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- ItemSurvey of Sedge Weeds for Root-Knot Nematode in Arable Fields in a Southern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria(Weed Science Society of Nigeria, 2021-11-01) I. A. Garuba, J. A. Falola-Olasunkanmi, K. O. Affinnih and F.O. TakimNematodes are plant-parasites that cause alterations in the soils and affects crop performance. This study survey selected arable field for sedges and examine the population of root-knot nematode in soil and roots of selected fields. A total of 42 weed species belonging to 34 genera within 17 families were associated with Fimbristylis littoralis (33.65%), Cyprus esculentus (36.61%) and Cyprus imbricatus (21.34%). The results showed that the proportion of nematodes in soil was positively correlated with soil pH (r2 =0.80); nitrogen (r2 =0.90), calcium (r2= 0.91), organic carbon (r2 =0.96), organic matter (r2=0.95), magnesium and sandy textural class (r= 0.92), however, ti decreased with increasing clay, silt, sodium, potassium and available phosphorus in the soil. The study concluded, Cyprus esculents is the major host of root-knot nematodes and its survive and proliferate well in sandy soils and positively correlated with most soil chemical properties.
- ItemDiversity and composition of weed species in a continuously grown maize field treated with selected pre-emergence herbicides(Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Bulgaria, 2023-04-24) F.O. Takim1, J. Falola-Olasunkanmi, O. Osatuyi, I. GarubaThis study analyses the floristic composition of field weeds recorded at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm (008° 27’ 23.9’N and 004° 39’ 42.9’E) in the southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria during the 2019 - 2021 growing seasons. The area is characterized by a bimodal rainfall pattern with an average annual rainfall of 1227.85 mm and sandy loam soil (plinthustaffs). The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design and repeated three times in a field that had been continuously maize-cropped for 10 years. Treatments were preemergence applications of atrazine, metolachlor, and primextra at the rate of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 kg a.i.ha-1 and Weedy Check. Maize was sown and maintained using the recommended agronomic practices for ecology. Weed species composition was estimated using four continuous sample quadrats (0.5 m2) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sowing. The weed flora consisted of 48% broadleaves, grasses 45%, and 7% sedges. Between 2019 and 2021 there was a gradual shift from the predominant annual broadleaves to induced annual grasses and a reduction in the floristic composition of the weed community by approximately 2 - 28%. Fifteen (15) weed species were predominant and the most stable weed species were Richardia scabra, Digitaria horizontalis and Digitaria sanguinalis. This requires finding an ideal weed control option that controls the negative impact of agricultural weeds on crop after yield while maintaining a diverse weed community.
- ItemEFFECT OF WILDFIRE ON WEED FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND SOIL STATUS IN A TEAK (TECTONIA GRANDIS L.) PLANTATION AT ILORIN, NIGERIA(TARABA JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 2020-02-19) Felix O. Takim, Kehinde O. Affinnih, Judith A. Falola-Olasunkanmi, Ismaila A. Garuba and Oluwafemi O. OsatuyiTeak is widely planted for timber in the tropics, grown in botanical gardens as an ornamental for its large leaves and spreading flower clusters. The study was conducted on a Teak Plantation established in phases between 2008 and 2012 to examine the impact of wildfire on weed seedling emergence and soil nutrients at Ilorin within the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Soil samples were collected within three depths (0-10 cm, 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm) few days after the plantation was burnt by uncontrolled wildfire in 2016 and 2017. The weed seeds present were enumerated and soil properties analysed. Floristic weed survey was conducted on the teak plantation between May and November of each year. Results showed that Andropogon gayanus (18%), Tephrosia pedicellata (17%) and Senna obtusifolia (11%) were the most abundant weed species. Wildfire significantly (p<0.05) influenced weeds emergence. Twenty–five weed species were identified during the floristic weed survey. Twenty-two (22) % and 14 % of the identified weed species emerged on the burnt and unburnt field, respectively. Silt decreases while sand and clay fractions increased in the burn fields. Total N, organic C and available P increased in alternate years and depth of soil sampling. This result is valuable in aiding the prediction of likely weed infestations in a wildfire affected field, provide a valuable input in determining weed control strategy and soil nutrient management.
- ItemEFFECT OF WEED INFESTATION AND TIME-OF-DAY INSECTICIDE APPLICATION ON FALL ARMYWORM AND MAIZE YIELD(University of Ilorin, 2024-02-12) J.A. FALOLA-OLASUNKANMIMaize production is affected by several factors such as weeds, insects and most recently fall armyworm (FAW) causing low yields in Nigeria. This study therefore, examined the effect of weed infestation on fall armyworm and maize yield. The objectives of the study were to: (i) ascertain the presence of FAW in the study area; (ii) identify dominant weed species that were natural hosts of FAW; (iii) evaluate the efficiency of weed control methods on FAW infestation and maize yield; and (iv) examine the effect of time-of-day application of insecticide on FAW. Field trials were conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm during 2019, 2020 and 2021 seasons. The experiment was a factorial design with a split-split plot arrangement and replicated three times. Maize varieties (Oba-super 6 and Oba-super 4) comprised the main plots, time-of-day application of insecticide (9 am and 4 pm) constituted sub-plots while weed control (pre-atrazine, pre-atrazine+post-Nicosulfuron, pre-metolachlor, pre-metolachlor+post-Nicosulfuron and pre-primextra, 4 weeks of weedy, 3 weeks of weedy, and weed check) were the sub-sub plots. The field was ploughed, harrowed, and ridged; maize seeds were sown at a spacing of 1 m x 0.25 m to give 40,000 plants/ha. Data collected were weed host, weed density and biomass at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after sowing. Number of infested/harvested plants, yield and yield components of maize at harvest were subjected to analysis of variance. Significant means were separated using new Duncan`s multiple range test at p<0.05. Insect larvae collected from the maize plots were taken to the laboratory for preservation and identification using “four-dot’’ square on the 8th abdominal segment, body length and head capsule widths. The major findings of the study were: i. fall armyworm larvae with six distinct instars and 21-day developmental period were observed; ii. dominantnatural hosts of FAW in the study area were Digitariasanguinalias, Dactylocteniumaegyptium, Echinochioacrusgalli, Narcissus papyraceus, Commelinabenghalensis and Gossypiumhirsutum; iii. atrazine controlled 94% of broadleaved weeds and 6% of grasses, while metolachlor controlled 89.6 and 20.4% of grasses and broadleaves, respectively; iv. between40-47% low FAW infestation in delayed hoe-weeded and weed-checked plots compared to herbicide-treated plots and 16.5% increase in atrazine-treated plots; v. delayed weed removal for 3 weeks yielded 3.63 t/ha of grain yield, 36.9% and 9.4% increase over plots treated with herbicides once (2.29 t/ha) and twice (3.29 t/ha), respectively; and vi. time-of-day application of insecticide had no significant(p>0.05) effect on FAW and maize yield although plots treated at 4 pm had 3.08% increase in grain yield. The study concluded that prolonging the time of weed removal allowed the natural hosts of FAW to dominate, thereby reducing the level of infestation on the maize. The study therefore recommended that farmers should delay weed removal for 3 weeks to reduce FAW infestation and improve maize yield
- ItemASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) VARIETIES IN Striga INFESTED FIELDS IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION OF NIGERIA(University of Maiduguri, 2011-09-13) N.A. Gworgwor; M.A. Garba' and E.O. Imoloame; and E.O. ImoloameA field trial was conducted in two locations, at the Teaching and Research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri (1 1°50"N, 13° |0'E) and Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Technology Transfer Station at Gashua (12°56'N, 11°30'E) which are situated in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. The trials were conducted during the 2004 rainy season in order to assess the response of cowpea varieties to Striga gesnerioides infestation. The experiment consisted of 12 cowpea varieties as treatments viz: IT97K-568-18, IT98K-692, 1T97K-819-118, 1797K-205-8, ITOOK-1060, 1797K-499-35, 1797K-497-2, 1798K-205-10, IT97K-499-38, B-301, Borno brown and Dan' arbain. These treatments were laid in randomised complete block design (RCBD) and replicated 4 times. The data collected include, Striga shoot count, days to 50% flowering, number of pods/plant, number of seeds per pod and grain yield of cowpea. Results show that variettes 7797K-568-18 and IT00-1060 were tolerant to Striga gesnerioides as they supported significant higher Striga population and still produced significantly high grain yield. Variety 1T97K-819-118 was found to be resistant to Striga as it supported low Striga shoots and gave significantly high yield as well. The rest of the cowpea varieties gave low yields. The local variety Dan arbain was also considered tolerant as it supported significant high Striga population and gave high grain yields that were comparable to the maximum. Both the tolerant varieties, 1797K-568-18 and ITO0-1060 produced significantly higher mumber of pods/plant and number of seeds/pod and resulted in significantly higher grain yields which were comparable to the resistant variety, 1797K-819-118 in both locations and the combined mean. Cowpea grain yield was negatively correlated with days to 50% fowering but positively correlated with Striga infestation at 8, 10 and 12 WAS. Variety 1T97K-8/9-118 was found to combine the ability to resist Striga infestation with the production of higher grain yield comparable to the maximum. It could be recommended to farmers in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. The tolerant varieties should be improved upon through further breeding to be able to resist Striga while maintaining their potential for higher yields. Key words: Striga gesnerioides, copea varieties, resistance, tolerance, Nigeria.