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- ItemINCIDENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA IN SELECTED SACHET WATER SOLD IN MALETE, NIGERIA(Published by Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, 2024-12-30) Fausat Abimbola Jimoh, Zainab Biola Abdulsalam, Olanrewaju Sariyat Olayinka, Matthew Olatunji Kolawole and Onuoha DivineThe proliferation of packaged water in rural communities has been exacerbated by the increasing demand for safe and potable water in areas where access to clean water sources remains a significant challenge. Unfortunately, non- compliance of some sachet water producers to adhere the standards regulations exposes the consumers to potential risks of waterborne diseases. Therefore, this study investigated the susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from selected sachet water sold in Malete. Ten different brands of sachet water (B1- B10 NAFDAC registered) were randomly purchased from retailers in Moro LGA, Malete, Nigeria to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological quality and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Bacteriological analyses were carried out using membrane filtration technique. Identification of the isolates and susceptibility were done using standard methods. Physicochemical parameters measured included pH (7.01 - 7.50), electrical conductivity (12.3 - 199.3 µs/cm), alkalinity (42.67 - 73.04 mg/L), total dissolved solids (10.0 – 130.0 mg/L), turbidity (0.62 -1.08 NTU), and hardness (54.36 - 84.22 mg/L). The total bacterial count in CFU/100mL of the sachet water sample ranged from 1.0 x101- 4.7 x101, B4 and B1 have the lowest and the highest values respectively. The total coliform counts ranged from the lowest value of 0 CFU /100mL to the highest value of 12.0 ×101 CFU/100mL, no coliforms were detected in B2, B4 and B6 while B8 has the highest number of coliforms. Faecal coliforms were not detected in all the samples tested. Twenty two (22) bacterial isolates were identified phenotypically; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp. Bacillus spp. had the highest frequency of 7 (33 %) followed by Micrococcus sp. with a frequency of 6 and a percentage frequency of 29 %. Staphylococcus aureus also have a frequency of 4 and a percentage frequency of 19% while Enterobacter sp. and Streptococcus sp had 10 % and 9 % respectively. All the Gram positive bacteria obtained were resistant to amoxicillin and zinnacef and at least one other antibiotic while Enterobacter sp., the only Gram negative was resistant 4 different antibiotics; amoxicillin, augmentin and two others. This finding highlights the need for regular microbiological monitoring so as to ensure public health safety.
- ItemCharacterization of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized using Keratinase from Aspergillus species and their Antibacterial Activity against Clinical Pathogens(BioNanoScience (Springer), 2024-12-10) Frank O. Otuyelu, Olusoji O. Adebisi, · Patricia F. Omojasola, Ridwan T. Azeez, Zainab B. Abdulsalam, Oluwafemi B. Daramola and Bolanle A. AkinsanolaSilver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis using biologically sourced agents has recently gained interest from researchers due to its environmentally friendly, cost-efective and non-toxic nature. This study evaluated the antibacterial potential of AgNPs biosynthesized using crude keratinase produced by Aspergillus recovered from dumpsite. Aspergillus species were cultured in a minimal medium containing feather (1%) and yeast extract (0.2%) for the bioproduction of keratinase. Silver nitrate (1 mM) was bio-reduced using keratinase and characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial potentials of the AgNPs were inves tigated on multidrug resistant-clinical pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia liquefaciens, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca) using disk difusion method. Three fungal isolates A. niger (F1), A. oryzae (F2) and A. aculeatus (F3) were recovered with A. niger (F1) and A. aculeatus (F3) showing high keratinase activities of 48.52 U/ml and 46.04 U/ml, respectively. Absorbance peaks of 289 nm and 295 nm were observed for A. niger (AgNPs-F1) and A. aculeatus (AgNPs F3), respectively. The spectral peaks from the FTIR revealed the presence of O–H stretch of amide (3616.59 and 3474.41) in biosynthesized AgNPs. Particle sizes ranging from 3.04 to 12.39 nm and 15.47 to 32.83 nm were observed for AgNPs F1 and AgNPs-F3, respectively. AgNPs-F1 and AgNPs-F3 showed antibacterial against 80% and 70% of test isolates with Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca as the most susceptible pathogens.
- ItemPECTINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER AND ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS GROWN ON GRAPEFRUIT (CITRUS PARASIDIS) PEEL IN SOLID STATE FERMENTATION(Bachudo Science Co. Ltd, 2021-06)The present study was aimed at studying pectinolytic activity of resident fungi isolated from decomposing grapefruit (Citrus parasidis) peels in solid state fermentation. Grape fruit peel was subjected to natural fermentation and the fermenting fungi were isolated, characterized and identified using standard microbiological methods. The isolated fungi were in turn used for fermentation to determine their pectinolytic activity through solid state fermentation technique. Culture parameters such as incubation period, temperature, moisture content and addition of salts supplements were optimized during the research for five days. The identified fungi were Aspergillus Niger and Aspergillus flavus. The peak of pectinolytic activity was at day three of fermentation when the highest pectinase activity of 13.32 µmol/mg/min was recorded for A. Niger and 11.32 µmol/mg/min for A. flavus. Optimum temperature and pH for pectinase activity by A. Niger and A. flavus was at 40 0C and pH 7.5 and 7.7 respectively. The use of salt supplemented substrate did not alter enzyme activity. In conclusion, the isolated fungi could be promising organisms for pectinolytic enzyme production on grape peel as substrate.
- ItemIsolation, Identification and Screening of Lipase Producing Fungi from the Soil Environment of Ilorin Metropolis(2021) Abdulmumini et al. 2021This investigation was carried out to isolate, identify and screen for lipase producing fungal species present in the soil environment of Ilorin metropolis. Soil samples of approximately 200g each were collected randomly from eight different locations within the Ilorin metropolis for the investigation. Potato Dextrose Agar was used for the isolation of the fungal species by pour plate method. Six fungal species, Penicillium spp, Acremoniumspp, Mucors pp, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus nigerand Aspergillus flavuswere isolated and screened for their ability to produce lipases on tween20 and phenol red agar. The results obtained for lipase production on tween-80 and phenol red after 5 days of incubation showed that four isolates were positive for lipase production which was indicated by diameter zone of clearance and visible precipitate of calcium monolaurate due to the deposition of calcium crystal. The result further revealed that Aspergillus niger had the highest lipase producing ability (having a diameter zone of clearance of 14 ± 0.05 mm), followed by Rhizopus stolonifer (having 10 ± 0.05 mm). Aspergillus flavus and Mucor sp had 6 ± 0.03 mm, 6± 0.01 mm respectively. Acremonium sp. and Penicillium sp. had no zone of clearance. These results demonstrate the presence of lipase producing fungi in the soil environment of Ilorin metropolis,Kwara State, and these can be harnessed locally for large scale production of the enzyme which is of value commercially in the production of leather, detergent,textiles and also as constituents of some special diets and pharmaceuticals.
- ItemWater quality assessment and bacteriological evaluation of fishpond in Ilorin(Aswan University Journal of Environmental Studies, 2023) Aborisade, Wakili Tope; Ajao, Abdullahi Taiwo; Idemudia, Iyore BlessingGood water quality is essential for a productive aquaculture system and to safeguard the health of the consumer. We assessed the quality of fishpond water in Phase 1, Mubo-Royal Valley fish farm in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected in the 1st and 3rd weeks of fish breeding from three earthen and two concrete fishponds. The bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of the samples were determined in line with standard methods. Results showed that the pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) values were within the recommended range of the National Environmental Standard and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). However, higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) values above the NESREA recommended range were recorded in the 1st and 3rd weeks of sampling in earthen Pond 1 and Pond 2, respectively. The Nitrate (NO32-) and phosphate (PO42-) contents of all sampling ponds were within the acceptable values of NESREA in the 1st week of sampling. While significant (p < 0.05) increases in NO32- and PO42- were observed in earthen ponds in the 3rd week. Copper and iron (mg/l) values were higher than NESREA recommended range, while lead and chromium values were within the range. Bacterial loads varied with the period of sampling with significant (p < 0.05) increases in the population of heterotrophic bacteria and Salmonella-Shigella in the 3rd week of sampling. The nine bacterial genera isolated were Pseudomonas sp., Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Proteus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. All the isolates were present in earthen and concrete ponds except Proteus sp. and Streptococcus sp. were absent in concrete ponds. Pseudomonas sp. had the highest frequency of occurrence while Streptococcus sp. had the lowest. Regular monitoring of water quality parameters is recommended to prevent potential risks associated with potential pathogens in fishponds.