella B. Somiari and Richard I. Somiari
Background and Objectives: The initiating steps and precise pathway of breast tumorigenesis are poorly understood and it is unclear if Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) progresses to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDCA) of the breast. This study was undertaken to identify proteins that are differentially expressed between IDCA and DCIS and that may predict the invasive potential of breast tumors. Methodology: It is utilized that the two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis technology (2D-DIGE) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to perform proteomic analysis of IDCA (MCF-7 and BT-474) and DCIS (HCC-1500 and HCC-38) cell lines. Results: Identified 10 proteins that were differentially expressed between IDCA and DCIS (≥2-fold difference; p≤0.05) and classified the proteins according to their Gene Ontology (GO). Out of these proteins, 60 kDa mitochondrial heat shock protein (HSPD1), Heat Shock Protein Beta 1 (HSPB1) and the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) are over expressed in IDCA compared to DCIS. Conclusion: The functional role of the differentially expressed proteins suggests that they may serve as biomarkers for identification of tumors with invasive potential.
Glucose and Lipid Lowering Potentials of Heliotropium indicum L. Leaves in Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycaemic Rats
(2016) Rasheed Bolaji IBRAHIM; Jubril Olayinka AKOLADE; Raliat Abimbola ALADODO; Omoaruemike Ebele OKEREKE; Sarah Abimbola AKANDE
The antidiabetic potentials of Heliotropium indicum L. leaf aqueous (HILA) extract used for the management of diabetes by Traditional Medicinal Practitioners (TMPs) in Nigeria was assessed. Alloxan (ALX)-induced hyperglycaemic rats were orally administered with known folkloric dosage of 30 and 75 mg/kg b. wt. of HILA extract, once a day, for 14 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were monitored and pancreatic histology was examined. Net hepatic glycogen (GLY) concentration and lipid profiles were also determined. Prior to treatment, ALX-induced hyperglycaemia (>250 mg/dL) was established in rats. Oral administration of 30 and 75 mg/kg b. wt. HILA extract to diabetic rats for 14 days caused significant reduction in FBG to baseline values observed in non-diabetic conditions. Treatment with HILA extract also showed improvement in lipid abnormalities observed in hyperglycaemic condition, levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced and HDL-cholesterol increased resulting in improved artherogenic index. Hepatic GLY concentration was significantly increased in diabetic rat treated with the extract. Histological examinations showed degenerated and sparse pancreatic islets β-cells in non-treated diabetic rat, whereas microscopy of treated rats showed mild to normal architecture with enriched β-cells. Preliminary phytochemical profiling of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids (2.54 mg/g), saponins (0.28 mg/g), phenols (0.04 mg/g) and anthraquinones (0.01 mg/g). Results from this study revealed that the aqueous leaf extract of H. indicum possesses not only antihyperglycaemic, but also antidyslipidemic activities, that may prove to be of clinical importance in the management of diabetes and associated secondary complications.
Phytochemical Screening and Effect of Temperature on Proximate Analysis and Mineral Composition of Zingiber officinale Rosc.
(Biotechnology Journal International, 2017) Ebele J. Ajagun, Jane A. Angalapele, Priscillia N. Nwaiwu, Mutiu A. Alabi, Joy A. Oladimeji-Salami, and Uduak Amba
Aims: To investigate the phytochemical composition and effect of temperature on the proximate and mineral composition of Zingiber officinale. Study Design: Activity directed phytochemical screening, proximate analysis and mineral composition investigation of Z. officinale rhizomes using in vitro methods. Place and Duration of Study: Medicinal Plants Section, Bioresources Development Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria between May and November, 2016. Methodology: Fresh rhizome of Z. officinale was milled, extracted with absolute ethanol and screened for phytochemicals. Proximate and mineral analyses were carried out at various temperatures; room temperature (28°C; control), 40, 50 and 60°C. Results: Phytochemicals including; alkaloid, tannins, saponins and cardiacglycosides were present in the rhizomes. The results showed significant (P< 0.05) decrease in the percentage of crude protein (9.53±0.04) at 60°C when compared with room temperature; control (9.62±0.04), increase in crude fiber and ash at 40°C (8.31±0.02 and 6.76±0 .02 respectively) and 60°C (8.34±0.03 and 6.77±0.02 respectively) when compared with the control (8.28±0.15 and 6.74±0.01 respectively). The results also showed a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in the percentage of sodium (0.057±0.001 and 0.061±0.001) at 40 and 60°C respectively when compared with the control (0.064±0.002); potassium (1.65±0.01) at 40°C when compared with the c ontrol (1.73±0.02); magnesium and calcium at 40°C (0.197±0.002 and 0.083±0.001 respectively) when compared with the control (0.203±0.005 and 0.087±0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The current study showed that drying at above room temperature does not affect the proximate and mineral composition of Z. officinale rhizomes. The presence of nutrients and phytochemicals in Z. officinale could be exploited for the overall well-being of man.
Purification and Partial Characterization of Cellulase Produced by Aspergillus niger Cultured on Vitellaria paradoxa shells
(2017) Abdulhakeem Olarewaju Sulyman; Yusuf A Iyanda; Afolabi Olaniyi Opasola; OtunOla Adedayo; Raliat Abimbola Aladodo
This research investigated the purification and partial characterization of cellulase produced by Aspergillus niger cultured on Vitellaria paradoxa shells. Cellulase (endoglucanase) from A. niger was produced under optimum fermentation conditions at 35 Â°C, pH 4.7, V. paradoxa, 4 g/L, inoculum size of 10 mm and the fermentation media incubated for 120 hours. The crude endoglucanase obtained were partially purified by subjecting to ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography for further purification. The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of purified endoglucanase was determined. Cellulase was purified to 734.33 folds by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography with a specific activity and yield of 4.406 U/mg and 63.03% respectively. Fractions 4 and 7 contained the highest endoglucanase activity out of 18 fractions collected and the two fractions were pooled for further analysis. The activity of purified endoglucanase was optimum at a temperature of 40 Â°C and pH 5. Therefore, the purified endoglucanase produced may be explored in detergent industry.
In vitro cytotoxicity of recipes derived from Nigerian medicinal plants (NMPs) on breast cancer cells
(2017) Mutiu A Alabi, Annamalai Muthusamy, Shama P Kabekkodu, Olugbenga O Adebawo, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy and Ebele J Ajagun
Treatment and management of cancer in Nigeria and many parts of Africa has included the use of combination (recipe) of defined medicinal plants of different genera and family. There has been little research work to validate the in vitro cytotoxicity of recipes derived from the combination of these plants. Therefore, this research work was carried out to investigate the cytotoxic properties of five (5) recipes prepared from the combination of different parts of Nigeria medicinal plants (NMPs) on breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and normal human fibroblasts. In vitro cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effect was evaluated by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthizol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The MTT assay result showed that the recipes were able to inhibit the growth and proliferation of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and fibroblast cells in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Amongst which Recipes A and D were within the set limit of American National Cancer Institute (NCI) guidelines for crude extracts at 50 % inhibition (IC50) of proliferation with the concentration of 30 µg/ml for the cancer cells. This study provides an early evidence to support the traditional use of medicinal plant recipes in the treatment of breast cancer. Further studies on the animal models and molecular biology are recommended.
Improving Nutritive Value of Fermented Cereal Porridge ‘Ogi’ By Fortifying with Bambara Nut.
(Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2018)
Ogi, a fermented cereal porridge made from maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) or millet (Pennisetum typoideum), experiences nutritional loss during traditional method of production. Hence, this study was undertaken to improve the nutritive value of ‘Ogi’ by fortifying with Bambara nut, a nutritious legume rich in carbohydrate, moderate protein and low fat. Fortification ratio of Bambara to the commonly known substrates (maize, millet and sorghum grains) was 2:3 while the control was constituted with equal quantity of substrate without Bambara. Traditional process including steeping, grinding, sieving and souring was used. Microbiological and physicochemical analysis were carried out on the resulting fortified and unfortified Ogi at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours during primary fermentation and at 0, 24 and 48 hours during secondary fermentation. Bacteria isolated include Lactobacillus fermentum, L. plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, Flavobacterium rigense, Proteus vulgaris, Flavobacterium aquantile and Bacillus alvei and the fungi include Geotrichum candidum, G. fermentum, Penicillium atrovene, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, etc. Reduction in pH of the fermenting substrates was noticed as fermentation progressed and this was accompanied with increase in total titratable acid (TTA) in all cases. Temperature was constant at 30 ± 2 °C. Proximate analysis of the final products revealed that more than 100% nutrient improvement in protein composition in fortified Ogi from sorghum and maize and 53.82% nutrient improvement in fortified Ogi from millet. There is also increase in the fat content of the fortified Ogi from sorghum, maize and millet by 38%, 57% and 174% respectively. Fortifying these cereals with Bambara nut also improved the ash content of sorghum and maize ‘ogi’ by 23.89% and 15.33%. The organoleptic assessment designed to measure appearance, sourness, flavour, taste, aroma/smell, acceptability and comparability among 32 untrained panellists at overall acceptability at 5% confidence level revealed that fortified Ogi made from maize was the most acceptable.
Antidiarrhoeal Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Aristolochia ringens Stem Bark in Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhoeal Albino Rats
(2018) Rasheed Bolaji Ibrahim; Abdulhakeem Olanrewaju Sulyman; Fisayo Abraham Bamisaye; Lateefah Badrudeen Yusuf
The antidiarrhoeal potentials of ethanolic extract of Aristolochia ringens stem back was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal rats. The A. ringens stem back ethanolic extract was, in addition, screened for its phytoconstituents. Thirty albino rats of 150-180 g were randomized into six groups of five animals each for each of the three experiments and all administration were oral. Rats in groups I and II were administered 1.0 ml distilled water and 1% DMSO (Vehicle) respectively, while those in group III were administered 2.5 mg/kg b.wt loperamide hydrochloride as reference drug. Rats in groups IV, V and VI were administered 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt. ethanolic extract of A. ringens stem bark. The castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model was used, the weight and volume of the intestinal content was determined by enteropooling method and the intestinal motility was determined using activated charcoal method. The small intestine of the rats was also assessed for histopathological changes. The extract significantly and dose-dependently reduced the number of diarrhoeal faeces, the volume of intestinal accumulation and the distance moved by the fed charcoal in treated rats compared to the untreated diarrhoeal group (group II). The percentage inhibitions exhibited by the extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight were significantly higher than that of the reference drug. Furthermore, the photomicrograph of the intestine of the extract treated rats showed intact intestinal architecture. Hence, ethanolic extract of Aristolochia ringens stem bark may contain phytochemicals with better antidiarrhoeal potentials which can be explored in the development of more viable antidiarrhoeal agents.

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