Faculty of Pure and Applied Science

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A Beacon for Dark Times Rethinking Scientific Evidence for Environmental and Public Health Action in the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 Era
(MAR Microbiology, 2020-11-01) Raimi Morufu Olalekan*, Moses Tuebi1, Okoyen Ebikapaye2, Sawyerr Henry Olawale3, Joseph Beatrice Oka4, Oyinlola Bilewu Olaolu5
As the COVID-19 pandemic emergence progresses and overwhelming healthcare systems, countries are reviewing their policies to protect those at increased risk of severe disease. These can be policies aimed at suppressing transmission in the wider population, vaccination (if vaccine becomes available) as the world anxiously awaits an effective COVID-19 vaccine that can be readily distributed. Until then, the priority is to reenergize countries to act rather than react. Even as the uncertainties of the COVID-19 crisis multiply, the aim must be to rebuild for the long-term protection i.e., explicit measures to protect people at increased risk by reducing interactions amongst people in danger, etc. The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has forced us to realize the fact that progress towards Sustainable Development Goals is threatened and fragile, as the numbers of people heading into poverty are now at increased risk of setbacks. It also stresses the need to strengthen the relationship between scientific evidence to protect the environment and public health. This requires an understanding of the importance of the interventions to address structural inequity, global health care and coverage, and comprehensive social protection schemes as part of the response. It is time to recognize that not all of us are at equal risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 and to work with stakeholders to formulate an effective response. This study presents evidence from studies informing policymakers about the number of individuals that might be at increased risk or high risk of severe COVID-19 in different nations. Therefore, there is a need to develop scientific evidence for rapid assessments of environmental and public health action in the era of coronavirus diseases, which should focus on different policies guidelines to prevent those at increased risk. Estimating the number of people at high risk of severe COVID-19 is important to help countries to design more effective interventions to protect vulnerable individuals and reduce strain on health systems. This information can provide and inform a comprehensive assessment of the health, social, and economic consequences of shielding different groups, suggesting the need to develop a longer-term Covid-19 management strategy
A Comparative Analysis of Semiparametric Tests for Fractional Cointegration in Panel Data Models
(Austria Statistical Society, 2022) Saidat Fehintola Olaniran; Mohd Tahir Ismail
Several authors have studied fractional cointegration in time series data, but little or no consideration has been extended to panel data settings. Therefore, in this paper, we compare the finite sample behaviour of existing fractional cointegration time-series test procedures in panel data settings. This comparison is performed to determine the best tests that can be adapted to fractional cointegration in panel data settings. Specifically, simulation studies and real-life data analysis were performed to study the changes in the empirical type I error rate and power of six semiparametric fractional cointegration tests in panel settings. The various results revealed the limitations of the tests in the nonstationary and low or high correlation of the residual errors conditions. Also, two of the test procedures were recommended for testing the null hypothesis of no fractional cointegration in both time series and panel data settings.
A Comparative Study on Zero-truncated Generalized Poisson-Lindley and Zero-truncated Poisson-Lindley Distributions
(International journal of Mathematical Archive (IJMA), 2017) Aderoju, S.A.; Jolayemi, E.T.; Ibrahim, A.O.
In this paper, Zero-truncated Com-binomial distribution was derived and investigated its behavior in modeling structurally non-zero data. The proposed distribution is characterized by two parameters, which make it flexible. The maximum likelihood method is used to obtain the estimators of the parameters through R-software. Two real-life datasets were used to evaluate its performance. The statistic (chi square goodness-of-fit) with the p-value shows that the proposed Zero-truncated Com-binomial distribution yields “a good fit”.
A DFT study of optoelectronic, elastic and thermo-electric properties of the double perovskites Rb2SeX6 (X Br,Cl)
(Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, 2023-04-29) Yahya, W. A.
Thermo-electric (TE) material applications reduce reliance on traditional energy resources by converting heat to electric energy. We have stud- ied, for the first time, the thermo-electric properties of Rb 2 SeX 6 (X Br,Cl). Using norm-conserving pseudo potentials in a plane wave basis set of Quantum Espresso code, the optoelectronic, elastic and thermo-electric properties of Rb 2 SeX 6 (X Br,Cl) have been investigated using den- sity functional theory. Generalized Gradient Approximation of Perdew Burke Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) and Generalized Gradient Approximation of Perdew Burke Ernzerhof adapted for Solid (GGA-PBESol) exchange correlation functionals were employed in all calculations. The band structure plots suggest that the studied double perovskites have indirect band gaps. Rb 2 SeBr 6 band gap values of 1.7574/ 1.569 eV (using GGA- PBE/PBEsol) are remarkably similar to that of two effective inorganic/organic perovskites FAPbI 3 and MAPbI 3 . Maximum peaks generated from refractive index results indicate possible solar cell uses of the materials because they are in the visible and ultraviolet ranges. The results of other optical properties such as absorption coefficients, electron energy loss, conductivity, and reflectivity concludes that Rb 2 SeX 6 (X Br,Cl) have good values for electron generation, high potential for applications in the optoelectronic industry and are semiconductor in nature. The calculated shear anisotropy values of Rb 2 SeBr 6 /Cl 6 are 3.09/1.71, suggesting that they are isotropic materials. With calculated Poisson’s ratio of 0.32 and 0.26, the materials are predicted to be ductile in nature. The two materials are appropriate for thermo-electric applications since their thermal to electrical conductivity ratio are small (the order of 10 −5 ). The calculated minimum values of Seebeck coefficient values of 0.198 × 10 3 / 0.166 × 10 3 (m V/K) at 750 K, for Rb 2 SeBr 6 /Cl 6 are positive, indicating that they have p-type conduction. Figure of merit values at all temperature range considered are greater than one (ZT > 1) for both Rb 2 SeBr 6 and Rb 2 SeCl 6 , suggesting that they are good thermo-electric materials. The results of the calculations provide the basis for the industrial application of Rb 2 SeBr 6 /Cl 6 as solar cells.
A GENERALIZED SCHEME FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS IN ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY THE RECURSIVE FORMULATION OF TAU METHOD
(2013-05) K. Issa; R.B. Adeniyi
The generalization of the recursive form of the tau method for both overdetermined and non-overdetermined ordinary differential equations of the initial value type is the main thrust of the work reported here. This will facilitate an automation of this variant of the method and consequently an efficient utilization of the technique. Results from the numerical experiment confirm the validity and effectiveness of the derived scheme.
A New Generalized Gamma-Weibull Distribution and Its Applications
(AL-BAHIR JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING AND PURE SCIENCES, 2023-03-10) Nihimat I. Aleshinloye; Samuel A. Aderoju; Alfred A. Abiodun; Bako L. Taiwo
In this paper, a New Generalized Gamma-Weibull (NGGW) distribution is developed by compounding Weibull and generalized gamma distribution. Some mathematical properties such as moments, R enyi entropy and order statistics are derived and discussed. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is used to estimate the model parameters. The proposed model is applied to two real-life datasets to illustrate its performance and flexibility as compared to some other competing distributions. The results obtained show that the new distribution fits each of the data better than the other competing distributions.
A New Generalized Gamma-Weibull Distribution and its Applications
(Al-Bahir Journal for Engineering and Pure Sciences, 2023-04-17) Aleshinloye, N.I.; Aderoju, S. A.; Abiodun, A.A.; Taiwo, B.L.
In this paper, a New Generalized Gamma-Weibull (NGGW) distribution is developed by compounding Weibull and generalized gamma distribution. Some mathematical properties such as moments, Renyi entropy and order statistics are derived and discussed. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is used to estimate the model parameters. The proposed model is applied to two real-life datasets to illustrate its performance and flexibility as compared to some other competing distributions. The results obtained show that the new distribution fits each of the data better than the other competing distributions.
A new generalized Poisson mixed distribution and its application
(Applied Mathematical Sciences, 2020) Aderoju, S.A.
A new generalized Poisson mixed distribution is proposed in this study called New Generalized Poisson-Sujatha distribution (NGPSD). The properties and application of the distribution are studied. The two parameter distribution is obtained by compounding Poisson distribution with a two parameter generalized Sujatha distribution. The distribution has a tendency to account for over-dispersion in count data. The first four moments, variance and coefficient of variation of the distribution are also obtained. The estimators of its parameters are obtained via maximum likelihood method using R-software. The goodness-of-fit of the distribution is compared with other distributions such as Poisson distribution (PO), negative binomial (NB), Generalized Poisson-Lindley (GPL) and a New Generalized Poisson-Lindley (NGPL) Distributions. It can be seen that the test statistic, AIC and BIC for the NGPSD are lower than those of competing distributions implying that the proposed distribution satisfactorily fits better to the data set.
A novel hybrid dimension reduction technique for efficient selection of bio-marker genes and prediction of heart failure status of patients
(Scientific African, 2021-05-02) Kazeem Adesina Dauda; Kabir Opeyemi Olorede; Samuel Adewale Aderoju
This study highlighted and provided a conceptual framework of a hybridized dimension reduction by combining Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Boruta Algorithm (BA) with Deep Neural Network (DNN). Among questions left unanswered sufficiently by both computational and biological scientists are: which genes among thousand of genes are statistically relevant to the prediction of patients’ heart rhythm? and how they are associated with heart rhythm? A plethora of models has been proposed to reliably identify core informative genes. The premise of this present work is to address these limitations. Five distinct micro-array data on heart diseases have been taken into consideration to observe the prominent genes. We form three distinct set two-way hybrids between Boruta Algorithm and Neural Network (BANN); Genetic Algorithm and Deep Neural Network (GADNN) and Boruta Algorithm and Deep Neural Network (BADNN), respectively, to extract highly differentially expressed genes to achieve both better estimation and clearer interpretation of the parameters included in these models. The results of the filtering process were observed to be impressive since the technique removed noisy genes. The proposed BA algorithm was observed to select minimum genes in the wrapper process with about 80% of the five datasets than the proposed GA algorithm with 20%. Moreover, the empirical comparative results revealed that BADNN outperformed other proposed algorithms with prediction ac curacy of 97%, 87%, and 100% respectively. Finally, this study has successfully demonstrated the utility, versatility, and applicability of hybrid dimension reduction algorithms (HDRA) in the realm of deep neural networks.
A Novel Variable Selection Procedure for Binary Logistic Regression Using Akaike Information Criteria Testing: An Example in Breast Cancer Prediction.
(Turkiye klinikleri, 2023-07-13) Oyebayo Ridwan Olaniran; Saidat Fehintola Olaniran
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide, with approximately 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths reported in 2020 alone. One critical step in developing effective classification and prediction models is variable selection, which involves identifying a subset of relevant variables from a larger set of potential predictors. Accurate variable selection is crucial for building interpretable and robust models that are not overfit to noise, leading to improved model performance and generalization ability. In this paper, we proposed an alternative objective approach for comparing two Akaike Information Criterions (AIC) that originated from two competing models, such that the magnitude of the difference is subjected to the statistical test of significance. Material and Methods: We developed a new backward elimination variable selection procedure similar in spirit to the existing “step AIC” within the environment of R statistical software. We used both simulated and Wisconsin breast cancer diagnostic datasets to compare the proposed method's variable selection and predictive performances with “step AIC” and LASSO. Results: The simulation showed that the proposed AIC procedure achieved higher variable selection sensitivity, specificity and accu racy when compared to stepAIC and LASSO. Also, the proposed AIC method's prediction results are relatively comparable with ste pAIC and LASSO at various simulated data dimensions. Similar supremacy results were observed with the breast cancer dataset used. Conclusion: The AIC-based variable selection approach pro posed is a promising method that integrates AIC with statistical testing for improved variable selection in breast cancer classifica tion and predictio
A rapid reversed-phase thin layer chromatographic detection protocol for adulteration in some edible fats and oils food formulation
(Federal University of Technology, Minna, 2021-05-24) Mustapha A.O, Adepoju, R.A, Fadipe V.O
The problems of adulteration in the vegetable oil and fat have been the major draw backs in the food products formulation, in spite of the various adulteration detection methods in different applications that have been reported. However, the detection tools that can be fast and reliable for the routine analysis necessitated the current work. The two groups of three different samples: vegetable fat containing sample (Blue Band, Golden Penny, La Prairie Classic) and animal fat containing samples (Kell Salad Cream, Crosse & Blackwell and Nola) was used for the purity check using the reversed phased - thin layer chromatographic (RPTLC) method of analysis were developed. The average Rf ratio of 0.95 and 0.92, found for the vegetable and animal fat groups were reported, respectively. The Rf = 0.03 difference between the two groups indicated the presence of sistosterol (plant sterol) and cholesterol (animal sterol), an improvement over color detection methods to screen oils and fats to ascertain purity.
A Study of the Use of Honey and Ethno-biological Components in Nigerian Trado-medical Practices
(2014) Ajao AM, Oladimeji YU, Babatunde SK, Obembe A
Trado-medical practice variously referred to as ethno-medicine, folk medicine, native healing, and alternative medicine, is an ancient and culture-bound method of healing used against various diseases threatening human existence and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of honey and other ethno-biological components in the treatment of different ailments in Kwara State, North central Nigeria. Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to collect information from 280 respondents (120 herb sellers and 160 trado-medical practitioners). The result revealed methods of remedies’ preparation such as infusion, decoction, maceration, extraction, squeezing, soaking, shredding, grinding/pounding, and drying while the mode of use include: drinking, chewing, licking, eating, and topical application. It was also observed that 20 plants and 6 animal products distributed across 18 and 5 families respectively were being used in combination with honey for the treatment of arthritis, toothache, cold, chronic cough, stomach ulcer, diabetes, wounds, hypertension, low sperm count, ear defect, rheumatism, malaria and infertility among others. The knowledge of trado-medical practices elicited could serve as a basis for further drug discovery, pharmacological research and bio-prospecting.
A Study of the Use of Honey and Ethno-biological Components in Nigerian Trado-medical Practices
(British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2014) Ajao, Adeyemi Mufutau; Oladimeji, Y.U.; Babatunde, S. K.; Obembe, A.
Trado-medical practice variously referred to as ethno-medicine, folk medicine, native healing, and alternative medicine, is an ancient and culture-bound method of healing used against various diseases threatening human existence and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of honey and other ethno-biological components in the treatment of different ailments in Kwara State, North central Nigeria. Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to collect information from 280 respondents (120 herb sellers and 160 trado-medical practitioners). The result revealed methods of remedies’ preparation such as infusion, decoction, maceration, extraction, squeezing, soaking, shredding, grinding/pounding, and drying while the mode of use include: drinking, chewing, licking, eating, and topical application. It was also observed that 20 plants and 6 animal products distributed across 18 and 5 families respectively were being used in combination with honey for the treatment of arthritis, toothache, cold, chronic cough, stomach ulcer, diabetes, wounds, hypertension, low sperm count, ear defect, rheumatism, malaria and infertility among others. The knowledge of trado-medical practices elicited could serve as a basis for further drug discovery, pharmacological research and bio-prospecting.
A two-step block method with two hybrid points for the numerical solution of first order ordinary differential equations
(2022-12-31) AbdulAzeez Kayode Jimoh; Adebayo Olusegun Adewumi
A continuous two-step block method with two hybrid points for the numerical solution of first order ordinary differential equations is proposed. The approximate solution in form of power series and its first ordered derivative are respectively interpolated at the point x = 0 and collocated at equally spaced points in the interval of consideration. The application of the method involves using the main scheme derived together with the additional schemes simultaneously to obtain the solution to the problem at the grid points. The analysis of the method and the results obtained from the examples considered show that the method is consistent, zero-stable, convergent and of high accuracy.
Ab initio Studies of the Structural, Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Zn1−xCrxTe
(2021-02) A. A. Audu; W. A. Yahya; A. A. Abdulkareem
Ab Initio Study of the Physical Properties of Cs-Based Double Perovskites Cs2 AX6 (A = Ge, Mn; X = Cl, I)
(2024-04-15) A.A. Yahaya; W.A. Yahya; A.S. Ahmed; A.A. Sholagberu
Device applications in magnetic media, spintronics, oxygen membranes, sensors, etc., are some of the uses of ferrite materials. In this work, we have studied the structural, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, and thermoelectric properties of Cs-based double perovskites Cs2 AX6 (A = Ge, Mn; X = Cl, I), using Quantum Espresso with generalized gradient approximation Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof and Perdew– Burke–Ernzerhof in solids exchange–correlation functionals. The band structure results show that Cs2 GeCl6 and Cs2 MnCl6 are semiconductors with direct band gaps. However, there are bands crossing observed for Cs2 GeI6 from the conduction band minimum to the valence band maximum, indicating the metallic nature of the material. Moreover, Cs2 MnI6 has magnetic properties; it exhibits a metal- lic nature in the spin-up state and a semiconductor nature in the spin-down state, suggesting that it can be used in spintronics applications. The calculated total magnetic moment of Cs2 MnCl6 is 3.0µB (for both Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof and Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof in solids), while for Cs2 MnI6 , the calculated total magnetic moments are 3.02µB and 3.06µB , for Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof and Perdew– Burke–Ernzerhof in solids exchange–correlation functionals, respectively. The results of the mechanical properties calculations show that Cs-based double perovskites Cs2 AX6 (A = Ge, Mn; X = Cl, I) are mechanically stable. Cauchy’s pressure and Poisson’s, Frantsevich’s, and Pugh’s ratios of the studied materials confirm that Cs2 MnCl6 is brittle, while the remaining studied double perovskite materials are ductile. Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficients, power factor, and figure of merit are the thermoelectric parameters analyzed in this study. Seebeck coefficients, electrical con- ductivity, and power factor increase with the rise in temperature, and Cs2 MnX6 (X = Cl, I) double perovskite materials have higher values of electrical conductivity than Cs2 GeX6 (X = Cl, I). All the studied materials have positive type conductivity due to their positive Seebeck coefficient values.
ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF NON-MOSQUITO INSECTS OF IMPORTANCE FOUND DURING MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE IN SELECTED RURAL HOUSES IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
(2021) Abiodun Obembe
ABSTRACT: Insects control interventions in rural communities usually focus on malaria mosquitoes, neglecting other inimical entomological species. This study gives an account of abundance and diversity of non-mosquito insects of importance found during Pyrethrum Spray Collection (PSC) of endophilic mosquitoes in two rural communities in Kwara State, Nigeria. Non-mosquito insects found during mosquito surveillance in the two communities between August and October 2014 were collected and identified. Webbing clothes moths Tineola spp and Phorid flies Megaselia spp represented at least 20% of the non-mosquito insect species collected in each community. Phorid flies (28.8%), clothes moths (28.2%), silverfish Lepisma spp (38.7%) and carpenter ants Camponotus spp (4.3%) were found in both communities. Association of phorid flies with human myiasis and potential economic damage the cloth moth and silverfish could bring to scarcely available resources such as clothing and starch-based materials call for the sensitization of rural community residents on the economic importance of these insects. Indoor residual spraying of insecticides which is usually conducted against mosquitoes may as well control these other insects. However, improved housing and living conditions remain the permanent solution.
ACIDIC LEACHING OF IRON FROM KAOJE GOETHITE ORE BY HYDROCHLORIC ACID: KINETICS MODELLING
(Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 2020) K. I. Ayinla*, A. A. Baba, S. Girigisu, O. S. Bamigboye, B. C. Tripathy, A. S. Ibrahim and S. O. Azeez
Considering the recent focus of the Nigeria Government to grow and develop the nation’s economy through the solid minerals sector reform, this study has been devoted to the kinetics of a Nigerian goethite ore by hydrochloric acid leaching for improved iron and steel industries applications. This study was performed in three different phases. In the first phase, acidic leaching of iron from a goethite ore was examined and the influence of the operating variables including: HCl concentration, leaching temperature, stirring speed and particle sizes was examined experimentally. The optimum condition was found to be HCl concentration of 1.81M, temperature of 80°C, 200 rpm stirring speed and particle size 0.09 µm for iron in the range of investigated parameters. Under those conditions, the highest iron recovery was obtained to be 95.67 %. In the second phase, the dissolution kinetics of iron was evaluated by the shrinking core models. The finding reveals that diffusion through the fluid was the leaching kinetics rate-controlling step of the iron. The activation energy (Ea) was found to be 14.54 kJmol-1 for iron. Equation representing the leaching kinetic of iron was achieved to be 1−2/3α - (1 − x)2/3 = 0.7272 × e−38.29/8.314×T × t. The final stage of the experiment was carried out by characterizing the leached residues by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the result showed majorly the presence of rutile (TiO2), anglesite (PbSO4), and traces of iron-silicate face like pyrite (FeS), quartz (SiO2)
Activities of a Cellulase of the Termite, Ametermes eveuncifer (Silverstri) Soldier: Clue to Termites Salt Intolerance
(Journal of Natural Science Research, 2015) Bamidele S. Fagbohunka, Samuel E. Edorh, Muinat M. Adeyanju, Esther N. Ezima, Mutiu A. Alabi and Olugbenga O. Ogunlabi
Table salt which contains predominantly NaCl is both toxic and lethal to termites and is therefore used to control the insect traditionally. In an attempt to find out a scientific explanation for this treatment and possibly design a pesticide for the destructive insect, we carried out some tests on the effects of NaCl (table salt), some other chloride and sodium salts on some important enzymes produced by termites. At 0.1mM concentration, all the chloride salts inhibited all the enzymes. Acid phosphatase and arginase were however mildly inhibited. Interestingly, some chloride salts were more potent than NaCl the conventional pesticide. The greatest inhibition was by the chlorides of mercury (81%), manganese (78%), and sodium (76%). The inhibitory effect was more on cellulolytic enzymes; β-glucosidase and cellulase than on detoxifying enzymes; 3-MST and rhodanese. Again, all the sodium salts tested inhibited cellulase drastically with most of them more potent than NaCl. Thus both the sodium and chloride ions contributed immensely to the inhibition. Form these discoveries, one of the chloride salts of mercury, manganese and sodium or a combination of at least two can be used as a pesticide for termites. Almost all the sodium salts tested or a combination of at least two can also be used.
Aeromagnetic and Resistivity Tomography Technique for Investigating Leakage Paths in Apodu Dam, Ilorin Sheet 201, Southwestern Nigeria
(THE NEXUS: A Publication of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria (Science Edition), 2021-12-31) Olawumi, H.B., Olatunji, S., Jimoh, A. and Abubakar, H. O.
The aeromagnetic and electrical resistivity tomography technique was used to evaluate the foundation conditions and stability of the Apodu earth dam located around Malete, Ilorin Sheet 201, Southwestern Nigeria. The Aeromagnetic data set was interpreted to identify dykes, lineaments, and magnetic sources controlling subsurface geology. The extracted lineament structures were employed to examine features controlling the distribution of surface and subsurface hydraulic substances cum stability of dam slope. Magnetic lineaments' length and parallelism in some areas suggested installation under a tensional stress field along pre-existing zones of weakness.Magnetic susceptibilities are not uniform in the area and were categorized viz: high, moderate, and low. The magnetic intensity range at Apodu dam is -644.19 to 285.40 nT. The northeastern part of the study area where the Apodu dam is located shows little or no sign of faulting and appears to be more stable structurally. Characterization of the Apodu dam subsurface for seepage appraisal using electrical resistivity tomography technique revealed that the dam is well compacted at the surface but with observed low resistivity values indicative of possible occurrences of weakness zones that are water-bearing in some areas of the dam embarkment body at depths of around 8m and 25m. These observed low resistivity zones indicating a water-bearing weakness zone were connected in RTM1 and RTM2, and a possible water pathway was established. This water pathway is indicative of a possible seepage pathway and adequate measures are expected to be made to arrest the situation. In conclusion, Apodu dam is situated in a geologically stable environment as deduced from the aeromagnetic study but its earth embarkment is suspected to possess areas with possible seepages zones as obtained from the electrical resistivity techniques of investigations. There is therefore a need to quickly remedy the dam earth embankment to ensure the longevity of the dam and avert possible failure.

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