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M-Learning in Nigerian Universities: Challenges and Possibilities
(2012-05) Titus A. Umoru, Phd. & Okeke, A. U., Phd,
M-learning is constantly opening paths that are transforming our way of living, learning and communicating. M-learning has significantly diminished barriers, especially, of distance and space, as a result of which lectures can now be delivered for the benefit of people across countries and continents. This is what globalization aims at achieving – to bring about increasing relationships of culture, people and economic activity. The university students in Nigeria could pursue the goal of achieving a range of experiences offered by m-learning and become competent. Obviously, the use of mobile and portable devices for learning has capabilities to inspire new approaches to learning. The possibilities are limitless and need to be fully explored. This paper fully exposed the kinds of interactions which students in Nigerian universities could exploit using various mobile technologies that have also been fully treated in this work. Even though the challenges of adopting m-learning in Nigerian universities are enormous, it is expected that the first step for the university administrators and teachers would be the modification of the existing curriculum to cater for the context of learning which refers to the learner and the environment. We believe that the demand for graduates with m- learning skills would increase and this represents a unique way of tackling unemployment in Nigeria.
Barriers To The Use Of Information And Communication Technologies In Teaching And Learning Business Education
(2012-09) Titus A. Umoru, PhD
Education is an instrument “per excellence” for national development. Business education is one of the programs run in about 117 universities in Nigeria. It was believed that business education has the capacity to bring about the required development since it is a course of instruction aimed at inculcating in the youth the skills, attitudes and competencies which are necessary to empower them to be gainfully engaged so that they will be useful citizens and contribute to the development of Nigeria and the society. However, there seemed to be gaps between the nation’s educational objectives and their realization. The obvious indicators to this fact are poor skills of graduates who cannot fit into the office of today, unemployment, poverty and underdevelopment of the country. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) where properly utilized is capable of making the difference in empowering the students with the needed skills, attitudes and competencies. This study explored the barriers to the use of ICTs in teaching and learning business education. The researcher constructed 15 questionnaire items from research reports relevant to the study. The questionnaire was validated using Cronbach Alpha which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.78. A total of 256 questionnaire items were administered to 202 business educators and 54 students of business education respectively from Universities offering business education in Nigeria and all of which were completed and retrieved. The Research Question “what are the barriers to the use of ICTs in teaching and learning business education in Nigeria?” was answered using mean rating and standard deviation. The Hypothesis of no significant difference in the mean responses of business educators and business education students from universities regarding barriers to the use of ICTs in teaching and learning business education was tested using student T-test. The study revealed that all the constructs, except one, constituted barriers to the use of ICTs in teaching and learning business education in Nigeria universities. it was concluded that the revealed barriers be tackled by the government, the university authorities, the teachers and the students so that the university environment would be repositioned to play its role of empowering the youth with the skills, attitude and competencies needed for Nigeria’s development.
THE CHALLENGES OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED CATASTROPHES IN NIGERIA
(2013) Titus A. Umoru & A.U. Okeke
This article focuses on the challenges of technical and vocational education in mitigating climate change induced catastrophes in Nigeria. The concepts of climate change and related areas were discussed in the paper including the causes and effects of climate, as well as, issues of prevention, preparation and adaptation processes. The roles that technical and vocational education may play in preparing citizens to prevent, adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change are presented. These include technical assistance; conducting research with a view to improve the quality of predictions of future changes to regional and environmental conditions; and changing the attitudes of citizens through education and public enlightenment to achieve a balance between ethics and the management of the environment. In light of these issues, the authors view technical and vocational education as an effective and significant tool in ameliorating the effects of climate change. It is recommended that technical and vocational education practitioners use their understanding of science and technology to deal with challenges posed by climate change in Nigeria.
Values-based Business Education for Empowerment, Self-Reliance and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria
(2013-08-04) Titus Amodu Umoru
This study centered on values-based business education for empowerment, self-reliance and poverty reduction in Nigeria. The study identified 30 critical values business education students need to possess. 192 questionnaire items were constructed after careful review of literature (Njoku, 2007 and Living Values Education, 2013) and administered them to 170 year I to 4 business education students, College of Education, and 22 lecturers of College of Education, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. All the respondents completed and returned their questionnaire. One research question, “what are the values required by business education students for empowerment, self-reliance and poverty reduction in Nigeria?” was answered using mean and standard deviation. One hypothesis, “Lecturers and students do not differ significantly in their views regarding values required for empowerment, self-reliance and poverty reduction in Nigeria” was tested using t-test statistics. It was found that students need to possess these identified values in order to be empowered for self-reliance, and poverty reduction in Nigeria. It was recommended, among others, that all the identified values be learned along-side business education subjects so that business education graduates will not only imbibe these values but also exhibit those values in real life situations
Impediments to Quality Research in Business Education in Nigeria Tertiary Institutions
(2013-12-17) Titus A. Umoru
Research is a systematic investigation towards increasing the sum of human knowledge. Research in business education is aimed at increasing knowledge in the discipline and providing solutions to problems relating to curriculum, program evaluation and overall improvement in the teaching and learning process. There is no doubt that very high quality research in business education would lead to improvement in educational practice which Nigeria needs direly in order to break into the bracket of the twenty most developed economies in the year 2020. This study explored the impediments to the quality of business education research in Nigeria tertiary institutions. The researcher constructed 32 questionnaire items from research reports relevant to the study. The questionnaires were validated using Product Moment Coefficient which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.81. A total of 159 questionnaire items were administered on 96, 38 and 25 business educators from Colleges of Education, Polytechnics and universities in Nigeria respectively and all the questionnaires were completed and retrieved. The Research Question “what are the impediments to the quality of business education research in Nigeria tertiary institutions?” was answered using mean rating and standard deviation. The Hypothesis of no significant difference in the mean responses of business educators from Colleges of Education, Polytechnics and Universities regarding the impediments to the quality of business education research was tested using Analysis of Variance. The study revealed that all the constructs studied constituted impediments to the quality of business education research in Nigeria tertiary institutions. It was recommended, among others, that researchers in the field of business education should ensure that only quality information is used in the research process so that research results would significantly influence changes in the directions desired.
Empowering Business Education Students through Effective Utilization of M-Learning Technologies
(2014) Titus A. Umoru,
A descriptive survey design was used in this study. A survey of business teachers and students in Nigerian universities was carried out to collect data on their opinion on whether effective utilization of m-learning technologies empowers students’ job skills. The population of the study consisted of 450 business education students in 300 level classes from ten universities in Nigeria. Thirty students from each university were randomly selected. There was no sampling of the teachers. A questionnaire was used to gather data. Data was analyzed with means and standard deviation to answer the research question, while the t-test statistics were employed to test the hypothesis. The study found that teachers and students agreed that, when effectively utilized, these technologies can empower students’ job skills. It therefore implies that m-learning technologies need to be used while teaching business education. Unfortunately, the benefits of these m-learning technologies are not fully realized due to non-availability, lack of skill to use, and infrastructure decay.
BARRIERS TO INTEGRATION OF WEB 2.0 TECI-NOLOGIES IN TEACHING/LEARNNG OF BUSINESS EDUCATION COURSES NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES
(Association of Business Educators of Nigeria., 2014) Mamman, J.S., & Nwabufo, B.N
This paper examined the barriers of integrating web 2. O technologies in the teaching/learning of business education courses in Nigeria Universities. The paper sought answers to the research question "what are the barriers of integrating web 2.0 technologies in the teaching/learning of business education courses in Nigeria Universities? Descriptive survey research design was used for the study. A sample of 121 students was used for the study while all the 21 lecturers were used as the number was sizeable for the researcher to handle. Barriers to the Integration of Web 2.0 Questionnaire (BIWQ) with a split half reliability of 0.89 was used to collect data from the respondents. A total of 142 copies were administered altogether and 138 copies were retrieved and used for the study. Mean, standard deviation and ranks were used to analyse the data collected to answer the research question. Independent t-test statistic was used to test the null hypothesis at O. 05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that all the items except just two items constitute barriers to the integration of web 2. O technologies in the teaching/learning of business education courses in Nigeria universities. It was concluded that graduates of business education would not be able to acquire the needed skills and competencies to be able to function effectively in the 21st world of work because of the inherent barriers to the integration of web 2.0 technologies in the teaching/learning of business education courses. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that; there is the need for Business educators to revised and develop Business Education curriculum to deploy ICT application effectively and they should be specifically designed to fit the emerging Web technologies.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: A PANACEA FOR CURBING GRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
(the International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences (IISES), 2015) 24. Nwabufo, B.N., & Mamman, J.S.
The biggest challenges of Nigeria today are youth unemployment. Nigeria, being the giant of Africa has the largest number of youths who are yet to be properly mobilized and empowered for gainful economic activities. This can only be tackled through entrepreneurship education which involves teaching and learning of the needed skills and knowledge that equip one to become self-reliant through being an effective and successful initiator, manager, innovator and risk bearer of business undertakings. Unemployed youths should be encouraged to acquire skills that will be applied to economic activities on graduation from requisite compulsory training while those who are still in school should be made to offer entrepreneurship courses that would prepare them to embark on small and medium-scale enterprises, which have significant roles to play in the development of any economy. Therefore, this paper discusses entrepreneurship education and unemployment reduction in Nigeria, problems facing entrepreneurship education and its graduate and ways of addressing this problem so that our national and human resources will be properly employed for economic emancipation, so as to turn our youths into job creators and not job seekers.
Influence of new technologies on the teaching of Business Education courses in Tertiary Institutions in Kwara State
(Nigerian Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED), 2016) Ogundele Israel Segun; Lawal Lasun
The study investigates the influence of new technologies on the teaching of business education courses in tertiary institutions in Kwara state. Two research questions and one hypothesis guide the conduct of the study.Descriptive survey research design was used for the study. A total of 37 business education lecturers in the public tertiary institutions in Kwara state was selected. A questionnaire with Cronbach reliability of 0.70 was the instrument used for data collection. Percentages mean score was used to analyze the research questions while t-test was used to analyze the hypothesis. The result of the data collected and analyzed indicated that lecturers have access to the new technologies for teaching of business education courses. The result of the test of the null hypothesis showed no significant difference in the mean rating of respondents. It was concluded that new technologies have a positive influence on the teaching of business education courses. It was recommended among others that institutional administrators should encourage business teachers through sponsorship to acquire knowledge and skills in the area of new technologies.
UTILIZING NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PREPARATION OF BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDENTS FOR SELF-RELIANCE
(2016) Titus A. Umoru & E. C. Okereke
This study focused on utilizing new technologies in the preparation of business education students for self-reliance. The study is significant because unemployment has reached all- time high in Nigeria that universities are seeking better ways of preparing students so that they can have choices of employment, creating wealth or be useful to themselves after graduation. Descriptive survey research was adopted for the study. It was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses The population of the study consisted of 27 lectures and 266 students of the department of business and entrepreneurship education Kwara State University Malete and University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The structured questionnaire containing 30 items on a 5 point Likert scale was used to obtain information from the respondents. 293 questionnaires were administered to respondents and all were duly completed and returned and were used for the study. The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation while t-test parametric test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 levels of significance. The findings revealed amongst others that utilization of new technologies by business educators in the preparation of business education students would be effective in making them self-reliant. One major recommendation was that new technologies should be effectively utilized to enable the graduates of business education to be creative and innovative.
ROLES AND EMERGING CHALLENGES Of EVALUATIONAND ASSESSMENT IN BUSINESS EDUCATION PROGRAMME
(Nigerian Journal of Business Education, 2016) UMORU, T. A. (Ph.D) &
Despite the challenges faced by business education today the course still remain relevant in solving the problems of unemployment and prepared an individual to be self reliance in the world of work. This paper examined the emerging challenges in evaluating business education goals, the roles of evaluation in business education, the challenges of evaluation in business education. This study makes a number of recommendations that will assist in proper evaluation among which includes the school administrators should based admission of students on carrying capacity, There is need for business education teachers to move from content-centered to competency-based for effective evaluation to take place; proper financing of education etc. Therefore, when all these problems are solved, then huge success of the nation's educational development will be recorded.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS AS A TOOL FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN KWARA STATE
(Journal of Qualitative Education, 2016-12-12) Hadiza Nuhu Usman; Nuhu, Sikiru Issa
Entrepreneurship is necessary because it is seen as a tool for developing an individual and the society at large. It also leads to self-employment, help in reducing unemployment and contribute towards development of the country. It is the desire of every community to achieve a sustainable level of economic development. This could be achieved through embarking on entrepreneurial activities by the citizens of such community. This is because the public sector cannot single-handedly provide the desired level of development. The success of a community in entrepreneurship depends on skills acquired by the people (entrepreneurs). This owes to the fact that education leads to creativity. Education also equips a person with relevant skills which would lead him/her to better performance in his/her chosen career. This paper addresses entrepreneurship skill that can be used to improve the development of communities in Kwara State. The paper finally made conclusion and recommended this among others that the federal, state and local government should frequently embark on entrepreneurship programmes so as to develop ideas and innovations in the society.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISTANCE LEARNING MODE IN THE PREPARATION OF TEACHERS IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION, NIGERIA
(Assumption University, Thailand, 2017) SABA, T. M. MAMMAN, J. S., and NWABUFO, B. N
Distance learning education has been considered as a viable tool which not only helps in solving the problem of shortage of teachers but also the high attrition rates that is often associated with study leave. It was believed that distance education has the capacity to prepare qualified teachers just as the face-to-face education mode. However, there seem to be gaps between the objectives establishing distance education and their realization. The obvious indicators to this fact are the unqualified teachers who cannot express themselves in the classroom. The study explored the factors affecting the effectiveness of distance learning mode in the preparation of teachers in Colleges of Education, Nigeria. The researcher constructed 30 questionnaire items from the literatures relevant to the study. The questionnaire yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.83. A total of 151 questionnaires were administered on 38 and 113 lecturers and students of College of Education, Minna and Mokwa study centers. All the questionnaires were completed and retrieved. The study revealed that all the constructs constituted factors affecting the effectiveness of distance learning mode of education in the preparation of teachers in Colleges of Education in Nigeria. It was concluded that the nation will continue to be in dire need of adequate qualified teachers if the factors affecting the effectiveness of the programme are not eliminated. It was recommended among others that institutions establishing distance learning programmes should ensure that the needed facilities for the effective running of the programme are properly put in place. Facilities such as; technologies that will create interactive learning environment even at a distance.
Comparative analysis of personal life choices and leadership work styles of unit leaders in Business teacher education in Nigeria in use of social media
(The School of Graduate Studies, Research & Entrepreneurship [SGSRE] University of Technology, Jamaica, 2017) Morrison, J.L., Oladunjoye, G.T., Oyedele, J.F., Ademiluyi, L.F., Mamman, J.S & Ogundele I.S
Based on a survey submitted to business teacher educators in 5 post-secondary educational institutions in Nigeria, unit leaders are perceived as having a capacity to lead their colleagues in their innovative eﬀorts to enhance current instructional delivery systems. In this regard, personal lifestyle choices of unit leaders in terms of using social media and technology are generally perceived as being assimilated into their work styles and priorities for their programs. Business teacher educators perceive their unit leaders as being receptive to their ideas, willing to work with them on innovative endeavors, and exhibiting a participatory leadership work style. A discrepancy between unit leaders’ personal preferences towards aspects of social media and current awareness of these preferences by business teacher educators themselves may be an inhibiting factor in advancing social media use in the classroom. is discrepancy may be evident in other teacher training programs throughout the continent of Africa, resulting in social media currently being marginally implemented. Addressing this discrepancy may result in accelerating the integration of social media use in the classroom.
The Utilization of Social Media in the Classroom by Business Teacher Educators in Nigeria
(sustainable programs to reduce educational and avocational disadvantages (SPREAD), Canada., 2017) 31. Morrison, J.L., Oyedele, J.F., Oladunjoye, G.T & Mamman, J.S.,
The objective of the study was to determine how frequently social media is being utilized by business teacher educators in Nigeria and for what purpose. Specifically, the research problem was to determine the kinds of pedagogical practices associated with using social media for teaching. Surveys were received from 69 business teacher educators situated in 5 states in Nigeria of which 41 were from polytechnic institutions, 22 from colleges of education, and 5 from universities. The findings indicate that social media is only being marginally implemented in business teacher education in Nigeria. However, a significant number of business teacher educators would like to see the use of social media expanded by becoming more informed as to instructional alternatives.
EFFECT OF DEMONSTRATION AND LECTURE TEACHING METHODS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(2018) Titus Amodu Umoru, PhD & Babangida Haruna
The study was carried out to determine the effect of Demonstration and lecture teaching methods on academic performance of secondary school students in Financial Accounting in Adamawa State . The study adopted a quasi-experimental design, specifically, the pre-test, post-test non-equivalent control group. 725 students offering Financial Accounting in senior Secondary schools in Yola metropolis, Adamawa State formed the population of the study. From the population of the study, 105 students were selected as sample using purposive sampling technique. Three senior secondary schools were purposively selected and randomly assigned to experimental groups and control group. Government Day Secondary, Yola Town (experimental group) was taught using Socratic Method and Government Day Secondary School Doubeli (control group) was taught using conventional Lecture method. The data collection period lasted for four (4) weeks Using instructional package for Financial Accounting (IPFA) which comprised well planned lesson plans on the selected topics based on the two methods of teaching. The instrument for data collection was a 50-item ‘Financial Accounting Achievement Test’ (FAAT) validated by three experts from Kwara State University, Malete. A pilot test of the instrument was conducted at Government Day Secondary School Muhammad Nya, Jalingo, Taraba State onforty (40) senior secondary school (SS II) Students offering Financial Accounting in the school. Using Kuder Richardson 20 (K-R20) formulae, a reliability coefficient of 0.83 was obtained. Research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypothesis was tested using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study revealed that Demonstration method had significant effect on students’ performance than lecture method. Among the recommendations made was that, efforts should be intensified by teachers to aggressively adopt Socratic Method in teaching Financial Accounting.
Teacher Competencies and Instructional Strategies Utilization for Skill Acquisition of Business Education Students in Nigeria
(July Press, 2018) T. A. Umoru & Yusuf Shaibu
The study examined the extent of the influence of teacher competencies and instructional strategies utilization for skill acquisition of office technology and management students in polytechnics in South-Western Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Two research questions guided the study and two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study consisted of 152 lecturers and instructors in all the accredited polytechnics in South-Western Nigeria. There was no sampling since the population was manageable. The data for the study was collected through questionnaire which was duly validated by three experts. With the use of Cronbach Alpha Reliability Test (CART), the reliability co-efficient calculated for the study was found to be 0.868 which indicated that the instrument for the study was reliable. Mean and standard deviation were the tools used to analyze the research questions while the hypotheses were tested using independent t-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The study found that teaching competencies has positive influence on skill acquisition among OTM students in polytechnics to a great extent. Based on these findings, it was concluded that lecturers are competent in teaching relevant skills to the students in polytechnics. It was therefore, recommended, among others, that the Lecturers should be trained and retrained in order to keep them abreast and competent with the current trends in curriculum and instruction of OTM courses and for effective service delivery.
OFFICE TECHNOLOGY AND ACCOUNTING SKILLS POSSESSED BY BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDENTS IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESSES IN ADAMAWA STATE
(2018) Titus Amodu Umoru, PhD (FABEN) & Yakubu Bala (MABEN)
This study was conducted to assess Office Technology and Accounting skills possessed by business education students in colleges of education for the management of small scale business in Adamawa State. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The entire 189 final year students of business education from the two colleges of education formed the population as there w2as no sampling. A 4point Likert rating scale with a structured questionnaire containing 31 items was used to elicit responses from the respondents. The study made used of Cronbach Alpha reliability method to determine the internal consistency of the instrument and reliability coefficient of 0.87 was obtained. The data collected were anlaysed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that office technology and accounting skills are moderately possessed and that all the skills are highly required by both male and female students for effective management of small scale businesses. These skills if highly possessed will make business education graduate better prepared to take up jobs in organizatins and contribute meaningfully or be self-employed by establishing small and medium businesses. Therefore, recommendations were made, among others that the study of office technology and management should be encouraged by all stakeholders, as it is geared towards office technology and entrepreneurial skills needed for the management of small scale businesses.
BUSINESS EDUCATION GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURS’ RATING OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND INNOVATIVE THINKING SKILLS UTILIZATION IN ENTREPRENEURAL VENTURES IN NORTH CENTRAL STATES, NIGERIA
(2018) Orah, Josephat O.C and Prof. Umoru, Titus A
The study investigated NCE business education graduate entrepreneurs’ ratings of financial management and innovative thinking skills utilization in entrepreneurial ventures in North Central States, Nigeria. The study which employed a descriptive survey identified two entrepreneurial skills which were financial management and innovative thinking skills. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated for the study. The entire registered 149 NCE business education graduate entrepreneurs operating in the North Central States, Nigeria constituted the population of the study. There was no sampling since the entire population was considered manageable. 30-item structured questionnaire titled Questionnaire on Entrepreneurs’ Rating ofEntrepreneurial Skills Utilization in Entrepreneurship (QERESUE) was adopted for the study. The reliability of the instrument was ascertained using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient to obtain r- coefficient of 0.77 and 0.82, respectively for clusters B1and B2 of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to the 149 NCE business education graduate entrepreneurs in the North Central States, Nigeria. Four copies of the questionnaire were not returned and so 145 copies were used for the study. Theresearch questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation. t-test and ANOVAwere used to test the null hypotheses of the study at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the studyrevealed that financial management skills were sometimes utilized in entrepreneurship, while Innovative thinking skills were often used. With respect to the findings, the following recommendations were put forward, among which was that institutional authorities in collaboration with the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) should, as a matter of policy institute regular training in entrepreneurial skills development for all teachers of business education to enable them acquire adequate knowledge of financial management skills and innovative thinking skills so as to be in a better position to impact it effectively for optimal utilization.
Challenges of Kwara State University Malete, Nigeria Towards the Attainment of a World-Class University Status
(July Press Pte. Ltd., 2018-09-28) Umoru, T.A & Mamman, J.S
The study examined the challenges of the realisation of a world-class university at Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. Two research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated for the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was 1,078 lecturers out of which 245 lecturers were sampled. Challenges of the Realization of World-class University Questionnaire (CRSWUQ) constructed by the researchers were used for data collection for the study. Percentage was used to answer the research questions while Mann Whitney U-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed among others that: world class status of a university is simply about the international recognition of the university. A world class university has world class departments, diversified sources of income, sound financial base and always benchmarked with top universities world-wide. Lack of physical infrastructure which is obviously the most visible part of the university, the pressure of publish or perish culture which undermines the quality of research and absence of public financial support are some of the challenges that could hinder the world-class status of Kwara State University. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the state government, KWASU management, academic staff and the entire university community should work together to overcome the identified challenges that could hinder the realization of a world class status of KWASU.

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