Efficacy of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray as protectant against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais [Motsch.]) and cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F. on stored grains
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Date
2021
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Publisher
Nigerian Journal of Entomology
Abstract
This study sought to determine the efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican Sunflower) as pesticides
against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais and cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus. The research
was conducted to ascertain the toxicity potency of T. diversifolia on insects’ mortality, repellency,
adult emergence, seed damage and weight loss for the treatment of stored products and determine their
minimum effective dosage for application. T. diversifolia collected from the premises of Kwara State
University, Malete were air-dried, ground and dissolved in 50 g to 600 ml of four different extracts
(Ethanol, Methanol, n-Hexane and aqueous). S. zeamais and C. maculatus were reared in the
laboratory at 60-75% relative humidity and 25-35 oC. After the whole extraction, ten unsexed S.
zeamais and C. maculatus were infested in 10 g of grains and replicated three times in each application
of extracts with different treatment levels. The mortality and other parameters were counted post treatment. The mean results of the parameters studied were significantly different at (P<0.05).
N-hexane extracts was most toxic to S. zeamais while Methanol extract was most toxic to C.
maculatus. Thus, all the extracts were potent, and they reduced insects’ oviposition, increased
mortality, improved repellence, inhibited reproduction, grain damage and weight loss in storage
compared to the untreated control. Subjected to the qualitative phytochemical screening, active
compounds discovered to be present in T. diversifolia include tannin, flavonoid, saponin, phenol,
terpenoid, glucosides and alkaloid. The study proffers the use of T. diversifolia, a readily available,
safe and ecofriendly biopesticide for farmers as short and long-term storage of the stored produce.