Department of History and Heritage Studies
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- ItemA STUDY OF SELECTED PRE-COLONIAL POLITICAL ENTITIES IN THE NIGER-BENUE CONFLUENCE REGION OF NIGERIA(Department of History and Diplomatic Studies, Federal University Wukari-Taraba State., 2022-05-08) Hadizat Audu SalihuThe Niger-Benue confluence region is multi-lingual with diverse ethnic groups and political entities. The region is well known for its abundant natural resources such as navigable inland waterways, mountains and fertile soil. During the pre-colonial period, the area witnessed migrations of different groupsof people with varying socio-economic and political system into the area which increased the political diversity and activities in the confluence region. The study is aimed at examining some selected political entities in the Niger-Benue confluence area in other to assess their political structures and their impact on the region. The methodology employed in this study is the historical method of analysis which involved the use of both primary and secondary sources of information. The study revealed that there were dynamics in the political system operated in the Niger-Benue confluence region in the pre-colonial era which impacted other ethnic group's political structures and contributed to the development of the region before British colonial rule. The study concludes that the Niger-Benue confluence area like many regions in Nigeria had diverse political entities that have contributed to its development before, during and after colonial rule. It, however, recommends that political institution in the Niger-Benue confluence area is an integral part of its history which has to be studied in other to understand its metamorphosis, change and growth over time.
- ItemA STUDY OF SELECTED PRE-COLONIAL POLITICAL ENTITIES IN THE NIGER-BENUE CONFLUENCE REGION OF NIGERIA(Wukari International Studies Journal, 2022-10-19) Hadizat Audu Salihu
- ItemAfrican Isms: Africa and the Globalized World(Peter Lang, 2021-07-17) Kingsley Chinedu Daraojimba, Chinwe Beatrice Ezeoke, Hadizat Audu Salihu and Patrick Esiemogie I dode
- ItemAfricanism(Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York: US, 2021-01-02) Hadizat Audu Salihu; Daraojimba Kingsley Chinedu, Ezeoke Chinwe Beatrice, and Idode Esiemogie PatrickThis article examines Africanism, its meaning, theoretical underpinnings and applications. Employing a descriptive approach, the article begins with an introduction of the ideology—i.e. Africanism, its ideas and ideals that as the basis of culture and values, and the reason why Africanism was able to resist the onslaught for so long, despite the cross cultural interaction, and influence of westernization. Next, the theoretical basis of Africanism is discussed. After that, three related issues of Africanism are examined. In the end, it is demonstrated that Africanism helps to preserve Africa’s heritage and value system that are in consonance with its environment, either on the Motherland or in the Diaspora, and any way to displace it renders the community backward, and a suggestion for future research is made. Thus, the major questions that undergird the article are the following: What are the ideas and ideals of Africanism? What theoretical postulates undergird Africanism? What are some of the issues that are related to Africanism? How can Africanism be used to restore the culture and traditions of Africans on the continent and in the Diaspora, and be employed to address some of Africa’s contemporary traditional trials and cultural tribulations? Concurrently, the central thesis of this paper is that Africanism is quite viable for dealing with Africa’s present challenges. The substantive findings generated after the analysis suggest that the thesis is tenable.
- ItemAn Expose of Civilian Women (J.T.F) Combating Terrorism in Northeast Nigeria(Center for Kwararafa Studies, Kwararafa University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria., 2024-12-06) Hadizat Audu SalihuTerrorism in Africa is a 21st century phenomenon, most of which arose from religious fundamentalism in the continent. The Boko haram sect has perpetuated the most devastating act of terrorism in Africa especially in the North Eastern part of Nigeria where millions of lives and properties were lost. To combat the Boko haram terrorist, the Nigerian armed forces worked closely with civilian who are from the Northeast of Nigeria. Among the civilians are women who actively participate in combating the terrorist despite their traditional role in African sociocultural setting. The study explores the role played by women as members of the civilian Joint Task Force in North Eastern part of Nigeria and how they were able to defy all odds to combat terrorism in their various communities. Qualitative research method was adopted in the study as it entails the use of interviews (live story), oral information, text books, newspapers, the internet, magazines as well as audio and visual materials. The study reveals that, women are highly vulnerable and affected by the menace of the Boko haram terrorist whereby many were killed, kidnapped and used as sex slaves, suicide bombers as well as domestic slaves by the Boko haram terrorist. All these heinous crimes are perpetuated against women irrespective of age, religious inclination and status. The effects of terrorism are enormous on women and as a result have led to the determination of some women in the North East Nigeria to join hands and partner with the civilian JTF in the fight against Boko haram. The study therefore concludes that these women have used motherly instinct and resilience to perform actively as members of the civilian JTF and are as important as their male counterpart and are ready for any challenges and duties even as peace keeping forces with or without formal military training in tactics and decoy.
- ItemANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' ENROLMENT IN HISTORY SUBJECT IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ILORIN METROPOLIS(2013-06-06) Hadizat Audu SalihuThis study aim at bringing into limelight the enrolment of students into History subject in Senior Secondary Schools in Ilorin the capital of Kwara state. History subject has suffered a major setback in terms of enrolment of student which has resulted in low number of students studying history at senior secondary school level. Before independence History subject was made a compulsory subject by the colonial masters with the introduction of formal education because of the importance of the subject to both human and national development. In the late 20th, this important subject began to suffer low enrolment, especially after the introduction of subjects like government; this trend thus prompted research of this kind. In carrying out this research a survey research typology was considered most appropriate for the study, thus focusing on students' records as regards the study via collecting and comparing the number of students that enrol for History subject in the five schools (purposively selected) within the period of five years, that is, from 2005-2010. Five research questions were raised and three hypotheses were formulated. Simple percentages and average weighted scores (mean scores) were used to answer research questions and test hypotheses. The study however made some recommendations among which are that history should be made a lively subject that will attract students, furthermore, teachers handling the subject should be well motivated, recruitment of qualified teachers and provision of facilities to teach the subject such as good books in the school library and access to resource persons and places for easy understanding of the subjects by students.
- ItemConceptualizations of Africa.(African Studies and Research Forum Series. Springer, Cham., 2025-02-28) Hadizat Audu SalihuIn this chapter, I discuss the conceptualizations of Africa in the field of History, an academic discipline which many scholars have defined as the study of past events, people, and societies. It is the exploration of the past through the examination of written and non-written sources, artifacts, and other forms of evidence (Carr, 1961). The goal of history is to understand the past and to explain how and why things happened the way they did. The concept of History has evolved, with different approaches and perspectives. Traditional approaches to History focused on political and military events, while more recent approaches have expanded to include social, cultural, and economic aspects (Burke, 2008). Historians use a variety of sources to reconstruct the past, including primary sources such as letters, diaries, pictures, drawings, songs, chants, and official documents, as well as secondary sources such as textbooks and scholarly articles. They also use a range of methods, including qualitative and sometimes quantitative approaches, to interpret the evidence and draw conclusions to narratives (Gaddis, 2004). History has important practical applications in all fields of life, such as informing policy decisions, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting social cohesion. It also has intrinsic value as a way to understand and appreciate the diversity of human experience and the complexity of human societies (Bauer, 1948). Africa has been studied by many Western historians since the 1900s with misconceptions about Africa, such scholars are Hugh Trevor-Roper, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, David Hume, Hegel, E. D. Morel, and many other European scholars and colonial powers viewed African societies as primitive and uncivilized, with a culture and history that were inferior to their own.
- ItemConducting Research and Mentoring Students in Africa CODESRIA College of Mentors Handbook(Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2019-07-02) Hadizat Audu SalihuThis chapter introduces and describes 22 African-centered research methods. They range from the ancient Egyptian Rekh method to the contemporary Kwame Nkrumah’s Consciensist method. Together, these research methods offer a healthy corrective and/or augmentation to the preceding Western/Eurocentric methods for the scientific investigation of African phenomena.
- ItemCorohistory(Lexington Books, 2022-11-08) Hadizat Audu SalihuThe chapter traces the history of Coronaviruses before the outbreak of the COVID-2019 to isolate the latter variant's actual impact on the minds of people, also an overview of some of the pandemics that have affected the world shall be discussed to create a clearer view of the COVID-2019 pandemic in historical narratives.
- ItemDisintegration Cries across Nigeria: Symbols of Institutional Defects in Answering the National Question(Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 2022) Kewulere Olayimika WasiuThe amalgamations of 1906 and 1914 factorized emergence of the geo-political entity called Nigeria. Created from more than two hundred and fifty different ethnic groups, several kingdoms, chiefdoms and loose territories unanimously wear the gown of a nation. National question, however, has been a major issue in the Nigerian context. Since independence till present epoch, the nation has always had contending issues on ethnic, religious and political party representations and shares, thus, revisiting the national question. Allowing Lord Fredrick Lugard rest in peace, this paper looks beyond the problem of the forced unification of different groups into a nation. It x-rays the state mechanisms towards resolving the national question by mitigating the factors for disintegration cries. It discovers that the limitations of governance in Nigeria are the causes of reoccurring challenges of nationhood. The paper proffers ‘answers’ to national question and concludes that upholding one Nigeria, ruled with good governance mechanisms is the best option, while mutually agreed and peaceful secession is better than disintegration laced with warfare. The study adopts historical method. It presents its secondary sources with the use of analytical approach.
- ItemETHNICITY, ECONOMIC INJUSTICE AND PROBLEMS OF MASSIVE CORRUPTION CORRELATES IN EXPLAININGWHY GOOD GOVERNMENT ELUDES NIGERIA(Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), 2013-04-01) Hadizat Audu Salihu; Dawood Omolumen EgbefoThis paper is on ethnicity, economic injustice, and the problem of massive corruption and explains why good governance eludes Nigeria.
- ItemFolk Songs as Sources of History: An Analysis of Alhaji Odolaye Aremu's Ilorin Dadakuada Music(Department of History and International Relations, Veritas University, Abuja, Nigeria, 2023-01) Salihu, Otukoko IsmailFolk Songs as Sources of History: An Analysis of Alhaji Odolaye Aremu’s Ilorin Dadakuada Music By By Ismail Otukoko SALIHU, PhD Department of Religions, History and Heritage Studies, Faculty of Arts, Kwara State University, Malete salisma2004@yahoo.co.uk; ismail.salihu@kwasu.edu.ng Abstract In their endeavours to reconstruct and interpret the past, historians make use of various sources including oral, written, and material evidence. Over the years, they have had to rely on oral literature in order to understand and reconstruct events, particularly in non-literate societies where the art of writing developed very late. Such forms of oral literature as songs (Orin), proverbs (Owe), praise-names (Oriki) and poems (Arofọ) have, therefore, become part and parcel of traditional sources of history. These “oral and recitative” forms have been described as “a chief characteristic” of traditional history among the Yoruba. Hence, palace drummers and ballad singers were among the ‘professional oral historians’ used in traditional Yoruba society to ‘record’, ‘recite’, ‘preserve’ and transmit ‘history’ from generation to generation. Odolaye Arẹmu’s Dadakuada song (Orin) is one form of folk music that combines various forms of Yoruba oral literature (Oriki, Owe, Arofọ, etc.) With these forms, Odolaye did not only entertain and praise but also informs about past and contemporary events. Thus, issues in socio-economic and political life of the society are regularly subjects of Odolaye’s folk music. At both individual and societal levels, therefore, Odolaye’s songs contain historical information that is of importance in writing biography as well as aspects of socio-economic and political history. This paper seeks to identify, analyze, and draw attention to some of the historical values of the songs of the Dadakuada legend, late Alhaji Muhammed Odolaye Arẹmu.
- ItemFrom IWD to NIWA, impact on the development of Lokoja, 1956-2007(LAP Lambert Academic Publisher, 2015-12-12) Hadizat Audu SalihuThe study examines the importance of the inland waterways in Nigeria, especially Rivers Niger and Benue, which formed a confluence at Lokoja. The organization established by the government to manage the waterways and its impact on the socio-economic development of Lokoja since 1956-2007. A probe into the history of the inland waterways enables us to capture some of the changes or trends of event, that have taken place in its host community, especially Lokoja from the earliest time till the beginning of colonial rule in 1900. This is because, for any meaningful development in a community, state, and country, there are various contributions from different people, government, religious organization and natural phenomenon. The development witnessed by Lokoja can be categorized under the afore-mentioned contributors but the role played by the inland waterways is the trust of this study. Since 1902, the colonial government set up the Marine Department of Nigeria to overlook and manage the rivers and Lokoja was chosen as the headquarters of the Department up till 1914. In 1956, the Inland Waterways Department was created to continue the duties of Marine Department and ensure the navigability of the waterways. However in 1997, the IWD was transformed into NIWA and vested with Federal power and control over Nigeria inland water. Lokoja was also chosen as the headquarters of the Authority. These trends of event on the waterways have impacted the socio-economic development of the town. From the evidence adduced from the study, it is therefore clear that despite the presence of other organizations in Lokoja, the contributions of the bodies that managed the waterways cannot be undermined.
- ItemFROM RURAL GRAZING AREA (RUGA) TO NATIONAL LIVESTOCK TRANSFORMATION PLAN (NLTP): A MERE CHANGE OF NAME OR REINCARNATION(Lapai Journal of Nigeria History, 2024-11-01) Idris Ridwan TOSHO, Alkadriyar SHERIFDEEN and Mardiyat Hamzat JAWONDO 1Political and social instability in numerous African countries has exacerbated conflicts, particularly between farmers and herders, driven by resource competition and environmental degradation. In Nigeria, the escalation of farmer-herder conflict has led to widespread displacement, increased food prices and security challenges. Government interventions such as the Rural Grazing Area (RUGA) and National Livestock Transformation Plan (NLTP) policies have faced scrutiny, prompting a comparative analysis to evaluate their effectiveness and public reception. This study examines the RUGA policy and its alternative, the NLTP, in Nigeria using historical methodology and secondary data, including interviews and national newspapers. RUGA policy was introduced in 2018 to mitigate farmer-herder conflicts; the policy encountered significant opposition due to perceived socio-political implications and a lack of stakeholder consultation. It is argued that it favoured the Fulani ethnic group and could exacerbate ethnic tensions, eliciting mixed public reactions. In contrast, the NLTP aimed to modernise livestock management and enhance productivity through a phased transition from open grazing to ranching. Despite its comprehensive approach focusing on stakeholder engagement, conflict resolution, humanitarian relief and economic development, the NLTP also faced scepticism, with some perceiving it as a rebranded RUGA policy. Findings from the study underscored the significant public debate and resistance both policies generated and emphasised the complexities of addressing farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria. The study concludes that inclusiveness of stakeholder engagement, transparent communication, and addressing underlying socio-political concerns are necessary. It advocates for a balanced approach to promote sustainable livestock management practices across ethnic groups. Keywords: Farmer, Herder, Nigeria, NLTP, RUGA
- ItemFrom Traditionalism to Democratic Radicalism: A Re-examination of the Ilorin Talaka Parapo Phenomenon, 1954-1958.(Department of History & International Studies, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, 2014) Salihu, Otukoko IsmailFrom “Traditionalism” to “Democratic Radicalism”: A Re-examination of the Ilorin Talaka Parapo Phenomenon, 1954-1958 By Ismail Salihu Otukoko Department of History and Heritage Studies College of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences Kwara State University (KWASU), Malete e-mail: salisma2004@yahoo.co.uk Abstract The period of decolonization in Nigeria (1950-1960) was characterized by diverse struggles at various levels. Among the most noticeable developments during the decade are party politics, electoral, political and other forms of struggle for power as well as separatist and minority agitations. Within the defunct Northern Region, the Ilorin emirate was the first to experiment with democratic local government. It therefore had its own fair share of the emergent contestations. In Ilorin town, the headquarters of the Ilorin Emirate, the unfolding of the events associated with the emergent struggles revolved around the colonial reforms aimed at democratizing the local government, which started in the early 1950s. The reforms resulted in a struggle for the control of Ilorin between the hitherto privileged traditional ruling class and the underprivileged class of commoners. Within a period of five years, Ilorin was shaken to its very foundations by the phenomenal rise and fall of a commoners’ movement known as the Ilorin Talaka Parapo (ITP)—a movement that emerged as a champion of “tradition” but ended up as a major “enemy” of Ilorin traditional institutions and their interests. In view of the confusing signals given out by the ITP at its inception coupled with Ilorin’s peculiar circumstance both as a border territory between the North and South of Nigeria and as the only “Fulani Emirate” in Yoruba land, the ethnic conflict framework has dominated analysis of the rise and transformation of the Ilorin Commoners’ movement. Such framework, however, ignores the multi-ethnic composition of Ilorin town itself and of the membership of the Ilorin Talaka Parapo. This paper argues that the ITP was not essentially an anti-Fulani movement by Ilorin Yoruba groups; that the party’s initial commitment to tradition owed much to the local political situation in Ilorin town while its eventual advocacy for democratic radicalism was mainly a product of its transformation from a multi-ethnic based grassroots movement to a vehicle for Yoruba irredentism and ethnic nationalism that dominated the last decade of colonial rule in Nigeria.
- ItemGreat Books Written by Africans across the Academic Discipline(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2022-12-22) HADIZAT AUDU SALIHU & TOLULOPE SAMUEL AWOREFA
- ItemHistoricizing Climate Change and Environmental Degradation in the Niger-Benue Confluence Area of Nigeria(African Studies and Research Forum, 2024-11-06) Hadizat Audu SalihuSince the pre-colonial and colonial eras, the term commonly used to describe the phenomenon we now refer to as “climate change” was often called “global warming.” During that time, scientists and researchers primarily focused on the observed increase in global average temperatures and its potential impact on the Earth’s climate systems. The Niger-Benue region plays host to the confluence of the two main rivers in Nigeria which contributed to its fame and socioeconomic development since the pre-colonial era. The growth of the population, increase in agriculture, and construction of infrastructures during the post-colonial period contributed to the environmental degradation of the Niger-Benue Confluence region. These environmental concerns include land degradation, water pollution, deforestation, erosion, water pollution, flooding, and biodiversity loss. This article historicizes the effect of global warming and climate change in the Niger-Benue Confluence region which encompasses Lokoja and its environs. Flooding which has become a recurrent phenomenon in the region has led to the loss of many lives and properties, and an increase in crime rates. Using contemporary works and oral interviews, it is argued that despite the development that occurred in the region to forestall the effects of climate change, the region continues to suffer its devastating effects. Keywords: Climate Change, Environment, Degradation, Flooding, Niger-Benue Confluence
- ItemHistory(Cambridge Scholar Publishing, 2022-12-12) Hadizat Audu Salihu and Tolulope Samuel Aworefathis chapter discusses four great books written by Africans about History, a discipline that is as old as humankind which studies the past, either consciously or unconsciously recorded, and has contributed to the growth and development of civilization across the world. As a young girl, Hadizat Audu Salihu (one of the coauthors of this chapter) was fascinated with the documentaries and tales of past events shown on television and transmitted to her by her grandparents. She realized early on that the world in which we live is enshrouded by various past events that shaped our present realities which must be preserved and transmitted to the next generation.
- ItemIlorin and the Laderin Heritage: A Comparative Analysis of Some External and Internal Creations of Ilorin's Past(Department of History and International Relations, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2014-12) Salihu, Otukoko IsmailIlorin and the Laderin Heritage: A Comparative Analysis of Some External and Internal Creations of Ilorin’s Past. By SALIHU Ismail Otukoko Department of History and Heritage Studies, College of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences Kwara State University (KWASU), Malete E-mail: salisma2004@yahoo.co.uk Abstract Ilorin has been a coveted and contested polity. Indeed, contestation over Ilorin remains a phenomenon that continues to attract attention of all and sundry. Between c.1824 and 1836, the Old Oyo Yoruba violently, albeit abortively, contested the “Fulani” control over Ilorin—a contestation that ended in the military defeat and final collapse of Yoruba Empire. The central role, which Ilorin played in the collapse of Old Oyo and the 19th c. Yoruba civil wars, is identified as a major influence on early local writers of Yoruba and Ilorin history like Samuel Johnson and Samuel Ojo. It is also one of the main reasons for Yoruba irredentism and contest for Ilorin, which have continued until recent times and culminated in abortive attempts by the pan-Yoruba political party, the Action Group and its ally, the Ilorin Talaka Parapo, to transfer Ilorin to the Western Region in the 1950s. Recently, similar contestations culminated in abortive moves for “a Yoruba Oba” (so-called “Onilorin”) of Ilorin. A major feature of nearly all forms of contestation over Ilorin is the recourse to its early “history” and the tendency of contestants and commentators to explore new battle grounds and tactics including the print and electronic media—newspapers, leaflets, home videos and the internet. In all these, the traditional accounts of early Ilorin, especially those based on external sources have been central to such controversies as the so-called “Ilorin’s crisis of identity” and what is here termed “Laderin Heritage” created and imposed on Ilorin by Reverend Samuel Johnson.
- ItemIlorin Emirate: Some Aspects of the Consolidation, Socio-Political and Cultural Integration of a Multi-ethnic Community(Centre for Ilorin Manuscripts and Culture, Kwara State University, Malete, 2019) Salihu, Otukoko Ismail; Jimba, M. MahmoodThe chapter discusses various aspects of the processes of the establishment, consolidation, socio-political and cultural integration of Ilorin Emirate during the 19th century and the roles played by various historical personalities such as Shaikh Alimi, the early Emirs such Emir Abdulsalami (reigned c.1823-c.1836); Emir Shitta (reigned c.1836-c.1860), and scholars, warriors, chiefs, etc. of the nascent emirate. The processes of inward and outward movement of people brought about by the establishment of the emirate and its initial military successes, and their impact on the phenomenon known as "Ilorin n'ile l'oko" (that is, 'Ilorin both at home [i.e. in the city] and in the villages' are explained. Other aspects of the consolidation and integration of Ilorin discussed are the process of Islamization and the role of Islam and the Ulama' (scholars of the Emirate) and their roles in the day-to-day life of the community and in the unification and socio-political integration of the emirate; Oriki (praise poems and epithets) of Ilorin and the Ilorins; the Ilorin’s hospitality and accommodation of ‘strangers, etc. all of which made Ilorin not only a melting pot of peoples and cultures but also ‘a local Mecca’ for Muslims from within and outside the Nigerian area. Various socio-cultural avenues created by the Ilorin to promote regular social intercourse and continuous harmonious inter-group relations such as games, sports, traditional music and oral performances like Waka and Were, festivals, its unique Ramadan culture, place names, etc. are highlighted.
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