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    Sustainable Materials from Wastes for Engineering Applications
    (Nigerian Institution of Metallurgical, Mining and Materials Engineers (A Division of The Nigerian Society of Engineers), 2025-06-25) Sefiu Adekunle Bello; Abdul Ganiyu Funsho Alabi; Sunday W. Balogun; Mohammed Kayode Adebayo; Suleiman Danjuma Daudu; Aisha Mayowa Akintola; Karimat Aderoju Saba
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    Production of Flamboyant Pod Nanoparticles as Emerging Reinforcements for Structural Composite Materials
    (Materials Research Forum LLC, Materials Research Proceedings 63 (2026) 64-71, 2026-01-01) Sefiu Adekunle BELLO; Maruf Yinka KOLAWOLE; Musa Opeyemi ABDULLAHI; Blessing OGBONAYA; Ayodele Gabriel IDOWU; John Olu OMOTOSHO; Sunday Wilson BALOGUN
    Dynamic changes in environmental conditions had necessitated continuous research towards the development of innovative structural composites with enhanced properties. To produce functional concrete-based composites, there is a need for structural modification using reinforcing fillers that could improve the strength and toughness of the composites. Agricultural exercise creates many nonedible components which constitute environmental nuisances owing to their little or no economic value. However, processing such components into useful reinforcing fillers in concrete and other matrices for composite development encourages a wealth creation from waste, environmental hygiene and ecofriendly materials for engineering applications. This study focuses only on the production of nanoparticles which can be used as fillers in composite development. Nanoparticles were produced from the flamboyant pods using a disc and optimised ball milling technique. Pods were pulverised using a disc miller and the powders obtained were ball milled at varied charge ratios and velocities to produce reinforcing nanoparticles. Particles obtained in each of the milling exercises were analysed and 2 functional interaction response surface model was developed to optimise the milling parameters and particle sizes. Result obtained indicated a decrease in size of the flamboyant pod particles as milling durations and charge ratios increase. P value of the model <0.0001 which is much less than 0.05 shows that the model is significant in explaining dependence of the particle sizes on the milling parameters. Hence, the developed model affirms that a minimum size of 3.5209 nm of the flamboyant pod particles can be obtained without agglomeration of particles when milling at 10 charge ratios for 17 hours 29 minutes
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    Theoretical studies of the suitability of imidazolypyridine as bidentate ligands for copper redox couples in the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) application
    (Research Square, 2025-12-19) Wahab Osunniran; Abdullateef Salaudeen; Bolatito E. Olanipekun; Sunday W. Balogun; Sikiru Ahmed; Olusola O. James
    Copper complex redox couples have emerged as alternative redox mediator to iodide/triiodide redox couple for DSSC devices. The copper redox couples enable high and tunable voltage in DSSC devices. However, the Cu(II) species in a typical copper redox couples are strongly electrophilic towards injected electrons in TiO2 thereby promoting recombination and decreases the cell performance. Although 4-tertbutylpyridine (TBP) passivation of TiO2 surface reduces the extent of the recombination, its interaction with Cu(I) complex in a copper redox couples may be detrimental to the cell performance. Therefore, rational selection of ligands of the copper complexes is critical in obtaining high voltage and performance. In this work, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was adopted to screen four imidazoly-pyridine bidentate ligands: 2-(1-methyl-4,5- dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (MDIP); 2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (MIP); 2- (1,4,5-trimethyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (TMIP) and 1-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1Hbenzo[ d]imidazole (MPBI). Calculated binding constants of interaction of 4-tertbutylpyridine (TBP) with the imidazoly-pyridine copper complexes indicated Cu(I) complexes of MDIP and MIP interact strongly with TBP. This has adverse effects on device voltage, thus, making MDIP and MIP ligand unsuitable. But Cu(I) complexes of TMIP and MPBI interact very weakly with TBP, indicating they are suitable ligands for copper complex redox couples for DSSC application
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    Carbon-Fiber Composites: Development, Structure, Properties, and Applications
    (Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026, 2026-02-01) Sefiu Adekunle Bello; Sunday Wilson Balogun; Suleiman Danjuman Daudu; Aisha Mayowa Akintola
    Carbon fibers are stiff and possess high strength comparable with that of high-strength steel. They are embedded in a ductile low-strength material which binds them together to form a carbon fiber composite. Improved properties are devel-oped from a blend of the carbon fibers and the matrix material which are not achievable from each component used individually. Carbon fiber composites
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    Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Carica papaya Leaf Extract for Renewable Energy Applications
    (IRAQI JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 2026-01-01) Sunday W. Balogun; Hakeem O. Oyeshola; Sefiu A. Bello; Hope K. Adewumi; Yekinni K. Sanusi
    This research explores the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Carica papaya leaf extract as a reducing agent. With a focus on developing reliable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective nanomaterial for device technologies, this sustainable method offers an alternative to conventional bulk material synthesis. Synthesized powder samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, and TEM. Spin-coating technique was used for thin-film deposition, while current-voltage properties were measured using a four-point probe system connected to a Keithley 2400 measurement unit and a solar simulator. Absorption peaks ranged from 299-382 nm as recorded from UV-visible, which is inferior to bulk material at 410 nm. The band gap energy was estimated to be 3.47 eV, resistance 5192.63 Ω, resistivity 132.0038 Ωm⁻¹, and conductivity 7.6×10⁻³ Sm⁻¹ were determined. These results highlight ZnO nanoparticles potential for renewable energy and semiconductor applications