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    Consumer Perception and Sensory Profiling of Cassava Mealiness Attributes Using Hedonic, JAR, and CATA Methods.
    (Wiley, 2025-03-25) Osunbade, O. A., Alamu, E. O., Awoyale, W., Adesokan, M., Nwaoliwe, G., Akinwande, B.A., Adejuyitan, J.A., Lungaho, M., and Maziya-Dixon, B.
    The ability of cassava root to be softened within a short period, being easy to chew, and dissolving easily upon biting, otherwise known as cassava root mealiness, is one of the major attributes of boiled cassava roots. This study aimed to identify the attributes of cassava root mealiness from consumers' end and evaluate consumer acceptability of boiled cassava roots. A well- structured questionnaire comprising of a 9- point hedonic, Just About Right (JAR) and Check- All- That- Apply (CATA) test was adminis tered to 120 respondents to elicit information on cassava root mealiness (CRM) attributes and to evaluate four cassava varieties (danwarri, suppi, akpu, dangbo) for consumers' acceptability of boiled cassava in the selected LGAs of Benue State, Nigeria (Vandekya, Ushongo, Konshisha and Gwer East) using purposive sampling techniques. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using statistical packages for social science (SPSS) and XLSTAT packages. CRM for the four cassava root varieties were dissolving easily, easy to chew, and softness. The CATA test showed that the most important mealiness attributes of boiled cassava roots were dissolving easily (80%) > being easy to chew (78%) > being moderately soft (76%). The JAR test results also revealed that the softness and chewiness of danwarri and suppi cassava varieties scored above 50%, just about right (JAR) values. The acceptability test showed that danwarri variety was scored 7.48 > suppi (6.68) > akpu (5.44) > dangbo (4.19) in that order. This information, with an in- depth laboratory characterization of the raw roots, will assist breeders in developing im proved cassava varieties that are mealable and acceptable to the consumers.
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    Aflatoxin content and heavy metals composition of powdered pepper from selected markets in Kwara state, Nigeria
    (2024-10-31) Awoyale W., Zorbari N.L., Sanni L.O.
    Aflatoxin and heavy metal concentrations may pose health risks to pepper consumers. No research has been published concerning aflatoxin and heavy metal contamination of powdered pepper in Kwara state, Nigeria, hence the need for this study. Powdered pepper samples from various Kwara state markets (Offa, Oja-Oba, Ganmo, Shao, Elemere, and Malete), were analyzed using standard methods for aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), and G2 (AFG2), and lead, cadmium, copper, and arsenic. A laboratory-prepared sample was used as the control. The samples’ mean AFB1 was 2.86 µg/kg, AFG1 4.34 µg/kg, AFB2 2.03 µg/kg, and AFG2 1.88 µg/kg. In general, the levels of aflatoxin in the powdered pepper samples were found in the order of AFG1 > AFB1 > AFB2 > AFG2. The samples’ aflatoxin concentration is less than the US Food and Drug Administration’s (20 µg/kg) contamination threshold. The FDA’s guideline for lead level in food, which is 0.1 mg/kg, was surpassed by the lead concentration, which varied from 1.84 to 3.45 mg/kg. The range of arsenic concentration was 10.18-22.68 mg/kg, which is higher than the World Health Organization’s recommended limit of 0.0003 mg/kg. The copper concentration met the FDA’s 10-mg/kg threshold, which ranged from 2.66 to 4.42 mg/kg. The study’s findings demonstrate the need for a monitoring and education programme in Kwara state to ensure the public’s safety while consuming powdered pepper.
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    Compliance of commercial bakeries to regulatory safety standards in the Ilorin metropolis.
    (Kwara State University, 2024-12-30) Awoyale, W., Dairo, O., & Olatoye, K. K.
    Potassium bromate (KBrO3) becomes important in bread as a flour-enhancing agent which gives fine and uniformly sized pores. However, it has been confirmed by the International Standard Organization that potassium bromate is carcinogenic, hence, its ban for bread production globally. This study was conducted to determine the level of compliance with the banon KBrO3 and the possible heavy metal contamination in bread within the Ilorin metropolis. Thirty (30) different brands of bread were purchased randomly in the rural, periurban, and urban areas within the Ilorin metropolis and evaluated for KBrO3 and heavy metals copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) contents, using standard methods. The results revealed that the KBrO3 content ranged from 1.09 - 3.25 mg/kg in rural areas, 1.43 - 3.11 mg/kg in peri-urban areas, and 1.67 - 3.04 mg/kg in urban areas. The copper content is 0.13 - 0.85 mg/kg in the rural area, 0.25 - 0.75 mg/kg in the peri-urban area, and 0.03 - 0.79 mg/kg in the urban area. The lead content of the bread samples ranged between 0.23mg/kg and 0.43 mg/kg in the rural area, 0.29 mg/kg and 0.43 mg/kg in the peri-urban area, and 0.24 - 0.52 mg/kg in the urban area. The potassium bromated content of the bread samples was higher than the United States Food and Drug Agency (UN FDA) and the National Agency for Food and Drug, Administration and Control (NAFDAC) regulatory standard of 0.02 mg/kg, while that of the copper and lead were below the NAFDAC regulatory standard of 1 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg respectively. Therefore, the relevant regulatory agencies in Nigeria must establish strict standards for the manufacturing of bread and carry out routine inspections of bakeries to ensure that bakers are not violating the law and that the environment and even the materials they use are free of any contamination for the safety of the consumers.
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    Is commercially available powdered okro in Kwara state safe for consumption?
    (Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava, 2025-03-31) Awoyale, W., Abodunrin, O.I., Oyafajo, L.A. & Sanni, L.O.
    The production and commercialization of powdered okro is growing in the informal sector in Kwara state, with no documentation on consumer safety related to heavy metal and aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the heavy metal and aflatoxin contents of powdered okro sold in several Kwara state markets. Samples of powdered okro (200 g) were collected from markets in Offa, Osi, Ojatuntun, Ojaoba, Elemere, and Malete in a Ziplock bag, and analyzed for heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, and arsenic) and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) content using standard methods. As a control sample, powdered okro made in a laboratory was utilized. The findings show that the most common heavy metals and aflatoxin in the powdered okro were, on average, copper (0.20 mg/kg) and aflatoxin G2 (2.95 μg/kg), respectively. Okro from the Malete market had more copper (0.32 mg/kg), while okro from the Ojatuntun market had less copper (0.11 mg/kg). Aflatoxin G2 levels in powdered okro were highest (3.60 μg/kg) in the Malete market and lowest (1.96 μg/kg) in the Elemere market. Malete market's powdered okro and others may be safe for human consumption because their copper and aflatoxin G2 levels are within the FAO/WHO permitted range. However, to reduce the potential risks associated with long-term accumulation of copper and aflatoxin G2 in the human body, the use of healthy okro fruits, and the processing of the fruits in a controlled-free environment of vehicular movement, environmental pollution, and process them in a clean, dry place away from traffic, pollution, and moisture.