Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Infra Red Spectroscopic Studies of some Metal Complexes of Maleoyl-p-Aminobenzoic acid
(Faculties of Life and Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2010) Bale, Adebayo Tajudeen; Eke, Uche Basil
Metal complexes of p-Aminobenzoic acid derivative of maleic anhydride were investigated. Thus, N-(4-carboxy-phenyl) maleimide and its sodium salt (sodium N-maleoylbenzoate) were prepared. The sodium salt was complexed with some transition metals (Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+). Complexes separated as precipitates from the reaction mixtures and were characterized by spectroscopic studies.
Amphetamines analysis in wastewaters – method performance of solid phase extraction-higher performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques (SPE-HPLC MS/MS).
(Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors., 2011-08-19) Mustapha, A.O. and Usman L.A
Recently, many articles have reported different levels and distribution of amphetamine hither-to detected in biological fluids now appreciably found in aquatic environment at ng/L levels. Identification and measurement of amphetamine and its metabolites in surface and sewage waters using higher performance liquid chromatographic methodologies in the literatures now on current trend have provided information that are of scientific interest and effectively re-placed immunological methods which only suggest the presence of these substances. Active research on both distribution and impacts of this important drug of abuse and related metabo-lites in the wastewaters are on-going.
Endocrine disrupting compounds exposure and testis development in mammals
(Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors., 2011-10-10) Biola F. Egbowon and Mustapha, A.O
In the last few decades, there is substantial evidence that male reproductive function is deteriorating in humans and wildlife and this is associated with unintentional exposure to widely used synthetic chemicals. Subsequently, much has been done to show that certain chemicals in the environment adversely interfere with the developing fetal gonads of the laboratory animals. Some in vitro studies have demonstrated treatment-induced reproductive problems in offspring exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) which are similar to those observed in wildlife and human population. Few EDC studies have demonstrated that there are certain periods of gestation when the developing fetus is highly sensitive and at risk of small endocrine changes. Similar observations have been made in the sewage sludge model, however, while animal studies have been insightful in providing valuable information about the range of effects that can be attributed to in utero exposure to EDCs, varying levels of maternal doses administered in different studies exaggerated extrapolation of these results to human. Thus the EDC concentration representative of fetal exposure levels is uncertain because of the complexities of its nature. So far, the level of fetal exposure can only be roughly estimated. There is substantial evidence from animal data to prove that EDCs can adversely affect reproductive development and function in male and more has accumulated on the mechanisms by which they exert their effects. This paper therefore, reviews previous
Fatty Acid Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Castor ( Ricinus Communis L. ) Seed Obtained from Malete, Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State. Nigeria
(International Institute of Science, Technology and Education, 2013) Bale, Adebayo Tajudeen; Adebayo, Rofiat Tosin; Ogundele, Damilola Tope; Bodunde, Victoria Tosin
The oil of the Ricinus communis L. seed was extracted by soxhlet method using N-hexane.The physicochemical characteristics of the castor oil were evaluated. The results showed that the castor seeds contain a relatively high percentage of total lipids content ; 47.8 % , iodine value ( 1.061 g/g ) , and saponification value ( 327.4 g/g ). The seed oil moisture content , acid value , density and free fatty acid ( % FFA ) were 0.3 % , 14.42 mg/g , 880 g/cm3 and 7.21 % , respectively.
Multivariate study of parameters in the determination of pesticide residues in apple by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using experimental factorial design
(Elsevier, 2013-07-12) Abdulra’uf, Lukman Bola; Tan, Guan Huat
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-less sample preparation method which combines sample preparation, isolation, concentration and enrichment into one step. In this study, multivariate strategy was used to determine the significance of the factors affecting the solid phase microextraction of pesticide residues (fenobucarb, diazinon, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos) using a randomised factorial design. The interactions and effects of temperature, time and salt addition on the efficiency of the extraction of the pesticide residues were evaluated using 23 factorial designs. The analytes were extracted with 100 lm PDMS fibres according to the factorial design matrix and desorbed into a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detector. The developed method was applied for the analysis of apple samples and the limits of detection were between 0.01 and 0.2 lg kg1, which were lower than the MRLs for apples. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were between 0.1% and 13.37% with average recovery of 80–105%. The linearity ranges from 0.5–50 lg kg1 with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99
Assessment Of Heavy Metal Pollution Of Waste Dump Sites In Kwara State Using Carica Papaya, Musa Spp And Cocorhrous Olitorous As Indicators
(International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR), 2013-09) Bale, Adebayo Tajudeen; Ogundele, Damilola Temitope; Bodunde, Victoria Tosin
Plant fruits and vegetables grown on mixed waste dumpsites were used as bio indicators of heavy metal pollution of three waste dumpsites in Ilorin Kwara State Nigeria. The samples were digested using Wet-oxidation method and heavy metals in the digest were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Technique. Carica Papaya, Musa Spp and Cocorhrous Olitorous samples were collected from contaminated and uncontaminated sites. Copper concentrations of carica- papaya, Musa spp, and cocorhrous olitorous from the contaminated sites were found between 0.15-0.23 mg/kg in Abayawo, 0.13 mg/kg in Okolowo, and 0.10 mg/kg in Itanmo. Zinc was found between 21.25-42.75mg/kg in Abayawo, 20.00 mg/kg in Okolowo, and 11.00 mg/kg in Itanmo. Pb and Cd were found below the detection limit of the instrument. Heavy metals in the uncontaminated site samples were found between 0.10-0.23 mg/kg Copper, 0.75-31.75 mg/kg Zinc. Cadmium and lead were found comparatively below detention limits in all the samples. Mean concentrations of metals were higher in Abayawo dumpsite than other dumpsites. The mean concentration of Cu 0.56 mg/kg and Zn 30.75mg/kg are well above the mean concentration of metals from the control site (Oloje) 0.15 mg/kg and 24.58 mg/kg Copper and Zinc respectively. Base on this study, the three waste dumpsites are polluted with heavy metals (Copper, Zinc), which can pose great health risk and hazards on food chain.
Effect of Organic Matter Removalon Sorption Studies of Phosphate by Selected Soils in Northern Part of Kwara State, Nigeria
(Science domain international, 2014-01-15) Bale, Adebayo Tajudeen; Bodunde, Victoria Tosin; Ogundele, Damilola Tolulope
The effect of organic matter removal and adsorbate solution composition on phosphate sorption by selected soil in Moro Local Government of Kwara State (Malete and Elemere) was studied. The organic matter was removed by treating the soil with hydrogen peroxide. This is referred to as the treated sample while the untreated samples were those to which hydrogen peroxide was not added. The adsorbate solution used was KH2PO4+KCl. The sorption study for maximum adsorption capacity was carried out with 1g of soil in 20ml phosphate solution at different concentration. The maximum adsorption capacities of treated and untreated Malete soil were observed to be 0.29mg/g and 0.23mg/g respectively while those of treated and untreated Elemere soil were observed to be 0.24mg/g and 0.14mg/g respectively. The phosphate sorption data were fitted to both Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the R2 values for the samples (Malete=0.870, Elemere=0.792) and Freundlich (Malete =0.013, Elemere=0.043). The adsorption data of Malete and Elemere soils were observed to fit Langmuir II adsorption isotherm.
Nutritional and Physicochemical properties of Wheat (Triticum vulgare), Cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) flours.
(Universities and Research Institutions in Pakistan., 2014-03-21) Etong, D. I, Mustapha, A.O., I.G. Lawrence, A.G. Jacob and Oladimeji, M.O.
The flours from cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and wheat (Triticum vulgare), were analyzed for proximate composition, functional properties and some anti-nutritional factors using standard methods. Results of proximate composition indicates that the ash contents ranges between 2.18-6.26%, with potato flour having the highest and cassava the least. The protein content ranges between 7.21-20.96% with cassava flour having the least and wheat the highest value. The fat content ranges between 0.45% for cassava to 9.60% for wheat, crude fiber 2.80% for potato to 6.19% for cassava, moisture content 7.20% for wheat to 8.23% for cassava, carbohydrate 53.89% for wheat to 75.74% for cassava and energy content 327.81kcal for cassava to 385.56kcal for wheat. The result of functional properties indicates that water absorption capacity ranges between 125 to 210%, oil absorption capacity 168.30 to 191.68%, foaming capacity 4 to 27%, foaming stability 1 to 4%, emulsion stability 47 to 53%, least gelation 2 to 4%, bulk density 59.98 to 66.03%. Anti-nutritional factor indicates that the samples were richer in phytate than oxalates which ranges between 9.06 to 14.83 and 2.07 to 4.50 mg/g, respectively. These result shows that cassava and potato are suitable for the baking industry and blending makes them more acceptable due to synergetic effect.
Physicochemical Properties and Fatty acid composition of Dikanut (Irvingia Gabonensis) seed oil
(International Science Community Association, 2014-12-18) Etong D.I, Mustapha A.O and Taleat, A.A
Nigeria is one of the countries of the world with a variety of oil seeds, therefore the potential of Nigeria leading Africa, and the world at large, in the area of seeds oil production was examined by evaluating the fat content, physicochemical qualities, and fatty acid content of oil extracted from dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis) seed, bought from Owode market in Offa local Government area of Kwara State, Nigerian. The fat content of Irvingia gabonensis was 22.50 + 0.2 %. The chemical qualities iodine, peroxide, saponification, and acid values, free fatty acid, and unsaponifiable matter were analyzed using standard methods, and the values, were found to be 4.50+0.1gI2/100g, 1.80+0.1 meq/kg, 187.90+0.3 mgKOH/g oil, 9.40+0.2 mgKOH/g oil, 4.70+0.2% FFA as oleic acid and 1.50+0.5% respectively. The physical properties were solid at room temperature, grey yellow in colour, melting point (13+1oC) and specific gravity 0.88+0.2kg/dm3. The oil contained sixmajor fatty acid in the following other lauric > myristic > stearic > palmitic > oleic > linolenic acid. The result reveals that the oil extracted can be useful both domestically and industrially.
Comparative Studies of the Physicochemical Properties of Moringa oleifera (Nigeria), Moringa oleifera (Kenya) and Moringa oleifera (India)
(Longdom Publishing SL, 2015) Bale, Adebayo Tajudeen; Olubuade, Fatimah Eniola; Ogundele, Damilola Temitope; Olayemi, Victoria Tosin; Jimoh, Akeem Adebayo; Musa, Rukayat Titilayo
The oil from Moringa oleifera seeds obtained from Afon in Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria, was extracted using n-hexane. The oil yield determined experimentally was 26.2%. The oil concentration was compared with those reported by [1,2]. Some physicochemical properties like the density, specific gravity, refractive index, pH, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, iodine value and FFA were determined. The results obtained were compared against previously reported data.
Sorption Study of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Vitellaria paradoxa Shell
(2015) Bale, Adebayo Tajudeen; Jimoh, Akeem Adebayo; Adebayo, G.B; Otun, K.O; Ajiboye, Abdulfatai Temitope; Jamiu, W.; Alao, F.O
Activated carbon prepared from vitellaria paradoxa (shea nut) shell using ortho-phosphoric acid has been used for the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solution. The adsorbent sample was characterized by some physicochemical and spectroscopic parameters such as pH, point of zero charge (PZC), moisture content, iodine number, loss on ignition, bulk density, XRF, SEM and TEM. The pH and the PZC of the sample were found to be 4.0 and 5.8 respectively. The adsorbent sample has moisture content of 5.22 ± 0.1%, iodine number of 456.50 ± 59%, loss on ignition 10.71 ± 0.18% bulk density of 0.84 ± 0.09%. The XRF analysis indicated that Ca, Si and Fe were major constituents in the adsorbent sample. The SEM and TEM analysis results indicated good adsorptive characteristics of the adsorbent. Result from the FTIR analysis indicate presence of some important components such as C=O, O-H, C-O N-H, and P-H which responsible for high adsorptive capacity of the adsorbent. The equilibrium adsorption of Cd(II) ion data was well fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with correlation coefficient of 0.996 and 0.998 respectively. The kinetic study revealed that pseudo-second order kinetic was better fitted compared to pseudo-first order kinetic. Thermodynamic experiment indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic with ∆H equals +27.84 KJ/mol and ∆S equals -0.993 KJ/molK.
The Studies of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials of the Leaf Extract of Bauhinia monandra Plant
(Longdom Publishing SL, 2015) Bale, Adebayo Tajudeen; Ajiboye, Abdulfatai Temitope; Musa, MD; Otun, KO; Jimoh, Akeem Adebayo; Lawal, SO; Arowona, MT
In the present study, the dried leaf (144g) of B. monandra plant was extracted with 95% ethanol. The crude extract was partitioned into ethyl acetate and n-hexane layers to afford fractions with golden brown and greenish yellow colours respectively. The fractions were concentrated and coded EFBM and HFBM. The preliminary phytochemical screening conducted on the crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction (EFBM) revealed the presence of ﬂavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, saponin, cardiac glycoside and phenols. The antioxidant activity of EFBM and HFBM was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay with ascorbic acid as a reference standard. However, the result of analysis revealed that EFBM exhibited high antioxidant (IC50 µg/mL=0.010) activity than HFBM (IC50 µg/m = 5.564) and reference standard ascorbic acid (IC50 µg/mL=30). The antibacterial activity of EFBM and HFBM against three gram negative bacterial strains (Eschericha coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsillia oxytoca) was also evaluated and it was found that EFBM exhibited highest antibacterial potential. In contrast to this, HFBM showed negligible or zero activity against all the bacteria strains. The results of the GC-MS analyses of EFBM and HFBM showed the presence of nine different phytochemicals. In EFBM, oleic acid which is classified as monounsaturated omega-9-fatty acid with percentage concentration, (40.76%) was the major compound as identified by the GC-MS and 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanone with percentage concentration, (42.70%) was identified as the major compound in HFBM. The results of this studies demonstrated that folk medicine can be as effective as modern medicine to combat pathogenic microorganisms. The millenarian use of the leaf of this plant in folk medicine suggests that it represents an economic and safe alternative to treat infectious diseases.
Chemometric approach to the optimization of HS-SPME/GC–MS for the determination of multiclass pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables
(Elsevier, 2015-01-09) Abdulra’uf, Lukman Bola; Tan, Guan Huat
An HS-SPME method was developed using multivariate experimental designs, which was conducted in two stages. The significance of each factor was estimated using the Plackett–Burman (P–B) design, for the identification of significant factors, followed by the optimization of the significant factors using central composite design (CCD). The multivariate experiment involved the use of Minitab statistical software for the generation of a 27–4 P–B design and CCD matrices. The method performance evaluated with internal standard calibration method produced good analytical figures of merit with linearity ranging from 1 to 500 lg/kg with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, LOD and LOQ were found between 0.35 and 8.33 lg/kg and 1.15 and 27.76 lg/kg respectively. The average recovery was between 73% and 118% with relative standard deviation (RSD = 1.5–14%) for all the investigated pesticides. The multivariate method helps to reduce optimization time and improve analytical throughput
Sorption Study of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Vitellaria paradoxa Shell
(OMICS, 2015-02-14) Jimoh AA, Adebayo GB, Otun KO, Ajiboye AT, Bale AT, Jamiu W and Alao FO
Activated carbon prepared from vitellaria paradoxa (shea nut) shell using otho-phosphoric acid has been used for the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solution. The adsorbent sample was characterized by some physicochemical and spectroscopic parameters such as pH, point of zero charge (PZC), moisture content, iodine number, loss on ignition, bulk density, XRF, SEM and TEM. The pH and the PZC of the sample were found to be 4.0 and 5.8 respectively. The adsorbent sample has moisture content of 5.22 ± 0.1%, iodine number of 456.50 ± 59%, loss on ignition 10.71 ± 0.18% bulk density of 0.84 ± 0.09%. The XRF analysis indicated that Ca, Si and Fe were major constituents in the adsorbent sample. The SEM and TEM analysis results indicated good adsorptive characteristics of the adsorbent. Result from the FTIR analysis indicate presence of some important components such as C=O, O-H, C-O N-H, and P-H which responsible for high adsorptive capacity of the adsorbent. The equilibrium adsorption of Cd(II) ion data was well fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with correlation coefficient of 0.996 and 0.998 respectively. The kinetic study revealed that pseudo-second order kinetic was better fitted compared to pseudo first-order kinetic. Thermodynamic experiment indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic with ∆H equals +27.84 KJ/mol and ∆S equals -0.993 KJ/molK.
Physicochemical and heavy metals concentration of selected boreholes water in Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria.
(Universities and Research Institutions in India., 2015-04-21) Etong, D.I, Mustapha, A.O and Abdus-Salam, N
Water a sine qua non to human survival; therefore its quality cannot be compromised. The dependence on borehole water to meet both domestic and industrial needs have been on increase due to increased pollution of surface water bodies. This calls for the assessment of borehole water quality within Offa Local Government Area.Six different borehole waters were analysed for their heavy metals, physical characteristics, and chemical properties using standard methods. The result showed that the pH ranged from 4.0+0.2 to 6.0+0.2, colour (98+2.5 to 133+5.0) Hazen, Total solid (10.62+0.5 to 30.80+2)ppm, Tasteless and Odourless, SO42–(0.01+0.0001 to 1.33+0.5) ppm,NO3- (0.1+0.0001 to 0.64+0.002) ppm, Calcium (4.34+0.01 to 8.12+0.1) ppm, Potassium (0.31+0.001 to 6.80+0.03) ppm and Phosphorus (0.00 to 0.22+0.0002)ppm. Heavy metals Cr, Pb and Mn were not detected, Iron ranged from 0.01+0.002 to 0.06+0.001 ppm, Zinc (0.24+0.001 to 146+0.01) ppm. The %CV for the heavy metals was average except for Cobalt 89.29%. For the chemical properties there were high 108.16%K, 96.6% SO42- except for Ca (21.51%) and NO2-(19.61%). For the physical properties except for electrical conductivity 61.10% and turbidity 58.90% others were below average. However, comparing results with standards (WHO, EPA, US Public Health Service), the qualities were above average both for domestic and industrial use.
Proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional assessment of cassava (Manihot esculentus).
(Universities and Research Institutions in India, 2015-04-21) Etong, D.I, Mustapha, A.O and Lawrence, I.G
Three samples of cassava leaves (tender, matured and wilted) of the same variety were analyzed for proximate and mineral contents and anti-nutritional factors. The leaves contained mean values for crude protein as 14.41+ 2.46%, crude fibre 7.87 + 2.42%, Ash 6.22 + 2.89%, fat 1.53 + 0.57, Total carbohydrate 26.25 + 13.20% and moisture 43.72 + 15.86%. K, Na, Fe, Zn, and Mg were the most abundant minerals with mean values as follows 1906.84 + 31.35, 777.76 + 46.66, 241.27 + 4.31, 99.75 + 1.65 and 66.24 + 2.04 ppm respectively, while the least was Mn with mean thus 0.52 + 04 ppm. Anti-nutritional factors varied in the order oftannin> oxalic acid > saponin > phytic acid > cyanide. Mineral composition, crude fibre, ash content, and total carbohydrate increased with maturity.Crude protein and the anti-nutritional factors decreased with wilting.
Mass balance calculations of illicit drugs in Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treament works, United Kingdom
(Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State., 2015-08-26) Mustapha, A.O, Coffey, M and Birkett, J.W.
Work encompassed in this study directly measures illicit drug removal rates in laboratory studies. Researchers employed removal rate data in calculating mass balances in sewage works which is an improvement over prior studies where assumptions on removal rates at Sewage Treatment Works were made. The batch tests data enabled determination of degradation of the compounds at different temperatures and times, using various sludge types after characterization. Mass balances for the Stoke Bardolph Sewage Treatment Works were constructed using the removal rate data from the batch studies. Final effluent concentrations of 10.0 ng L-1 (morphine), and 80.0 ng L-1 (6-monoacetylmorphine), were recorded after a total of 8 hour hydraulic times (8 HRT) from an initial influent concentration of 50 mg L-1. A projected influent concentration of morphine (1.4 g L-1) at Stoke Bardolph was derived from back-calculating measured final effluent concentrations using the same mass balance approach.
Sorption of 4-Nitroaniline on Activated Kaolinitic Clay and Jatropha curcas Activated Carbon in Aqueous Solution
(Jordan Journal of Chemistry, 2016) Samsudeen O. Azeez and Folahan A. Adekola
A comparative study was carried out of the adsorption of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) on activated kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas activated carbon. The kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas samples were activated with 1 M HNO3 and 0.5 M NaOH, respectively, and were characterized using XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and FTIR techniques. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as the initial 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) concentration, temperature, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process were investigated. The results obtained showed that Jatropha curcas activated carbon exhibited a better performance for the removal of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) from aqueous media. The adsorption process was found to obey pseudo-second order kinetics and equilibrium data were best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption process was found to be independent of temperature.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Sorption of 4-Nitrophenol on Activated Kaolinitic Clay and Jatropha Curcas Activated Carbon from Aqueous Solution
(Pakistani Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, 2016) Samsudeen Olanrewaju Azeez and Folahan Amoo Adekola*
Adsorption behaviour of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) on activated kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas activated carbon was investigated. The kaolinitic clay and Jatropha curcas were activated with 1 M HNO3 and 0.5 M NaOH respectively and were characterized by XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and FTIR techniques. The effects of processing parameters, such as initial 4-NP concentration, temperature, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process were investigated. The results obtained showed that Jatropha curcas activated carbon exhibited higher performance than activated kaolinitic clay for the removal of 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solution. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models were used to describe the adsorption isotherms. The adsorption data were best fitted with Freundlich model. The experimental data of the two adsorbate-adsorbent systems fitted very well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model with r2 values of 0.999 respectively. Adsorption thermodynamic parameters were also estimated. The results revealed that the adsorption of 4-nitrophenol onto both adsorbents were exothermic processes and spontaneous for Jatropha curcas activated carbon but non spontaneous for activated kaolinitic clay.
Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics of Selected Borehole Waters in Oke-Oyi Community, Ilorin East Local Government Area, Kwara State
(Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2017) ISMAILA, O. SAHEED: SAMSUDEEN, O. AZEEZ; YUSUF, O. AYIPO; USAKA C. GUNU
The physicochemical parameters of seven different borehole waters in Oke-Oyi, Ilorin East Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria were assessed to determine its suitability for human consumption. The parameters examined include temperature (28 - 29⁰C), conductivity (414 - 1603 µs/cm), pH (5.71 - 6.57), total hardness (20.2 - 67.3 mg/L). The concentrations of heavy metals determined are Zn (0.010 – 0.022 mg/L), Fe (0.002 - 0.120 mg/L), Cr (0.075 - 0.12 mg/L), Cu (3x10-4 – 2x10-3 mg/L), Co (0.01 - 0.26 mg/L) and Mn (0.082 - 0.94 mg/L). There was no lead detected in two of the borehole water samples while those detected have low concentration range 1 x 10-5 – 6 x 10-5. The results of physicochemical parameters obtained are within World Health Organisation (WHO) limits except for the pH that is slightly lower and the conductivity of OKY 1 that is slightly higher.

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