Department Of Zoology
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- ItemComposition of Defatted and Non-Defatted Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal: Alternative for Fish Feeds(Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 2025-04) Kafayat Aina Iyapo; Bamidele Oluwarotimi Omitoyin; Emmanuel Kolawole Ajani; Oladimeji Kazeem Kareem; Adeyemo Muniru AdewoleBlack soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal has been considered as a great source of animal protein for animals. Nutrient composition of the larvae varies according to the substrate used in rearing the larvae and the processing techniques. This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient composition of full-fatted and processed (defatted and non-defatted) black soldier fly larvae meal. The larvae reared on wheat bran substrate were collected from Food and Agriculture Organization, University of Ibadan (FAO/UI) black soldier fly larvae culturing unit, sacrificed with hot water, rinsed and divided into full-fatted and processed (defatted and non defatted) groups. The defatted group was mechanically pressed by squeezer to remove the fat content and the non-defatted group was not contacted. Both defatted and non-defatted groups were independently subjected to oven and sundried procedures. Chemical compositions of the full-fatted larvae meal, defatted oven-dried larvae, defatted sun-dried larvae, non-defatted oven-dried larvae and non-defatted sun-dried larvae were determined and statistically analysed. The research revealed black soldier fly larvae meal as a viable alternative to use as an animal protein source in fish feed formulation. Additionally, the nutritional composition revealed sun-dried processing method as the best method to remove the black soldier fly larvae lipid.
- ItemEvaluation of Seasonal Variations of Lead Concentration and Proximate Composition of Amaranthus hybridus Grown and Consumed in Ilorin, Kwara State, Northern Nigeria(J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 2024-07) BEN-UWABOR, PO; OLAHAN, GS; IYAPO, KAThis paper evaluates the seasonal variations in Pb concentrations and proximate composition of Amaranthus vegetable (Amaranthus hybridus) grown and consumed in Ilorin, Kwara State, Northern-Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques in order to ascertain its suitability for consumption. The results obtained varied with the sampling locations with the mean concentration of the Pb in soil, water and plant ranged from (1.58- 82.00mg/kg) soil, (0.11-19.37mg/l) water and (0.00-5.93 mg/kg shoots; 0.67-5.33 mg/kg roots). The values for proximate content showed that moisture content ranged from (6.38-9.99 %), ash content (2.46-6.44 %), crude protein (10.59-18.60%), crude fibre (1.63-2.39%), crude fat (3.09-4.83%) and carbohydrate (64.30-75.30%). The result obtained reveal significant level of contamination of irrigation water and Amaranthus hybridusas most values obtained were above the permissible limits, hence, the vegetable may constitute health hazard for the consumers. The study hence suggests that growing of the edible crops around locations that are Pb polluted should be discouraged. As for the proximate content, the values obtained are indication that all the samples had lower values of protein, fibre, and carbohydrates than the WHO recommended values for suitable dietary intake, though, with a high probability of storage due to their significant low moisture content. This underscores the nutritive value as a viable option for plant base nutrients for consumption, but as option for Pb remediation.
- ItemEffect of Bambara Seed (Vigna subterranea) Meal on Growth Performance, Physiology and Histology of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles(African Scientist, 2026-09-30) Shakiru Okanlawon SULE; Oluwafemi Babatunde ODUNTAN; Jacob Oyeleye OYEDOKUN; Kafayat Aina IYAPO; Adebosola Yemisi ADEYEMI; Toyeeb Adetunji OMOSANYA; Olusayo Olutobi OGUNSANYA; Fatai Abiodun ADEDEJI; Akeem Oladipupo SOTOLUThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing roasted Bambara bean with soybean in the catfish diet. One hundred and sixty-eight Clarias gariepinus juveniles (8.69±0.28 g) were allocated to four treatments in replicates. Experimental diets were formulated at 40% crude protein with three inclusion levels of Bambara meal diet BMD (15%, 30% and 45%), respectively, and a soybean control diet, fed twice daily at 3 % body weight for 8 weeks, in a completely randomized experiment. Growth indices of Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Intake (FI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Percentage Weight Gain (PWG) were measured. Haematological parameters, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphometry and organ histology of liver, kidney and intestine were also investigated. Results showed that growth indices of Clarias gariepinus decreased with increased levels of BMD. The highest weight gain (83.73) was in the control diet and the least (65.66) in BMD45%, while SGR, FCR and PWG were not significantly different (p>0.05) in the experiment. Carcass protein and haematological parameters were highest at BMD45%, and serum biochemical parameters highest in control diet. Digestive enzymes acted best on BMD45%, while intestinal morphometry was highest in the control diet and significantly different from dietary treatment. Organ histology showed no observable lesions in the control treatment, but BMD15%; BMD45% kidney was affected by the diet, while the BMD30% showed liver degeneration and intestinal villi atrophy. Roasted BMD can best be included at 15% and up to 45% when WG, SGR, FCR and PWG are considered.
- ItemComposition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens): A comparative study across three different rearing substrates and two different drying methods(Global Journal of Fisheries Science, 2025-08) B. O. Omitoyin; E. K. Ajani; O. B. Oduntan; O. K. Kareem; K. A. Iyapo; S. O. Yusuf; S. O. YusufThe development of the aquaculture sector in Nigeria has been slowed by the growing cost of feed ingredients, particularly fish meal. It is becoming more and more common to produce Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) as insect meal and a sustainable substitute for conventional animal feed sources. However, there is limited information on the best suited substrate for the commercial production of BSFL. Hence, the nutrient composition of BSFL meal was assessed utilizing several substrates and drying methods. The BSFL were grown on three distinct organic wastes of wheat bran (WB), maize bran (CB), and varied fruit wastes (FW) for 13 days, at UI-FAO insectarium, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan. Oven and sun-drying techniques were used to process the reared BSFL. Compositions of the larvae raised on three distinct types of organic garbage were assessed and statistically examined. Larvae raised on wheat bran/sundried (WB/SD) had the maximum protein content (60.78%), whereas those raised on fruit waste/oven dried (FR/OD) had the lowest value (29.70%). Larvae raised on fruit waste/oven dried (FR/OD) had higher levels of vitamin A, C, and D, whereas those raised on wheat-bran/oven dried (WB/OD) had the lowest levels. Larvae raised on wheat-bran substrate had significantly different (p˂0.05) levels of alanine. No statistical differences were observed in copper values of the larvae reared on the three substrates. The larvae raised on a wheat bran substrate had greater levels of potassium and zinc compared to the larvae reared on assorted fruit waste and corn bran substrates. The results revealed wheat bran as the best substrate, and black soldier fly larvae were identified as a possible sustainable supply of protein in aquaculture. Consequently, it is advised that black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) be raised on wheat bran substrate and processed via the sun-drying method, which is a preferable substrate and drying method.
- ItemMicrobial assessment of Clarias gariepinus fillets fed defatted and non-defatted sundried black soldier fly larvae meal(2025-08) Kafayat Aina Iyapo; Bamidele Oluwarotimi Omitoyin; Emmanuel Kolawole Ajani; Oladeji Kazeem KareemAquaculture production in Nigeria is hindered by the dependence on fishmeal as the main protein source in fish feed. Consequently, there is a need to explore alternative protein sources that is cost-effective, sustainable and pose no risk to consumers. This study evaluated the microbial loads and isolates in Clarias gariepinus fillets fed defatted (DF) and non-defatted (NDF) sundried black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) diets over a period of 21 storage days with assessments at day 0, 7th, 14th and 21st, after 168 days of feeding trials. Fishmeal was replaced with DF and NDF sundried BSFLM at varying inclusion levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in the diets of Clarias gariepinus, which were fed for a period of 168 days. Following the feeding trial, the fish were saline-rinsed, filleted, and sealed in double polyethylene bags. The fillets underwent boiling for 20 minutes, after which the fish were foil-wrapped, grouped in ziplock bags, labelled and stored at 4°C for 21 days in a chest freezer. Microbial analysis was estimated for each labelled ziplock bag sample at days 0, 7th, 14th, and 21st of the storage period, assessing total bacterial count (TBC), total coliform count (TCC), mould yeast, and microbe isolates. The results obtained showed that at day zero of storage, the highest TBC (8.0 x 105 CFU/g) was observed in fillets fed 75% defatted BSFLM, with Bacillus and Candida spp. dominating the isolates. At seven days of storage, the TBC ranged from 1.02 x102 CFU/g (0% defatted BSFLM) to 9.6 x105 CFU/g (75% defatted BSFLM), with Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Candida spp. being the most persistent isolates. At the twenty-first day of storage, TBC in fish fillets fed 0% and 25% defatted BSFLM were more than 300 colony counts, which were recorded as too numerous to count because they exceeded permissible limits for consumption, and a broader spectrum of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus, Aspergillus spp., and Klebsiella spp., were isolated. This study concluded that catfish fillets fed defatted and non-defatted sundried BSFLM diets should be consumed within a shorter storage period due to the potential microbial risks associated with prolonged storage.