Department Of Zoology

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Profile of intestinal parasites among nomadic Fulani in Kwara State, Nigeria
(Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria., 0219-03) Babatunde, S. K., Kolawole, D. O., Majekodunmi, R. A., Ajiboye, A. E. Sunday O. J., Ajao, A. T. and Ajuwon, B. I.
Parasitic infections are endemic worldwide and have been described as constituting the greatest single cause of illness and disease especially in the tropics. Fulani herdsmen belong to a tribe that lives a secluded life style with little information on their intestinal parasitic infections status. This study aimed at assessing the burden of intestinal parasites and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites transmission among Fulani herdsmen in Kwara State. Stool samples were collected from patients that attended three primary healthcare facilities in Ifelodun Local Government Area and one hospital in Moro Local Government Area. The 505 stool samples were collected and examined by both wet mount preparation and formol-ether concentration methods. Questionnaire on bio- data and other information on factors associated with transmission of intestinal parasitic infections was administered on the patients. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 60.4% among the Fulani. High proportion of the patients had coccidian parasites such as Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora and Isospora, than other protozoan and helminthic parasites. Factors like unsafe water sources, improper disposal of human and animal wastes, drinking unpasteurized fresh milk and poor personal hygiene were considered contributing factors to the high prevalence of intestinal parasites among the nomad Fulani. The study provided a new insight into burden of intestinal parasites among Fulani herdsmen and factors associated with their transmission and spread.
Laboratory evaluation of the biocontrol potential of Aphyosemion gularis against Anopheles larvae
(2010) Okorie Anyaele , Abiodun Obembe
Comparative studies of the feeding capacity and preference of Aphyosemion gularis (Boulenger 1901) on some aquatic macroinvertebrates
(2011) Okorie Anyaele, Abiodun Obembe
Background & objectives: An efficient larvivorous fish must show a predilection for mosquito larvae in the presence of alternative preys. This study compares the feeding capacity and preference of Aphyosemion gularis exposed to different kinds of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Methods: Various prey organisms such as Anopheles larvae and pupae, Culex larvae, chironomid larvae and ostracods were either singly and/or jointly presented at different densities to the fish and the number of prey consumed in 12 h light and dark periods were recorded. Results: The result showed that in terms of capacity and preference, the fish significantly consumed (p <0.05) more Anopheles larvae than pupae and more Anopheles larvae compared to Culex and chironomid larvae. It was also found that the fish preferred Culex larvae to chironomids larvae while significantly (p <0.05) more Anopheles larvae were consumed compared to the more abundant ostracods. Conclusion: The results indicate that A. gularis is adapted to feed more on Anopheles than Culex larvae on one hand and generally preferred mosquito larvae to non-mosquito macroinvertebrates. The implication of this observation is that the presence of other non-mosquito organisms considered in this study is unlikely to divert the attention of the fish from mosquito larvae, especially Anopheles larvae. The fact that the fish are able to feed on some of the non-mosquito organisms such as chironomids and ostracods, means that they can subsist on these organisms in the absence of mosquito larvae.
Sub-Chronic Treatment of Sildernafil Citrate (Viagra) on some Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants in Testes and Brain of Male Rats
(SciTechnol., 2012) Akintunde, J.K., Ajiboye, J.A., Slemuri, D. O, Oyelowo, S.B., Sunday, O.J., Abam, E.O. and Irondi, A.E.
Sildenafil citrate, a specific phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE- 5) inhibitor drug currently used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men. The present study investigates the effects of Sildenafil citrate on antioxidant defense systems of testes and brain tissues of male rats by measuring the GSH, SOD, and CAT activity. Lipid peroxidation was also estimated by measuring the MDA levels, a Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substrate (TBARS) as biomarker of oxidative stress. Sildenafil citrate was orally administered at the different dose levels of 20 mg/kg body weight per 30 days in four divided doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight while control rats were given distilled water. The result revealed that Sildenafil citrate significantly increased MDA levels in testes. Conversely, the MDA levels in brain tissue was significantly reduced P<0.05. However, a significant increase in GSH content of testes and brain was observed. Similarly, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities for both tissues increased significantly (p<0.05) compared to their corresponding control. The histological examination of the testicular tissues revealed no visible lesions. Collectively, the results suggest that therapeutic dose of Sildenafil citrate elicits modulatory roles by stabilizing/boosting antioxidant defense systems in male rat.
Entomological and transmission risk indices of malaria vectors in selected communities in osun state, Nigeria
(2013) Oduola AO, Abiodun Obembe, Adeogun A, Awolola TS
Baseline survey is an integral component of a malaria vector control programme, providing valuable information on mosquito behaviour that guide the suitability of chosen interventions. A need assessment of baseline entomological indices towards the future implementation of indoor residual spray (IRS) was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria. Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected in human households from three Local Government Areas. These were morphologically identified, subjected to species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and analyzed for sporozoite infection and blood meal origin using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All female Anopheles identified fed on human blood but tested negative to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen. The PCR analysis showed a predominance of An. gambiae s.s. (95%) over An. arabiensis (5%). The preponderance of indoor resting An. gambiae s.s and the incidence of exophilic An. arabiensis suggest a combination of IRS and long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for this region.
Effects of Anti-erectile Dysfunction Drugs on some Key Tissue in Healthy Male Rats
(Academic Journals Inc., 2013) J.K. Akintunde, J.A. Ajiboye, D.O. Slemuri, S.B. Oyelowo, O.J. Sunday, E.O. Abam, and A.E. Irondi
Isolation and Identification of microorganisms in comb and body parts of wild and domesticated honey bees of two ecozones of Nigeria
(Erudite Journal of Microbiology and Biodiversity, 2013) Ajao, Adeyemi Mufutau; Babatunde, S.K.
The survival of the honey bee depends on the successful defense against microbial invaders, parasites and predators. This research was carried out to isolate and identify microorganisms associated with the honeybees of two ecological zones of Nigeria. Thirty adult worker honeybees were collected from the wild, modern and traditional beekeeping methods and analyzed for microbial presence. The body and bee comb were swabbed using sterile normal saline moistened swab stick. The swabs were diluted, homogenized and cultured for microbial growth. The contents of the fore, mid and hind guts were emptied, homogenized and cultured. 1ml of homogenized sample was diluted, from this into four sterile dilutions of 1/20 1/40 1/80 and 1/160. 1.0 ml each of dilutions which was inoculated into molten Sabourand dextrose Agar (SDA) containing tetracycline for fungi growth, while nutrient agar and De Ma Rogossa Sharbroth (MRS) agar were inoculated for the bacteria. SDA plates were incubated at 30o C for 3 days while SDA and MRS were incubated at 37oC overnight. The total number of colonies forming units (CFU) per plate was counted and was correlated to the dilution factor. Each different colony was identified using morphological and biochemical tests. The microbial examination of the comb, body and gut of the bees showed the presence of six moulds and fungi: Mucor hiemalis, Penincillium frequentans, Aspergilus repens, Rhizopus stolonifer, Geotrichums sp. and Botryotricum sp. and three bacteria species in the three beekeeping methods in both ecological zones. The species of the bacteria encountered were: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptobaccillus sp. and Baccillus pulyifacien. Some of the isolated microbes such as Mucor hiemalis, Aspergilus species and Rhizopus species have been implicated as causative organisms of chalkbrood disease of bee. Further research is been suggested for the roles of the isolates in much dreaded CCD.
ASSESSMENT OF CONTRIBUTION OF APICULTURAL PRACTICES TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
(International Journal of cience and Nature, 2013) Ajao, Adeyemi Mufutau; Oladimeji, Y.U.
Agriculture and biotechnology including beekeeping offers an unexploited succor capable of salvaging the people from abject hunger and poverty. Honey bee and its products are frequently used in diverse ways and contribute to agricultural development through crop pollination and income to farmers. The study examined contribution of apiculture practices to household income and poverty alleviation in Patigi and Irepodun areas of kwara State, Nigeria. A random sampling technique was used to select 120 bee farmers for the study. Primary data were obtained with the aid of structured questionnaire and interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, gross margin and OLS model were employed in data analysis. The results revealed that bee farmers were at productive age with mean age of 45 years. The literacy rate was very low while the bulk of the bee farmers had subsidiary occupations to supplement their income. Average net return per litre of honey produced ranges from ₦1200 to ₦1500 while average income per season per colony ranges from ₦7500 to ₦10000.The postulate explanatory variables explained 72.5% in the variation of volume of bee produced. However, all the explanatory variables included in the factors affecting bee farmer income explained 81.4% in the variations in income earned by bee farmer. Given the opportunity and amazing potentials for widening export base for apiculture in Kwara State, it was recommended that the government at all levels should provide social services and ensure that bee farmers are educated to ensure proper understanding of indices of bee production with attendance boost in honey.
Ameen N., et. al., (2013) “Intestinal amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitoses among schoolchildren in rural communities of Moro LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria”
(Erudite Journal Publisher., 2013) Ameen N., Sunday, O.J., Babatunde S.K, Ajiboye A.E., & Adedayo M.R.
Schoolchildren in four rural primary schools of Moro Local Government area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Wei preparation In fresh normal saline, Dobell's lodine preparation and formal ethyl concentration methods were used to prepare the stool samples for examination. An overall prevalence of intestinal parasitoses was 77.5%among 414 children. E. histolytica dispar had the highest prevalence among the púpils of the four communities than other intestinal parasites with prevalence of 26.9%, 32.2% 22.7% and 23.9% in Malete. Elemere. Ore oiumoh and Animaje respectively. Prevalence of other intestinal parasites was also reported in relation to each community The prevalence of these intestinal parasites in relation to diarrheic stool, water supply and environmental conditions were discussed. The study revealed that intestinal parasitic infections in rural communities represent a major public health problem. Health education, environmental health adequate water Supply, provision of public and private latrines and personal hygiene are the maior methods of reducing the occurrence of these intestinal parasitoses in rural areas.
Cryptosproridium and Other Intestinal Protozoan Parasites in Rural Communities of Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria
(Online Research Journals., 2013) Babatunde S.K., Ameen N., Ajiboye A.E., Adedayo M.R., & Sunday, O.J.
The prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites was assessed in March to June 2012 among school children in four rural primary schools of Moro Local Government area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Wet preparation in fresh normal saline, Dobell'siodine preparation and formol ether concentration methods were used to prepare the stool samples for examination. Another drop of the formol ether concentration sediment on centre of the slide was stained with modified Ziehl Neelson method for oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Overall prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasite detected in the four rural primary and Cryptosporidium spp. We also found that most of the pupils infected with Entamoeba histolytica/dispar have diarrhoeic stool usually without complaint by the pupils. Factors that enhance the distribution of these protooan parasite sand how to improve community health and personal hygiene were discussed.
Soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in rural communities of Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria
(Academic Journals, 2013-11-04) Babatunde, Shola Kola, Adedayo, Majekodunmi Racheal, Ajiboye, Adeyinka Elizabeth , Sunday, Ojo and Ameen, Nimat
We investigated stool samples of primary school pupils in four rural communities of Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State for helminthic intestinal parasites and its intensity. Four hundred and thirteen (413) pupils submitted their samples for examination. The samples were examined by wet preparation, formol ether concentration methods and Stoll’s technique to estimate the worm burden of positive stool samples. Overall prevalence of soil transmitted helminths (STH) in the four communities was 41.9%. The ova/larvae of STH parasites detected were hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis with prevalence of 15.4, 11.3, 8.1 and 7.1%, respectively. Generally, the intensity of parasitic infections among the pupils was moderate. STH infection was more in 15-20 years age groups than those of 5-9 years and 10-14 years. Risk factors that contributed to high prevalence of STH infections among the pupils and methods of control were discussed.
A Study of the Use of Honey and Ethno-biological Components in Nigerian Trado-medical Practices
(2014) Ajao AM, Oladimeji YU, Babatunde SK, Obembe A
Trado-medical practice variously referred to as ethno-medicine, folk medicine, native healing, and alternative medicine, is an ancient and culture-bound method of healing used against various diseases threatening human existence and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of honey and other ethno-biological components in the treatment of different ailments in Kwara State, North central Nigeria. Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to collect information from 280 respondents (120 herb sellers and 160 trado-medical practitioners). The result revealed methods of remedies’ preparation such as infusion, decoction, maceration, extraction, squeezing, soaking, shredding, grinding/pounding, and drying while the mode of use include: drinking, chewing, licking, eating, and topical application. It was also observed that 20 plants and 6 animal products distributed across 18 and 5 families respectively were being used in combination with honey for the treatment of arthritis, toothache, cold, chronic cough, stomach ulcer, diabetes, wounds, hypertension, low sperm count, ear defect, rheumatism, malaria and infertility among others. The knowledge of trado-medical practices elicited could serve as a basis for further drug discovery, pharmacological research and bio-prospecting.
Community knowledge and practices as regards malaria in Ilorin City: implications for the elimination plan of the National Malaria Elimination Program
(2014) Abiodun Obembe, Adedayo Oduola, Kehinde Popoola, Adeyemi Ajao
Objective: To examine malaria-related knowledge and practices among residents in Ilorin City to guide forthcoming malaria elimination action of the recently restructured Nigerian National Malaria Elimination Program. Methods: Community-wide cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2012 using pretested structured questionnaire and interview schedule to collect information on perception, prevention and treatment of malaria among the residents. Results: Majority of the respondents attributed malaria to mosquito bites and prevented the disease through multiple means including the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (60%), insecticide sprays (54%) and mosquito coils (48%) alternatively. All the respondents spraying insecticides in the bedrooms shortly before bed time stayed outdoors during night hours. Fifty three percent of the respondents treated the last malaria episode at the hospital/clinic, and the remaining (47%) employed self-medication. Only 6.1% of those who engaged in self-medication used artemisinin combination therapy drugs. Conclusions: Combined use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and insecticide sprays call for investigation of behavioural and physiological insecticide resistance in the mosquitoes present in this area. Night time outdoor staying behaviour mandated by spraying of insecticides and possible switch of the vectors to bite outdoor at early night hour also necessitate incorporation of outdoor mosquito control into the malaria elimination plan for this locality. Likewise, observation of selfmedication in spite of high literacy levels implies that campaigns against such practice may not yield the desired result unless quality healthcare service is made affordable and accessible to all.
Lessons from the implementation of LLIN distribution campaign in Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria
(http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/514, 2014) Abiodun Obembe
Abstract Background: Studies implemented to evaluate the success of Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) distribution campaigns are often limited to ownership and utilization rates, neglecting other factors that directly affect the efficacy of the tool in malaria control. This study investigates sleeping habits and net maintenance behaviour in addition to LLIN ownership, utilization and the challenges associated with LLIN use among residents in Ilorin City where the tool has been massively distributed. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain information from randomly selected household respondents in Ilorin, the Kwara State Capital. The study was conducted in July 2012, about sixteen months after the March 2011 distribution of LLIN in the locality. The results were analyzed using the EPI INFO 2007 version. Results: LLIN ownership (85%) and utilization (37%) rates improved compared to earlier reports, though 29% of net users have noticed holes in the nets even as 26% claimed to have actually experienced mosquito bites under it. Most (92%) of the respondents who slept under LLIN the previous night before the study spent the first five hours of the night (19.00-23.00 hr) outdoors while 88% also engage in inappropriate net washing practices. All the LLIN users claimed to have experienced at least one malaria episode while 43% have had two or more episodes within the past twelve months. Conclusion: The use of LLIN among the respondents in this study was accompanied by chancy sleeping habits, inappropriate net maintenance practices and repeated experience of mosquito bites under the nets. This shows the need to sustain the will and confidence of LLIN users in this area through frequent monitoring and surveillance visits targeted at enlightening the people on habits that increase malaria exposure risks as well as proper use and maintenance of LLIN for maximum malaria vector control benefits. Keywords: Malaria, Long-lasting insecticidal nets, Sleeping habits, LLIN maintenance
Investigation of mosquitocidal activity of a combined extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Aloe barbadensis leaves
(ISSN Online: 2151-7525, doi:10.5251/abjna.2014.5.3.118.122 © 2014, ScienceHuβ, http://www.scihub.org/ABJNA, 2014) Abubakar, A Abdulazeez; Kolawole, Deboye; Babatunde, K. Shola; Sunday, Ojo; Ameen, Nimat
This study was focused on investigating the combinatorial effect of Aloe barbadensis and Bryophyllum pinnatum on mosquito population with the aim of producing an effective anti mosquito agent. Extracts from both plants were combined and prepared in varying concentrations of 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml and were applied against laboratory-bred mosquito of known population densities. Mortality of the mosquito after application of each concentration of the extract was assessed at 15 minutes interval for 1 hour by dividing the number of death mosquito by the total number originally bred in the box and the product multiplied by 100. The investigation revealed 6.6% mortality rate when 25mg/ml of the combined extract was applied while 68.9% was recorded for 50mg/ml over the one-hour period of investigation. Maximum toxicity of 100% was recorded within 15 minutes when 100mg/ml of the extract was applied to the mosquito density indicating that as the concentration of the extract increases, its toxicity on the insect also increase. In conclusion, the combinatorial effect of both extracts showed a promising mosquitocidal activity especially at a concentration of 100mg/ml of combined extract
SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF MOSQUITO VECTORS IN A RICE GROWING COMMUNITY IN KWARA STATE, NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA
(Mun. Ent. Zool., 2014) Ajao, Adeyemi Mufutau; Adeleke, M. A.
Studies were carried out to determine the species composition and seasonal abundance of mosquito fauna in Lafiagi, a swampy rice growing community in Kwara State, Nigeria. Adult mosquitoes were collected weekly by both indoor and outdoor methods using human landing catches and residual spray techniques between August 2009 and July 2010. Four species of mosquitoes namely, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Culex quinquefasciatus, Mansonia africana and Aedes aegypti were caught during the study. Anopheles gambiae s.l accounted for the highest number of mosquitoes caught (39.61%). Though, there was no significant difference in species abundance (p>0.05), the seasonal abundance showed significant variation with more mosquitoes during the wet season than the dry season. The preponderance of the mosquito vectors (most importantly the malaria vector) in the community signifies the need for planning effective mosquito control measures to maintain the healthy living of the residents at the study area towards ensuring food security.
A Study of the Use of Honey and Ethno-biological Components in Nigerian Trado-medical Practices
(British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2014) Ajao, Adeyemi Mufutau; Oladimeji, Y.U.; Babatunde, S. K.; Obembe, A.
Trado-medical practice variously referred to as ethno-medicine, folk medicine, native healing, and alternative medicine, is an ancient and culture-bound method of healing used against various diseases threatening human existence and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of honey and other ethno-biological components in the treatment of different ailments in Kwara State, North central Nigeria. Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to collect information from 280 respondents (120 herb sellers and 160 trado-medical practitioners). The result revealed methods of remedies’ preparation such as infusion, decoction, maceration, extraction, squeezing, soaking, shredding, grinding/pounding, and drying while the mode of use include: drinking, chewing, licking, eating, and topical application. It was also observed that 20 plants and 6 animal products distributed across 18 and 5 families respectively were being used in combination with honey for the treatment of arthritis, toothache, cold, chronic cough, stomach ulcer, diabetes, wounds, hypertension, low sperm count, ear defect, rheumatism, malaria and infertility among others. The knowledge of trado-medical practices elicited could serve as a basis for further drug discovery, pharmacological research and bio-prospecting.
INVESTIGATION OF ANTI-PLASMODIUM ACTIVITY OF A COMBINED EXTRACT OF Bryophyllum pinnatum and Aloe barbadensis LEAVES
(Science and Nature., 2014) Abdulazeez, A. Abubakar., Kolawole, Deboye., Babatunde, K. Shola., Sunday, O. Joseph & Ameen, Nimat.
Anti-malaria drug resistance is a major public health challenge causing a serious setback to the roll back malaria programme in Africa. This study therefore attempted to explore the combinatorial effect of Aloe barbadensis and Bryophyllum pinnatum on malaria parasitemia with the aim of producing an effective anti-malaria preparation. Extracts of both plants were prepared at varying concentrations of 10-1 to 10-9 mg/ml and were administered orally to Plasmodium berghei infected albino mice. The mode of extract administration was both single, using individual extracts and combined, using mixture of both extracts. The infected animals in test group were given the extract at a dose of 0.5ml per day for 3 consecutive days, the negative control animals were administered with placebo while the positive control animals were treated with Lumefantrine/arthemisinin combination. After the third day, thin and thick blood films were made from the blood collected from the tail of the animal and examined for malaria parasites. Pre and post test malaria parasitemia and test and control malaria parasitemia were determined and compared. At all the concentrations of Aloe barbadensis extract administered, no significant variation in malaria parasitemia was observed before and after application of the extract. Similarly, with Bryophyllum pinnatum extract, data obtained also showed no significant reduction in the density of malaria parasite when post-test density was compared with pre-test. A combination of both extracts however revealed a synergistic effect. Post-application results of the extract indicated that at 10-1 and 10-3 mg/ml concentrations, significant reduction in malaria density was recorded when post –treatment malaria density was compared with pre-treatment.(P < 0.05). However none of the extract concentrations was able to clear malaria parasitemia completely in the experimental animal. In conclusion although the combinatorial effect of both plants produced remarkable reduction in malaria parasitemia, no case of complete clearance was recorded
Efficacy of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Treated Blinds (LTBs) on the Control of Malaria Infection among Off–Campus Students of Kwara State University Malete-Nigeria
(Science domain International., 2014-11-06) Abdulazeez, A. Abubakar., Hassan, Abdulwasiu Oladele., Nassar, A. Sulaiman. and Sunday, O. Joseph.
Aims: The study was conducted between October 2012 and May, 2013 with the aim of determining the effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin treated blinds on control of malaria infection. 400 blood samples were collected from 106 households. Study Design: It is an experimental study involving both intervention and control groups. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Malete community in Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State, North central part of Nigeria between October 2012 and May 2013. Methods: The study was divided into three phases namely: Pre-intervention, intervention and post intervention. In pre-intervention, 200 blood samples were taken and stained using Giemsa techniques to determine the baseline malaria infection. At intervention stage, windows and doors blinds were treated with lambda-cyhalothrin and in post–intervention another 200 blood samples were taken after treatment and were stained using Giemsa techniques. Results: On the overall pre-intervention of malaria parasite was 12.5% and after intervention it reduced to 8.0%. Out of entire infection rate, 2.5% was documented among students residing in the western location, 4.5% in the central area while 5.5% was recorded in the eastern part of the study area. Similarly students within the age bracket 18-22 years recorded the highest rate (14.5%) of asymptomatic malaria infection followed by those within 23-27 years and >27 years with 12.4% and 8.6% rates respectively. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the distribution of malaria infection in the study area with respect to age (X2=1.743, P=0.08).Statistical analysis by Chi-square showed a significant difference in frequency of malaria infection among asymptomatic male and female subjects (X2=5.743, P=0.04). Statistical analysis by student T-test showed no significant difference in the prevalence of malaria infection before and after intervention (t=0.3310, P=0.07). Conclusion: Lambda-cyhalothrin used in this trial study shows a promising future against malaria vector, most of the blinds treated were made of cotton material because it was the common material among the inhabitants sampled. Further studies are therefore suggested to investigate the effect of other clothing materials such as nylon and polyester on malaria infection after treatment with the same chemical.
Structure, production and constraints of honey hunting and traditional beekeeping activities in patigi, Kwara state, Nigeria
(Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, 2015) Ajao, Adeyemi Mufutau; Oladimeji, Y.U.
Honey has continued to play an important role in nutrition and medicine; it is an ingredient in many herbal remedies and a crucial component of the bride price for many tribes in Nigeria. Several methods and structures including traditional, modern beekeeping, and age long honey hunting are employed to obtain honey for its several uses. This study aims to study honey bee farming structure; production capacity and constraints faced by both honey hunters and traditional beekeepers. A proportional random sample size of 190 bee honey farmers comprising of 110 bee honey hunters and 80 traditional beekeepers were used for the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaire and direct participation. The results of the study indicated that about 53% and 70% of the honey hunters and traditional beekeepers were within 20-30 years and 31-40 years of age respectively. The result also revealed that 86.3% of honey hunters and 87.5% of beekeepers employed smoking as mean of honey harvest. Further, 4.7litres, 4.8litres, 5.8lites and 6.2litres of honey were harvested from tree cavities, colonies on tree branches, woven grasses and calabashes respectively. Provision of necessary modern beekeeping tools, training, and credit facilities could minimize constraints faced by bee farmers and improve their welfare.

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