Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Cow Bone Using Parinarium Macrophylum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

Abstract

The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose of having alternative fuels without interfering with the food chain. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oils extracted from the P. macrophylum feed, which served as a feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the extracted seed oil were characterized for % yield (45.0%), specific gravity (0.82), refractive index (0.92), pH (4.52), colour (brown), acid value (4.3), saponification (108), iodine value (110), peroxide value (5.3) and viscosity (6.7). The cow bones sample were crushed into fine powdered of size, 105 µm and calcined at 500 0C. The calcined cow bone was characterized for TGA, XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and IR. The optimization of the biodiesel production process parameters was done experimentally for the characterize seed oil extracted using the calcined calcium oxide catalyst obtained from the cow bone. The optimized parameters gave methanol to oil ratio (6:1), temperature (55 0C), catalyst concentration (1:8 wt%), reaction time (60 min) and agitation speed (350 rpm). The biodiesel yield for the optimized parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The properties of the produced biodiesel were within the recommended biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751). The cloud point (-10.5 0C) of the produced biodiesel indicate that the product can be used in cold temperature region without blending. This study has revealed that P. macrophylum seed is a good feedstock for biodiesel production. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this plant should be domesticated