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23. Olokooba S.M, Dr. Olatoke J.OAdvocating For Progressive Tax System as a Panacea to Economically-Induced Conflicts in Nigeria
(International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3 (5), 2013) 23. Olokooba S.M, Dr. Olatoke J.O, F.F. Abdulrazaq, Olatinwo K .Y
Security, Peace and Conflict management is now of global concern. Their effective management may lead to peace, human and material development, while their mismanagement may lead to chaos and crises. Conflicts are of various types, but the prevalent one rampaging Nigeria today is the economically induced conflict. Due to bad management of economy, un-even distribution of state wealth, embezzlement of state funds, conflict now becomes a phenomenon defies of common solution in Nigeria. Premised on this, this paper examines the basic principle of security, peace and economically-induced conflict vis-a-vis the progressive tax system. The paper raises issues on the Nigerian tax system, types and causes of conflict and the interrelationship between peace, security and conflict. The paper further examines the jurisprudential basis of using progressive tax system to manage economically-induced conflict and concludes that, progressive tax system could effectively be used to tackle economically-induced conflict in Nigeria. Keywords: Peace, Security, Economically-Induced Conflict, Progressive Tax System, Nigeria, Panacea, Advocating. 1. Introduction Security, Peace and Conflict are three major indices on developmental strives of most Afri
A case for the fusion of anti-graft agencies in Nigeria
(Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence, 2019-02-20) Sylvanus Abila; Abiodun Amuda-Kannike; Joshua Kprake
This paper interrogates the existence of several agencies in Nigeria and makes a case for the fusion of all anti-graft agencies in Nigeria as it is in some other developed countries in the world such as Singapore and Hong Kong. The paper further highlights the advantages of such a fusion with a conclusion and recommendations.
A Critical Examination of the Enforcement of ICJ Decisions through the Organs of the United Nations
(American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2018-06) Amuda-Kannike Abiodun SAN; Abila Sylvanus
The basis of the establishment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is that its decisions should be enforceable and binding on most Nations of the World, but it has been seen that in reality, the decisions of the ICJ over the years have become extremely difficult to enforce leading to the efforts in making sure the said decisions are enforced through several methods other than cohesive or military interference. As a result, it becomes necessary to involve the organs of the United Nations in the enforcement of the ICJ decisions in order not to make the ICJ a toothless bulldog. This contribution therefore examines the usefulness of the organs of the United Nations such as the Security Council, the General Assembly and Secretary-General office among others, in the enforcement of such decisions. It concludes by stating that the usefulness of the organs in the United Nations is not adequately in the enforcement of the decisions of the International Court of Justice.
A CRITIQUE OF NATIONAL RESPONSE TO SPACE ACTIVITIES: THE NIGERIA SITUATION
(Ebonyi State University Law Journal 9 (2), 2018) OLATINWO KHAFAYAT YETUNDE AND IGBAYILOYE OLUWATOSIN BUSAYO*
A REVIEW OF THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY AND ARMED CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
(2018) Amuda-Kannike Abiodun (Ph.D) (SAN); Abila, Sylvanus Elijah (Ph.D)
The paper takes an overview of types of conflicts recognized under international humantarian law, in the light of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. It commences with a background, the current state of national security in Nigeria which is followed by an examination of the concept of terrorism, its variants and how to handle it, the provisions of Article 3 of the Geneva convention of 1949, applicable international treaties, convention against torture and other issues dealing with cruelty, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners and punishment, the provisions of the convention on prohibition or restriction on the use of certain conventional weapons, which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects 1981, the provisions of the charter of the United Nation 1945, the provisions of the convention on the prevention of the crime of genocide 1948, the international committee of the Red Cross and their activities in armed conflicts, visitation to prisoners, care, awareness and a conclusion
ABERRATIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS TO GOOD GOVERNANCE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA.
(Al-Hikmah University Journal of Public and International law (AUJPIL) Vol. 1(1).125-140 Published by Al-Hikmah University Public and International Law Department, Ilorin, Nigeria., 2017) Ayinla-Ahmad Bilikis Ph.D*; HANAFI A. HAMMED, Ph.D*; MARYAM BAYERO-JIMOH; ADIO SALIU WAHAB, Ph.D
The study seek to examine the effects and aberrations of Constitutional provisions to the effectiveness of local government as the third tier of in the local government administration. The study relied on primary Federal Republic of Nigeria, textbooks, journals, newspaper and internet. The study revealed that the constitutional provisions relating to local government have wreck serious havoc to the effectiveness of local government as the tier of government in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that the Constitution should grant the Local Government the rights to conduct their own affairs ranging from conducting elections into the local governments, disbursement of allocations and other funds accruable to them from the Federation Account. Henceforth, local governments should be receiving their revenue allocation directly from the federal account and that the Joint State Local Government Accounts should be abolished. Human rights issues should be integral to development and there is need to strengthen the existing human rights initiatives and institutions that will have direct bearing on local people. Also local government must contained in. the New Partnership for Africa's Development/African Peer Review Mechanism declaration on democracy and good governance.
An Analysis of the Claims and Compensation Available to Victims as a Result of Damage in Outer Space.
(Department of Jurisprudence and Public Law, Faculty of Law, Kwara State University, Malete,, 2024-12-24) Olatinwo Khafayat Yetunde
The legal maxim ‘Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium’ is to the extent that it is expected that injured party gets remedy for the injury suffered. Unlike individuals cum domestic activities/legal system, to determine who is/are wrong in outer space activity, the result of damage, is quite dicey. Firstly, states are of course parties to space regimes as such expected to be actors in space activities to which one or many states jointly with international intergovernmental organisations can be the one conducting the activities (launching state) that led to the damage or even the injured party. Secondly, outer space with its activities is an international subject regulated majorly by International law, so that questions involving what amounts to damage, who can present a claim, the quantum of damages, determination of adequate compensation, parties to a claim amongst others are the subject of analysis in this article. To answer these questions, this article intends to examine the relevant International law i.e International Space law and Customary international law, on the claims and compensation available to victims of damage in the course of outer space activities, assess the adequacies or otherwise of the claims and compensation and profer recommendations where necessary. Keywords: Outer space, activities, damage, claims, compensation, victim
An Appraisal of Organ Transplant Legality and its acceptability: The Medical and Islamic Law Perspectives Revisited
(UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC AND COMPARATIVE LAWS VOLUME 4, No. 1. DECEMBER 2019, 2019) Ayinla-Ahmad Bilikis Ph.D*; Ayinla Lukman; AbdulRasaq F.F; Ibraheem-Gambari Ahmad
In contemporary days and as a result of advancement in science and technology, greater achievements and landmark breakthroughs have been made in medicine, particularly in the area of organ transplant to save precious life in deserving cases. Notwithstanding the success recorded, a lot of concern have been raised medically, religiously, morally and ethically as to the legality or otherwise of organ transplant. One other concern is in the area of illegal organ harvest that had shrouded the transparency of organ transplant; and by necessary implication, begging for lasting solution for the preservation of human life. This paper thus adopts the doctrinal method to provide answer to some of the questions raised while at the same time adopts analytical and comparative analysis in answering the questions on issues in organ transplant. The focus of the paper is on organ transplantation legality and its acceptability from the medical and Islamic perspectives, it is found that as useful and life saving organ transplant is, it must be done in conformity with the laid down conditions stipulated under Islamic Law, Medical ethics and other laws to avoid commercialization / trade in organ or illegal harvest of human parts/organs. Ultimately organ transplant must be done in such a lawful way to be in consonance with the objectives of Islamic law (Maqasid al-Shariah)
AN APPRAISAL OF THE NEXUS AND DISPARITIES BETWEEN ARBITRATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)
(NAUJILJ 8 (1) 2017, 2017) Ayinla-Ahmad Bilikis Ph.D*
Abstract Peaceful resolution of disputes through ADR mechanisms now seems to be the emerging trend. Globally ADR had since been accepted as a viable and veritable means of resolving disputes. However, there have been various arguments and controversies on what constitute ADR and whether it includes Arbitration. In Nigeria for example when ADR is mentioned the general perception and understanding of an average person is reference to Arbitration. Thus, this paper adopts the narrative as well as the comparative analysis to interrogate some perspectives to espouse the nexus, disparities and ultimately determine whether Arbitration is part and parcel of ADR or not. The paper shows and found that both mechanisms are geared toward peaceful and harmonious settlement of disputes.
An Assessment of Administration of Criminal Justice Process in the Magistrate Court
(Published in Al-Hikmah University Law Journal Vol. 5 No 2, Pg. 91-130, 2024) Ayinla-Ahmad Bilikis Ph.D*
In Nigeria the magistrate court handle most of criminal offences particularly the noncapital offences, Magistrate Courts as held in the case of Nuruku v. Police(1955)15W.A.C.A 23. Osasona describes Magistrate Court as the most important courts in terms of criminal justice administration because more than 90% of criminal cases commence in the court and 80% or more of those cases terminate at Magistrate Court level. This paper presents the process of administration of criminal Justice in the Magistrate Courts. It examines the process of administering criminal justice in the Magistrate Court and its challenges. The criminal justice process involves several stages which include arraignment, trial and discharge where no case submission is upheld. However, where no case submission is rejected, it goes to defense, address, conviction and sentencing if the defendant is found guilty. Where he is not found guilty, the defendant is discharged and acquitted. The paper examines the various processes by considering it in stages. The stages is broadly categorised into three; Pre-Trial Stage, Trial Stage and Post-Trial Stage.
AN EXAMINATION OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF INSTITUTIONS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION IN THE MAGISTRATE COURT, NIGERIA
(ANNALS OF THE “CONSTANTIN BRÂNCUȘI” UNIVERSITY OF TÂRGU JIU LETTER AND SOCIAL SCIENCE SERIES, 2024-02-01) Bilikis AYINLA-AHMAD
LEGAL FRAMEWORK IS VERY CRUCIAL TO ANY JUDICIAL DISPOSITION AS THIS CONSTITUTE THE BASIS FOR ANY OFFICIAL FUNCTION AND DETERMINES THE EVENTUAL CONSEQUENCE. THIS PAPER IDENTIFIES THE THREE BASIC INSTITUTIONS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION IN THE MAGISTRATE COURT. WHICH ARE THE LAW ENFORCEMENT, THE COURT AND THE CORRECTIONAL SERVICE. THUS, IT AIMS AT CRITICALLY EXAMINING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION IN THE MAGISTRATE COURT OF NIGERIA, THESE INSTITUTIONS ARE INDEPENDENT ON THEIR OWN BUT WHEN IT COMES TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION, THEY BECOME INTERDEPENDENT, EACH RELYING ON ONE ANOTHER TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENT CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION. THUS THEY BECOME ONE WHOLE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION. THE PAPER IN EXAMINING THE INSTITUTIONS EQUALLY IDENTIFIES THE RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF EACH INSTITUTION AND THE CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISCHARGE OF THEIR FUNCTION AS AN INTERDEPENDENT INSTITUTION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE. THE PAPER FINDS MAJORLY THAT IN THEIR INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION THEY LACK SYNERGY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE ACCORDINGLY FOR IMPROVEMENT AND AT THE LONG RUN ACHIEVING EFFICIENT CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION IN THE MAGISTRATE COURT
An Examination of Space Regimes on the Arbitration of Future Space Related Disputes
(Journal of Private and Property Law. Faculty of Law, PPLRUNLAW Review 2, 2023) KHAFAYAT YETUNDE OLATINWO, OLARIYIKE DAMOLA AKINTOYE & SHUAIB ONIYE
Attendant in the use of space resources is the inevitable rancor which may arise due to situations seen and unforeseen. Seen in the sense of present day realities or occurrence ranging from space related contracts, satellite collision, debris fallout to territory not of the launching state, detection of fragment of space object in a foreign territory etc. Unforeseen in the sense of the future projection of use of space resources for tourism, envisaged privatisation and commercialisation of space resources and space travel. Soon private individuals would be able to jet to outer space for tourist purpose and just like we have airports, space transport operations will take the lime light. Inherent in this future projection of space utility is the high possibilities of disputes or issues that man has not comprehended, at least, for now. Outer space regimes adopts arbitration as one of the various means of space dispute resolution and this has been applied in series of space disputes such as the COSMOS 954 between Canada and Soviet Union, Cosmos 2251 between Russia and US, Eutelsat S.A. v. United Mexican States, etc. International arbitration is the most fancied means of resolving commercial disputes. Hence, its favour for space disputes. The question is, do the major international space treaties foresee the emerging and future developments as regards the use of space as to accommodate disputes that may arise from them to be arbitrable? The intention of this paper is to put its pro-active mind and fast forward same into the projected future space disputes, analyse same and discuss whether such disputes are projected as subject of arbitration in the provisions of space treaties. A qualitative legal research methodology is adopted; and at the end of the paper, appropriate recommendations shall be made based on the findings. Keywords:Outer Space, arbitrability, space disputes, resolution, space regimes
AN EXAMINATION OF SPACE REGIMES ON THE ARBTRATION OF FUTURE SPACE RELATED DISPUTES
(Journal of Private and Property Law. Faculty of Law, PPLRUNLAW Review 2, 2023-08-09) KHAFAYAT YETUNDE OLATINWO, OLARIYIKE DAMOLA AKINTOYE & SHUAIB ONIYE
Attendant in the use of space resources is the inevitable rancor which may arise due to situations seen and unforeseen. Seen in the sense of present day realities or occurrence ranging from space related contracts, satellite collision, debris fallout to territory not of the launching state, detection of fragment of space object in a foreign territory etc. Unforeseen in the sense of the future projection of use of space resources for tourism, envisaged privatisation and commercialisation of space resources and space travel. Soon private individuals would be able to jet to outer space for tourist purpose and just like we have airports, space transport operations will take the lime light. Inherent in this future projection of space utility is the high possibilities of disputes or issues that man has not comprehended, at least, for now. Outer space regimes adopts arbitration as one of the various means of space dispute resolution and this has been applied in series of space disputes such as the COSMOS 954 between Canada and Soviet Union, Cosmos 2251 between Russia and US, Eutelsat S.A. v. United Mexican States, etc. International arbitration is the most fancied means of resolving commercial disputes. Hence, its favour for space disputes. The question is, do the major international space treaties foresee the emerging and future developments as regards the use of space as to accommodate disputes that may arise from them to be arbitrable? The intention of this paper is to put its pro-active mind and fast forward same into the projected future space disputes, analyse same and discuss whether such disputes are projected as subject of arbitration in the provisions of space treaties. A qualitative legal research methodology is adopted; and at the end of the paper, appropriate recommendations shall be made based on the findings. Keywords:Outer Space, arbitrability, space disputes, resolution, space regimes
An Expert Legal Analysis of Article XI of the Outer Space Treaty (Status and application of the five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, and ways and means, including capacity building, to promote their implementation.
(United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs., 2026-04-15) Franziska Knur, Scarlet O’Donnell, Neha Dagley, Sanchi Dhamija, Farah Diya Yasmine, Tate Few, Radhakrishnan Mahalingam, Larry Martinez, Rhoda Obi-Adigwe, Maria A. Pozza, Mila Spence, Mary-Christine Sungaila, Beauler Wozhele, Khafayat Yetunde Olatinwo,
The International Institute of Space Law (IISL) is a non-governmental organization dedicated to promoting the rule of law in outer space. IISL holds permanent observer status with the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (the Committee) and has been supporting the work of the Committee’s Legal Subcommittee through various efforts, including the organization of the Annual Space Law Symposium in collaboration with the European Center for Space Law of the European Space Agency. The purpose of this paper is to present an expert legal analysis of Article XI of the Outer Space Treaty (OST), particularly focusing on current practices, gaps, ambiguities and barriers to the provision’s implementation, with a view to supporting relevant discussions within the Committee’s Legal Subcommittee, including within the Working Group on the Status and Application of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space (WG TRE).
An Overview of Human Rights Concerns Raised by the Response to Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria.
(Current Issues in Law, Justice and Society: Essays in Honour of Justice Sulyman D. Kawu O.F.R,: Chief Judge of Kwara State, 2023) Olariyike Damola Akintoye, Shuaib Oniye & Khafayat Yetunde Olatinwo
In response to the threat occasioned by the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic,the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, came up with regulations and directives, derogating or restricting some human rights provisions already entrenched in the countries 1999 Constitution(as amended), such as; right to the dignity of the human person, in section 34, right to Personal liberty in section 35, right to freedom of association in section 40, right to freedom of movement in section 41 and right to private and family life, as found in section 37. Even though the same Constitution allows some restrictions and derogation from fundamental rights in Section 45 (1)-(3) it is the intention of this paper to identify the discriminatory application of the restrictive measures introduced at various levels to curb the spread of Covid-19. In achieving this intention, the paper also examines the Infectious Disease Control Act, 2021. KEY WORDS: Human Rights, Covid-19 Pandemic, derogation, restrictions, policies
AN OVERVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS RAISED BY THE RESPONSE TO THE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA
(Current Issues in Law, Justice and Society: Essays in Honour of Justice Sulyman D. Kawu O.F.R,: Chief Judge of Kwara State, 2023-08-09) Olariyike Damola Akintoye, Shuaib Oniye & Khafayat Yetunde Olatinwo
Repository logo Management New Pin sidebar Repository logo (current) Communities & Collections All of DSpace Statistics Home Faculty of Law Department of Jurisprudence and Public Law Scholarly Publication An Overview of Human Rights Concerns Raised by the Response to Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria. An Overview of Human Rights Concerns Raised by the Response to Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria. dc.contributor.author Olariyike Damola Akintoye, Shuaib Oniye & Khafayat Yetunde Olatinwo dc.date.accessioned 2023-08-09T21:04:53Z dc.date.available 2023-08-09T21:04:53Z dc.date.issued 2023 dc.description.abstract In response to the threat occasioned by the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic,the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, came up with regulations and directives, derogating or restricting some human rights provisions already entrenched in the countries 1999 Constitution(as amended), such as; right to the dignity of the human person, in section 34, right to Personal liberty in section 35, right to freedom of association in section 40, right to freedom of movement in section 41 and right to private and family life, as found in section 37. Even though the same Constitution allows some restrictions and derogation from fundamental rights in Section 45 (1)-(3) it is the intention of this paper to identify the discriminatory application of the restrictive measures introduced at various levels to curb the spread of Covid-19. In achieving this intention, the paper also examines the Infectious Disease Control Act, 2021. KEY WORDS: Human Rights, Covid-19 Pandemic, derogation, restrictions, policies
ANALYSING MARITIME ACTIVITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE VUNERABILITY FROM JURISPRUDENCE OF ISLAMIC LAW
(2026-04-23) Kudirat Abdulkareem; Ahmed A. Muhammed-Mikaaeel; Halimat Tope Akaje PhD; Khadijat Kamaldeen Ibrahim-Eletu; Khairat Eletu
There are abundant natural resources on the sea are for human exploration for the benefits of humanity. However, during their explorations, certain hazards came to the fore which cause harm to humanity. This brings to the fore the recurrent debates on maritime activities and climate change vulnerability culminating into both international and national regimes for regulations and control. Despite these regimes, maritime activities continue to occasion climate change vulnerability. Against this backdrop, this study explores the discussions on the subject matter from the lens of Islamic jurisprudence. Hence, the study analyses the maritime activities and climate change vulnerability from the jurisprudence of Islamic law via reliance on the doctrinal method of data collection. The study finds that maritime activities which caused climate change vulnerability are forms of corruption on earth (fasad fil ard) which Allah frowns at. The study finds further that principles of Islamic law and maqasid Shari'ah forbid all forms avoidable harms caused via the maritime activities by human explorations of the sea. The study finds further that the current legal regimes for the control of maritime activities faces a number of challenges. The study recommends tackling the problems emanating from maritime activities through internalisation of the maqasid Shari'ah models of protections of life (nafs), wealth (mal) and future generations (nasl) amongst others.
Analysing the Workings of ITSO and IMSO in Ensuring Equal Access to Space Exploitation
(Department of Commercial and Property Law, Faculty of Law, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Akwa, Anambra State,, 2025-02-25) Khafayat Olatinwo & Oluwadunsin Omotoso
The equitable exploitation of outer space has become a central preoccupation of international space law. Intergovernmental organisations such as the International Telecommunications Satellite Organisation (ITSO) and the International Mobile Satellite Organisation (IMSO) were created to translate the legal principles of equality, universality, and non-discrimination into practical mechanisms for global satellite communication. Drawing authority from the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the Outer Space Treaty) and the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the Moon Agreement), both organisations exemplify cooperative approaches to the peaceful use of space for the benefit of all humankind. This article, by doctrinal approach, examines the operations of ITSO and IMSO in guaranteeing fair access to satellite technology, analyses their institutional achievements and operational challenges, and proposes legal and policy recommendations to enhance equitable participation by developing states. It argues that the mandates of both organisations remain vital to fulfilling Sustainable Development Goals 9 and 17, which emphasise innovation, infrastructure, and partnership. The study concludes that sustained multilateral collaboration, supported by an adaptive legal framework, is indispensable for ensuring that the benefits of outer-space exploitation are shared globally. Keywords: Organisation, Efforts, Equitable, Access. Space, Resources
ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ON TERRORISM AND HUMAN RIGHT PROTECTION VIS-À-VIS NIGERIA LEGAL TERRAIN
(Department of International Law Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria, 2020-01-03) Shuaib Oniye
The most pressing concerns facing current generation across the universe is the geometric rise in the incidence and notoriety of terrorism and terrorist activities. This has culminated into the emergence of International human rights standards owing to the obligation to control the violent and extreme behaviour. It is not gainsaid that Nigeria, as a sovereign State, has also launched a campaign against terrorism. While the response of Nigeria to combat terrorism has been applauded; the incessant human rights violation by the security personnel championing the fight against terrorism remains problematic. To this end, this paper analyses international legal instrument on terrorism, protection against violation of human rights while fighting terrorist and what the Nigeria stand to benefit from it. The paper posits that there are adequate provisions to curb the spread of terrorism in the various international legal instruments and domestic legislations on the issue, but lack of political will on the part of government remains the ultimate challenge. The paper recommends enforcement paradigm of the existing legal framework on terrorism and human right protection in Nigeria.
Analysis of the Legal Regimes of Outer Space on Ownership of Space Object
(KWASU Law Journal 3 (1), 2022) Olatinwo Khafayat Yetunde & Akintoye Olariyike Damola
Unlike the regime of sovereignty on earth, outer space is a no man’s land. The pristine environment is neither subject nor capable of being owned, hence, the non-appropriation status provided by the major space laws regulating human activities in space. The determination of the international community that the environment of space and its resources are to be used for the benefit of mankind informed stricter provisions in the Moon Treaty of 1979 with respect to the principle of common heritage of outer space. It therefore means that Outer Space and its natural resources do not belong to anybody be it states, individual (juristic or natural), inter-governmental organisation etc. Again, ownership of real property, in this regard, space object, on earth undoubtedly resides in the person with title whether as a result of manufacture, sale or transfer. Outer place is a different clime with its special regimes. What then is the status of a space object launched to outer space? Is the non-appropriation regime in space applicable to whatever object that is also launched into the environment from the earth notwithstanding its status on earth? The intention of this paper is to discuss the attitude of the international legal regimes on space on ownership of objects or real property launched into space. KEYWORDS: regimes, ownership, object, outer space, launch

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