Department of Public Health

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    A Beacon for Dark Times Rethinking Scientific Evidence for Environmental and Public Health Action in the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 Era
    (MAR Microbiology, 2020-11-01) Raimi Morufu Olalekan*, Moses Tuebi1, Okoyen Ebikapaye2, Sawyerr Henry Olawale3, Joseph Beatrice Oka4, Oyinlola Bilewu Olaolu5
    As the COVID-19 pandemic emergence progresses and overwhelming healthcare systems, countries are reviewing their policies to protect those at increased risk of severe disease. These can be policies aimed at suppressing transmission in the wider population, vaccination (if vaccine becomes available) as the world anxiously awaits an effective COVID-19 vaccine that can be readily distributed. Until then, the priority is to reenergize countries to act rather than react. Even as the uncertainties of the COVID-19 crisis multiply, the aim must be to rebuild for the long-term protection i.e., explicit measures to protect people at increased risk by reducing interactions amongst people in danger, etc. The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has forced us to realize the fact that progress towards Sustainable Development Goals is threatened and fragile, as the numbers of people heading into poverty are now at increased risk of setbacks. It also stresses the need to strengthen the relationship between scientific evidence to protect the environment and public health. This requires an understanding of the importance of the interventions to address structural inequity, global health care and coverage, and comprehensive social protection schemes as part of the response. It is time to recognize that not all of us are at equal risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 and to work with stakeholders to formulate an effective response. This study presents evidence from studies informing policymakers about the number of individuals that might be at increased risk or high risk of severe COVID-19 in different nations. Therefore, there is a need to develop scientific evidence for rapid assessments of environmental and public health action in the era of coronavirus diseases, which should focus on different policies guidelines to prevent those at increased risk. Estimating the number of people at high risk of severe COVID-19 is important to help countries to design more effective interventions to protect vulnerable individuals and reduce strain on health systems. This information can provide and inform a comprehensive assessment of the health, social, and economic consequences of shielding different groups, suggesting the need to develop a longer-term Covid-19 management strategy
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    A comparative study of Plasma Vitamin C levels in pre- eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital
    (2015) Odeigah CC; Odeigah L; Olagunju FA; Suleiman ZA; Issa YF; Adesina KT; Saidu R; Raji HA; Ayeni MO; Jimoh AAG
    Background: Pre-eclampsia remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in our environment. Research into methods of prevention of this disorder has been hampered by a poor understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to pre-eclampsia. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress (with reduced antioxidant defences) could lead to free radical mediated endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia. Objectives: To determine the plasma vitamin C levels in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant patients at LUTH, and to compare the levels of plasma vitamin C in both groups of patients with a view to investigate the association between plasma vitamin C level and preeclampsia. Method: A comparative study of plasma vitamin C levels in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. Informed consent was obtained from 90 women admitted to the labour ward with singleton pregnancies between 28 and 40 weeks, who were divided into two groups: 30 preeclamptic patients and 60 normotensive patients (each pre-eclamptic patient was matched for parity with 2 normotensive patients). Venous blood was obtained from all the participants. Plasma vitamin C level was measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Data was analyzed using inferential statistical methods. Results: The results showed that mean plasma vitamin C level in the pre-eclamptic women was 119.3 ± 23.7 μg/ml, while the mean plasma vitamin C level in the normotensive pregnant patients was 246.5 ± 45.0 μg/ml. The mean concentration of plasma vitamin C level was significantly lower in the pre-eclamptic patients than in the normotensive patients (t=14.5; p<0.001) Conclusion: The study showed that pre-eclampsia is associated with decreased concentration of plasma vitamin C. There is the need for a local study to investigate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on pre-eclampsia.
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    Addressing the emerging threat of Oropouche virus: implications and public health responses for healthcare systems
    (Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 2025-01-02) Olalekan John Okesanya; Blessing Olawumi Amisu; Olaniyi Abideen Adigun; Mohamed Mustaf Ahmed; Agboola Abdulmajeed Opeyemi; Tolga Kab; Gilbert Eshun; Bonaventure Michael Ukoaka; Tolutope Adebimpe Oso; Jerico Bautista Ogaya; Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III
    Oropouche fever is an increasingly significant health concern in tropical and subtropical areas of South and Central America, and is primarily spread by midge vectors. The Oropouche virus (OROV) was first identified in 1955 and has been responsible for numerous outbreaks, particularly in urban environments. Despite its prevalence, the disease is often under-reported, making it difficult to fully understand its impact. OROV typically causes febrile illness characterized by symptoms such as headaches, muscle pain, and, occasionally, neurological issues such as meningitis. The ability of the virus to thrive in both forested and urban areas has raised concerns regarding its potential spread to new regions, particularly in the context of climate change. This paper delves into the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission patterns of OROV, shedding light on the difficulties in diagnosing and managing the disease. The absence of specific treatments and vaccines highlights the urgent need for continued research and development of targeted public health strategies. Advancements in molecular diagnostics and vector control strategies can mitigate Oropouche fever’s impact. However, a comprehensive public health approach involving increased surveillance, public education, and cross-border collaboration is needed.
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    Adherence to Antiretroviral therapy among Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected patients at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.
    (2015) Olagunju FA; Odeigah LO; Suleiman ZA; Issa YF; Akanbi II A; Raji HA; Adesina KT; Saidu R; Ayeni OM; Jimoh AAG
    Background: When people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHAs) are able to meet its challenging adherence requirements, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can be a nearly miraculous drug regimen that drastically reduces viral replication and damage to the immune system, restores daily functioning and well being. Objectives: The study sought to determine the rate and sociodemographic factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Also to find associations between adherence and some clinical parameters among HIV infected patients attending lentiviral clinic at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey of a randomly selected 250 HIV infected adult patients who were on antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of three months under the Federal Government of Nigeria’s free drugs programme. Self-reported adherence and other data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results: Adherence rate to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients was 90%. Knowledge of respondents about adherence and the increase in CD4 counts were significantly associated with adherence level. An assessment of the relationship between rate of adherence and socio-demographic factors revealed that there were no statistically significant associations. Conclusion: The high rate of adherence was largely attributed to free drugs provided by the clinic, free CD4 counts and other investigations, regular health talk and adherence counseling provided by a high level man-power.
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    Analysis of otorhinolaryngology practices-challenges of specialists and facilties-in sub-saharan Africa
    (2023) 4. Shuaib Kayode Aremu; Kayode Rasaq Adewoye; Segun Alex Atolani; Yusuf Funsho Issa; Tesleem Olayinka Orewole
    Background: More than 95% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa (S.S.A.) does not have ready access to safe, affordable surgical care, and there is a desperate need for E.N.T. (ear, nose, and throat), audiology, and speech therapy services. Therefore, from an international outlook, the most significant challenge confronting hearing and cancer care delivery is not high-technology and high-cost medicine but the lack of access to even the most elementary E.N.T. care Materials and Methods: A literature search for studies on the analysis of trends and outcomes of otorhinolaryngology practices in sub-Saharan Africa was performed using Google Scholar search database, PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect. The bibliographies of included studies were also searched for additional references. About 95 articles were identified. Twenty-one articles were considered suitable for the review. The whole residents of Results: the 22 countries illustrated in a study reviewed were 720,500,000; this symbolizes 75% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa. Among the 22 countries that were tested, 847 ENT surgeons, 580 audiologists, 906 speech therapists, 264 ENT clinical officers, and 320 oncologists were reported. When data have combined the sample, the regional ratio was 1.2 million people per E.N.T. surgeon, 0.8 million people per audiologist, and 1.3 million people per speech therapist. Conclusion: Basic E.N.T. and airway-related interventions are possible in most countries that responded; life-saving procedures such as tracheostomy (and tracheostomy tubes), bronchoscopy, and balloon dilatation were not readily available in all countries. Access to hearing screening was very poor in most countries, highlighting the undocumented burden of disease of hearing loss in Africa and other LMICs, estimated at 5% of the world's population.
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    Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Ethanol Extracts of Moringa oleifera (Lam) Leaves
    (Jewel Journal of Scientific Research , Federal University of Kashere-Nigeria, 2024) Akanbi-Gada, M. A.,; Amubieya O. F.,; Abubakar, F.A.,; Ajiboye, A. T.; Olorukooba, H. O.,; Jimoh, F. A.; Olabamiji, S. T,; Yahaya, Z. O.; Adenekan, A.
    Moringa oleifera is known for its therapeutic potential, particularly in treating bacterial infections. This study aimed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Moringa oleifera extracts (ethanol and methanol) on two bacterial strains: Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive). The extracts were tested at concentrations of 200, 150, 100, 50, and 25 mg/ml. Phytochemical analysis was also conducted. Results showed that Moringa extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with the methanol extract showing an MIC and MBC of 200 mg/ml, and the ethanol extract showing an MIC and MBC of 150 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition were 19 mm (E. coli) and 18 mm (S. aureus) for methanol extract, and 18 mm (E. coli) and 17 mm (S. aureus) for ethanol extract. These results were similar to those of Ciprofloxacin (a standard antibiotic), indicating that Moringa extracts have strong antimicrobial properties. The study suggests that Moringa oleifera could be used as an alternative or adjunct to conventional antibiotics. Future studies should explore the synergistic effects of combining Moringa extracts with existing antibiotics to enhance their effectiveness and combat antibiotic resistance.
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    Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Analyses of Sida acuta Leaf Extracts on Selected Wound Isolates
    (Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2021) F. A. JIMOH, W.T. ABORISADE, BAMIDELE, A.A.
    Medicinal plants have been intensively screened for their bioactivity in order to treat various diseases in human. This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Sida acuta leaf extracts against selected wound microbes. The plant extracts were obtained sequentially using n-hexane, aqueous and acetone respectively in order of increasing polarity. The extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar-well diffusion method. The sensitivity of the test organisms to the extracts was represented by zones of inhibitions (mm) at different concentrations. There was corresponding increase in the zones of inhibitions (mm) on the test organisms as the concentration of the extracts increased from 64 mg/ml –512 mg/ml. Among the plant extracts, the aqueous extract of Sida acuta leaf revealed significantly higher zones of inhibitions (mm) from 7.50±2.12-25.00±1.40on all isolates. This was closely followed by the acetone extract while the n-hexane extract produced the lowest zones of inhibitions (mm) on all the test organisms except for Acinetobacter baumanniiwhich has 9.80±0.42at the concentration of 512 mg/ml. Results obtained on the phytochemical analyses of the aqueous and acetone extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Hence, the antimicrobial effects of Sida acuta leaf extracts has been revealed in this study, therefore its controlled use should be encouraged in the treatment of wounds and other infections caused by these microorganisms.
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    APPLICATION OF MAIZE STARCH-PEANUT SHELL NANOCOMPOSITE PACKAGING ON MUSHROOM UNDER VARYING MOISTURE, THICKNESS, AND COLD STORAGE
    (Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, 0012-12-23) Fadeyibi Adeshina, Kehinde Peter Alabi, Fadeyibi Mary
    In this research, a maize starch-peanut shell nanocomposite film was applied to package mushroom under varying moisture, thickness, and cold temperature conditions. The film was developed by congealing 18 g starch, 0.38 g peanut nanoparticles, 16 g glycerol in 300 ml distilled water at 70oC, and its thermal, mechanical, barrier and microstructural behaviors were determined using standard methods. The film was applied to package oyster mushroom by varying the thickness (5– 10 mm) and moisture content (77.18 –91.14 %, wb) of the product, and thereafter storing it under 4– 8 oC cold temperature condition. The results revealed ~ 5% weight fraction degradation at ≤ 310 oC with endothermic peaks occurring at 250 oC and 400 oC, which corresponds to phase transition points where the film was thermally stable. The deformation pattern of the film at atomic level mimics a natural plastic material, with a heterogeneous particle size distribution across the film matrix. The permeability coefficients were 0.68× 10-10, 2.10× 10-10 and 14.0× 10-10 cm3 (STP) cm/cm2scm Hg for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon-dioxide, gases, respectively. Also, the microbial load of the packaged product significantly decreased with an increase pH, moisture, and temperature (p< 0.05). Thus, the film can be suitable for mushroom packaging.
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    Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Ready to Eat Food Served in Ships Along Warri, Koko and Port Harcourt Wa ter Ways,
    (. Online Journal of Microbiological Research, 2022-03-11) Adiama, Y. B., Sawyerr, O. H., Olaniyi, O. A., Fregene, A. F., Alabede, M., and Raimi, M. O.
    Background: Food borne outbreaks have been associated with sourcing unsafe food. Therefore, the first preventative strategy should be to source safe food. Even if the sourced food is safe, measures need to be put in place to ensure that it remains safe during the transfer, storage, preparation and serving activities that follow. An understanding of the ship food supply and transfer chain will help to illustrate the points at which the food can become contaminated en route to the point of consumption. Objectives: The study was conducted in selected sea port in the core Niger Delta to assessed the microbiological quality of food served at different ship galley to crew and passengers and compered it to standard. Methods: Samples of food were taken from three (Port Harcourt Area one (PHSP), Warri (WSP) and Koko (KSP)) seaports within the South-South zone for laboratory analysis to uncover food spoilage microorganisms capable of causing disease outbreak among ship which could result to Trans border diseases. Eleven samples of different ready to eat food were collected from the locations, which included cooked rice; fried fish, irish potato porridge, vegetable soup, griki, pepper soup, fried irish potato, salad and bread were collected randomly. The samples were prepared and analyzed using standard procedures. Mean viable counts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were determined, ranging from (13×103cfu/g to 78×104 cfu/g) for ready to eat food. Results: Based on the finding KSP I, KSP J and KSP K food samples had the highest bac terial contamination on food while WSP F, WSP G and WSP H food samples had the least with the following isolates Salmonella spp, Nocardia spp, Shigella spp, Listeria spp, Bacillus cereus, Leuconostoc spp, Acinetobacter spp, Acetobacter spp, campylobacter spp, Clostridium spp and Vibrio spp which revealed that the isolates were susceptible to any of these antibiotics Septrin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Tarvid, Streptomycin, Reflacin, Augumetin, Ceporex, Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin, Ciproflox, Penicil lin and Erythromycin. Conclusion: Thus, ships operators and regulatory body are expected to take all practicable measures to ensure that they do not receive unsafe or unsuitable food and maintain adequate food temperature at all time.
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    Assessment of Bacterial Burden and Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Health Workers on Nosocomial Infection in General Hospital Ilorin, Kwara State
    (Asian Journal of Research in Nursing and Health 3(1): 52-63, 2020; Article no.AJRNH.56767, 2020-07-18) Olaolu O. Bilewu1* , Adedapo A. Adejumo1,2 and Abiodun Olasehinde
    Background: Nosocomial infection constitute over 25% of infection rates in the hospital setting causing significant morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries [1]. Microorganisms are present in the hospital environment including surfaces of sinks, taps, bedpans, beds, floors, bedspreads, stethoscopes, chairs, cupboards, theatre rooms, on surgical instruments [2]. Microbes in hospital public spaces have been a concern driven subject of significant importance, most especially in developing countries where nosocomial infection is considered to be two to three folds higher than in the developed countries [3]. Methodology: A qualitative survey involved the administration of a structured questionnaire to elicit data on the human dimensions for assessing the knowledge attitude and practice of health worker in nosocomial infection from different Units and Departments of the General Hospital Ilorin. Also, laboratory analysis of samples collected from contact surfaces from different wards was done. Original Research Article Bilewu et al.; AJRNH, 3(1): 52-63, 2020; Article no.AJRNH.56767 53 Results: Showed the practices of health workers that influences nosocomial infection, it indicates a higher percentage (63.7) of the population do not use personal protective equipment(PPE), The waste disposal method open dumping takes the highest percentage (55%) also, once in a day hospital disinfection is indicated by highest percentage (43.3%). Highest percentage (40.8%) Indicated that Izal is used for disinfection A higher percentage (56.8%) indicated that there is no Steady water supply. Highest percentage (59.2%) of the population study indicated that the source of water supply is well. Conclusion: The burden of HAIs is very high, knowledge of workers concerning HAIs is adequate yet the attitude and practice to prevent HAIs is poor, despite the more scientific knowledge on the roles of inanimate objects in the spread of hospital acquired infections, it is starling that only a minority of healthcare worker takes appropriate steps to counter this transmissibility.
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    Assessment of degradability potential of Penicillium oxalicum on crude oil
    (Pelagia Research Library, 2010-09-25) Opasola A.O* and Adewoye S.O
    The ability of three fungal isolates (XA, XB, XC) isolated from crude oil contaminated soil to degrade crude oil was studied. The isolates were identified to be Penicillum oxalicum based on their microscopic and macroscopic features. Degradability test showed that Penicillum oxalicum XA, XB and XC were able to metabolize the crude oil constituents with evidence from increase in mycelia weight. After 5 th day of incubation the mycelia weight for the isolates; XA, XB and XC were measured to be 0.39kg, 0.35kg and 0.35kg respectively. On the 20th day of incubation the mycelia mass increased to 0.56g, 0.54g and 0.51g respectively. The percentage of the residual oil on the 5th day of incubation for XA,XB, and XC isolates were quantified to be 73.5%, 68.6% and 75% respectively, whereas on the 20th day of incubation the percentage has reduced to 33% 35% and 31.4% respectively. This study showed that Penicillium oxalicium can be implicated in the remediation of site that may be contaminated with crude oils. Further understanding of the metabolic process of this organism on the crude oil will increase possibilities of developing models and strategies for removing crude oil pollutants from oil-impacted environments
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    Assessment of Environmental Sanitation, Food Safety Knowledge, Handling Practice among Food Handlers of Bukateria Complexes in Iju Town, Akure North of Ondo-State, Nigeria
    (0001-09-19) ODIPE Oluwaseun Emmanuel, Morufu Olalekan Raimi, Deinkuro Sanchez Nimisingha, Aishat Funmilayo Abdulraheem, Edewor Okolosi-Patainnocent, Modupe Lateefat Habeeb and Fadeyibi Mary
    Background: Food safety has become one of the ten threats to global health in 2019 and the outbreaks of foodborne diseases are major public health problems and had caused approximately 76 million illness, 325,000 hospitalizations and 5000 deaths yearly. However, 20 - 40% of such illness is associated with the consumption of contaminated food where bukateria premises are the most frequently cited sources of sporadic and outbreak foodborne infection including WASH related diseases. The problem is more noticeable in developing countries due to prevailing poor food handling and sanitation practices, tokenistic and inadequate food safety laws, weak regulatory systems, lack of financial resources to invest on safer equipment’s, and lack of education for food handlers. Objectives: This study assesses the environmental sanitation status of complexes in Iju offering public ‘Bukataria’ services, in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State, South-West Nigeria. Materials and Method: Purposive sampling technique was used, 36 respondents from 16 bukarias was carried out from April 2013 to May 2013. Total number of bukateria was obtained from environmental health unit of Akure North Local Government. The proprietors and food handlers were selected by lottery method from each selected bukateria. Structured and pretested questionnaire was developed for the purpose of data collection after reviewing relevant literature and views of professionals in the area. Analyses was achieved with frequencies, Chi-square and other summary statistics, to assess food vendors knowledge on hygiene and environmental sanitation practices. Results: Chi-square test (P = 0.1, 0.01) revealed that respondents with higher form of education (about 72%) and catering training (6%) had better knowledge about food hygiene. Results also revealed that while 61% of the food vendors did not use aprons, only about half of those that used (39%) were neat.75% (12 out of 16) of the bukateria had facilities for safe storage of cooked food, while 56% kept neat kitchen and stores. Correspondingly, 31.3% of the bukateria were adequately ventilated while 75% kept neat restaurant. 46% have access to means of adequate sewage disposal. All Bukateria had access to both portable water and adequate refuse disposal system. Rodents (rats) and/or flies were absent in 75% of the bukateria visited. This study will have a significant input, in the formulation of appropriate strategy, to modify and facilitate the overall regulatory activity, for program planning and evaluation by environmental health officer. Conclusion: More needs to be done in the area of supportive supervision training, education, medical screening for food handlers and monitoring in order to further improve the wellbeing of the community. These therefore demonstrate the need for targeted sanitation interventions in our Bukateria in order to address the current inadequate or lack of progress.
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    Assessment of Human Resources Core Capacity under International Health Regulations 2005 (Ihr 2005) At Ports Of Entry (Poe) In Lagos.
    (IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 2018-09) Muhammad Shehu Usman; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Henry Olawale Sawyerr
    International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) is an international legal instrument that is binding in 196 World Health Organisation (WHO) member countries worldwide that aims to prevent, protect against, control, and respond to the international spread of disease and to cut out unnecessary interruptions to traffic and trade especially in all the member states of World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. The IHR 2005 is also applied to our Country- Nigeria. The IHR (2005) is a result of the revision of its predecessor, IHR 1969 which did not adapt to the development of international trade and disease spectrum, especially the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). To lower the transmission risk of diseases at international airports, ground crossings, or ports, the IHR (2005) is designed to meet the requirements. [1-2] As a legally binding global framework, the IHR (2005) aims to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease as well as avoid unnecessary interruptions to traffic and trade [2] We are living in a world today that is highly mobile, interdependent, and interconnected, giving tremendous opportunities for diseases to spread rapidly. Furthermore, the public has been focusing on new health events caused by chemical, nuclear, and sudden environmental changes in the recent past [3] The countries meeting the IHR 2005 requirements need to develop a minimum particular core public health capacity and to notify the WHO of any event that is considered a public health event of international concern(PHEIC), which should be confirmed and declared by the WHO [4]. At the same time, the IHR clarifies a series of procedures that should be observed by the WHO to protect global public health safety [4]. The revised IHR focuses on public health crisis prevention, which has been expanded from certain “quarantine diseases” to any public health emergencies that may cause international repercussions. The implementation of the IHR shifts from the passive barrier of entry and exit points to the proactive risk management, aiming at early detection of any international threat before its formation and at stopping it from the very beginning [5]. To meet the IHR requirements, the countries need to develop, strengthen, and maintain core response capacities for public health risk and PHEIC and to meet the related core capacity requirements before June 15, 2012 (within 5 years after the enforcement of the revised IHR). If not, then an extension of the application to 2014 and another 2-year extension afterward for particular circumstances will be approved [6-9]. Following the „„One-health approach‟‟ of WHO for surveillance, emergency responses, prevention, management and control of infectious disease, it is imperative to assess distribution of personnel by profession at each point of entry so as to determine whether staffing is adequate or otherwise. Hence this study aims at assessing the adequacy or other wise of Human resources needed as frontline workers at PoEs for the implementation of IHR 2005.
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    Assessment of Patients’ Knowledge of Radiation Exposure during Medical Imaging Procedures at Private Medical Radiography Centres in Ogun State, Nigeria
    (Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 2020-10-31) Adedapo A. Adejumo1*, U. Enebeli, Ugo2 and Olaolu O. Bilewu
    Introduction: Radiological examinations are commonly requested for patients to aid clinical diagnosis. However, many doctors do not realize how much radiation dosage their patients are exposed to during radiological aim. The main objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge of radiation exposure and safety practices among patients undergoing medical imaging in Ado-Odo Local Government Area, in Ogun State of Nigeria. Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was used for the study. Results: More than half of the respondents 216(69.7%) were female, more than one-quarter 153(49.4) of the respondents were aged 20-29 years, More than half 186(60.0%) of the respondent are single. More than half 204(66.4%) of the respondents have heard about radiation exposure. Majority 232(74.8%) of the respondents agree that radiation hazard do come only from medical radiations. More than half 21(68.7%) of the respondents agree that they do take note of radiation warning sign, majority 236(76.1%) of the respondents agree that they know the wrong use of dose of ionizing radiation can lead to mortality, 217(70.0%) of the respondents agree that inappropriate safety measure on ionizing radiation can result into cancer Conclusion: This study notes that majority of the literature on awareness and knowledge of the effects of ionizing radiation was carried out among health workers, whereas there is limited information from patients who undergo the procedure. This accounts for the paucity of local studies to compare our results with. In future, studies could compare the radiation awareness among patients presenting at health facilities from public and private, as well as differences in awareness levels of self-presenting and prescribed patient
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    Assessment of Physicochemical, Hygiene Performance and Bacteriological Quality of Stored Water in Selected Hostels in Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Science, Gombe State University (GSU), Nigeria., 2025) Fausat Abimbola Jimoh; Abdullahi Taiwo Ajao; Wakili Tope Aborisade; Zainab Biola Abdulsalam; Olanrewaju Sariyat Olayinka
    ABSTRACT Water quality assessment is crucial in ensuring the safety and health of individuals, especially in residential areas like student hostels. This study assessed the physicochemical parameters, hygiene performance, and bacteriological quality of stored water in hostels in Malete, Nigeria. Twenty different water samples were collected and analyzed for key physicochemical properties and hygiene practices related to water storage and handling. Membrane filtration technique was employed for the bacteriological estimation and identification of the isolates were carried out using standard methods. Hygiene performance indices ranged from 40 - 80 % of the stored water samples. The findings revealed varying levels of physicochemical properties; Temperature oscillated from (26.0 - 28.4 °C), TDS (48.0 – 690.0 mg/L), pH (5.44 -7.61), EC in μS/cm (96.0 – 689.0), salinity (0.0 -0.01%) and resistivity (1.170 – 4.910 MΩ/cm). Total Bacterial Count ranged from 80.0 ±0.5.77 - 200±20.0 CFU/100ml, Total Coliform Count (0.0 - 100±10.00 CFU/100ml), Total Faecal Coliform Count (0.0 – 10.0±0.0 CFU/100ml), Total Salmonella- Shigella (0.0 - 100±26.45 CFU/100ml) and Total Pseudomonad Count (0.0 - 100±20.00 CFU/100ml). Poor hygiene practices, such as inadequate container cleaning and direct hand contact, contributed to bacterial contamination. The presence of coliforms in almost all the samples indicated potential health risks. This study highlights the need for improved water management practices and regular monitoring to ensure safe drinking water for hostel residents in Malete, Kwara State. Implementing proper hygiene education and water treatment methods is recommended.
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    Assessment of Phytoremediation Potential of Indigenous Flora around the Steel Industries in Nigeria Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited, Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria
    (Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2020-07-28) Adejoh, P. Akumabi, Henry O. Sawyerr, Adeolu AT and Opasola O.A
    In recent years, with the development of the global industrialization, the content of heavy metals in the soil caused by industrial activities has gradually increased, resulting in environmental deterioration. There is a need to provide viable option that is economical, environmental friendly and sustainable for clean-up of environmental contamination such as phytoremediation. Series of studies conducted in the past on heavy metals content in soil around Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited (ASCL) without considering the remediation technologies of such contents. This study primarily assessed the phytoremedial potential of indigenous flora around Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria. To achieve this, top and sub soil samples along with control were collected around the vicinity of ASCL for heavy metals analysis. Four different indigenous plants (Imperata cylindrica (Spear grass or cotton wool grass), Sida acuta (Wire weed), Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) and Chromoleana odarata (Siam weed) grown within the vicinity of the ASCL were randomly collected for heavy metals analysis. The samples were digested and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Perkin Elmer® Analyst 100 model). The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 20 for descriptive and inferential statistics. The metal transfer factors were also determined. The results obtained revealed that the potential of remediating Lead by C. odarata was high compared to other plant species which uptake 10.33 mg/kg, 20.11 mg/kg, and 25.32 mg/kg in the leaves, stem and root respectively. The bioaccumulation level of Lead in C. odarata and H. annus were recorded to be 0.91 mg/kg and 0.71 mg/kg respectively which indicated highest bioaccumulation factor. Unlike the bioaccumulation factors, the translocation factors were high in all the heavy metals investigated. The study revealed that C. odarata, I. cylindrica and S. acuta are good accumulators of heavy metals and they should therefore be encouraged to be cultivated. The plant species may be regarded as hyperaccumulators, which is characterized by their ability to accumulate high quantities of metals in their tissues.
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    Assessment of Preparedness and Community Based /nƚĞƌǀĞnƟŽn Strategies for WƌĞǀĞnƟŽn and Control of Lassa Fever in Rural Malete, Kwara State
    (2021-12-31) Bilewu O Olaolu* , Nusirat Elelu, Adejumo A Adedapo, Ige Taiye and Yusuf F Issa
    Background: The outbreak of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) in the West African sub region in recent timĞƐ had nĞŐĂtivĞ consequences on the health systems, ŝnƚĞrnĂtiŽnĂů travels, movements and trades. Nigeria is Ɛtiůů bĂƩůŝnŐ with a ƐŝŐnŝĮcĂnƚ spread of Lassa Fever (LF) outbreak. Aims: This study assessed preparedness and community bas ed ŝnƚĞrvĞntiŽn strategies for ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control of Lassa fever in rural Malete, Kwara State. Methodology: This was a ĚĞƐcrŝƉtivĞ cross ƐĞctiŽnĂů study carried out among. Two hundred ĮŌy nine (259) people in rural Malete. Study respondents were s elected using mƵůtiƐƚĂŐĞ sampling technique. A well structur ed, paper based, interviewer administered qƵĞƐtiŽnnĂŝrĞ w as used for data cŽůůĞctiŽn͘ Data was analyzed using ^ƚĂtiƐticĂů Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0, ƐŽŌwĂrĞ package for windows (IBM SPSS, 2017) ĚĞƐcrŝƉtivĞ and classical ƐƚĂtiƐticƐ were adopted and the level of ƐŝŐnŝĮcĂncĞ for the ƐƚĂtiƐticĂů tests was set at ≤ 0.05. Result: More than half of the respondents 75(64.7%) in the age group (21-30 years) agree they know strategies against Lassa fever ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control in Malete, 35(57.6%) in the age group (31-40 years) of the respondents also agree they know strategies against Lassa fever ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control in Malete. Majority 39(77.3%) of respondents in the age group (41-50 years) agree they know strategies against Lassa fever ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control in Malete. 12(52%) of the respondents in (51 above years) years category agree that they know if the state rĞŐƵůĂtiŽnƐ for ƉrŽƚĞctiŽn against rĂĚŝĂtiŽn is available. Discussion: Past epidemic control in Nigeria have occurred, leaving ůŝƩůĞ or no traces of ĞxŝƐtinŐ control structures behind and preparing no ground for future outbreaks and ůŝƩůĞ or no emphasis on preparedness. Adequate training and retraining of health care providers as well as the establishing well equipped ŝnĨĞctiŽƵƐ disease clinics, laboratories and research centers would help in the prompt containment, diagnosis and treatment of Lassa and would help in ĂvĞrtinŐ possible future outbreaks
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    Assessment of Preparedness and Community Based Intervention Strategies for Prevention and Control of Lassa Fever in Rural Malete, Kwara State
    (2021) Olaolu BO; Elelu N; Adedapo AA; Taiye I; Issa YF
    Background: The outbreak of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) in the West African sub region in recent timĞƐ had nĞŐĂtivĞ consequences on the health systems, ŝnƚĞrnĂtiŽnĂů travels, movements and trades. Nigeria is Ɛtiůů bĂƩůŝnŐ with a ƐŝŐnŝĮcĂnƚ spread of Lassa Fever (LF) outbreak. Aims: This study assessed preparedness and community bas ed ŝnƚĞrvĞntiŽn strategies for ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control of Lassa fever in rural Malete, Kwara State. Methodology: This was a ĚĞƐcrŝƉtivĞ cross ƐĞctiŽnĂů study carried out among. Two hundred ĮŌy nine (259) people in rural Malete. Study respondents were s elected using mƵůtiƐƚĂŐĞ sampling technique. A well structur ed, paper based, interviewer administered qƵĞƐtiŽnnĂŝrĞ w as used for data cŽůůĞctiŽn͘ Data was analyzed using ^ƚĂtiƐticĂů Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0, ƐŽŌwĂrĞ package for windows (IBM SPSS, 2017) ĚĞƐcrŝƉtivĞ and classical ƐƚĂtiƐticƐ were adopted and the level of ƐŝŐnŝĮcĂncĞ for the ƐƚĂtiƐticĂů tests was set at ≤ 0.05. Result: More than half of the respondents 75(64.7%) in the age group (21-30 years) agree they know strategies against Lassa fever ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control in Malete, 35(57.6%) in the age group (31-40 years) of the respondents also agree they know strategies against Lassa fever ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control in Malete. Majority 39(77.3%) of respondents in the age group (41-50 years) agree they know strategies against Lassa fever ƉrĞvĞntiŽn and control in Malete. 12(52%) of the respondents in (51 above years) years category agree that they know if the state rĞŐƵůĂtiŽnƐ for ƉrŽƚĞctiŽn against rĂĚŝĂtiŽn is available. Discussion: Past epidemic control in Nigeria have occurred, leaving ůŝƩůĞ or no traces of ĞxŝƐtinŐ control structures behind and preparing no ground for future outbreaks and ůŝƩůĞ or no emphasis on preparedness. Adequate training and retraining of health care providers as well as the establishing well equipped ŝnĨĞctiŽƵƐ disease clinics, laboratories and research centers would help in the prompt containment, diagnosis and treatment of Lassa and would help in ĂvĞrtinŐ possible future outbreaks.
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    Assessment of selected heavy metals in twenty standard hotels in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
    (37.Innovative Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022-03-02) Habeeb M.L, Sawyerr H.O and Opasola O.A
    The rise in contamination of raw foods by heavy metals has become an unavoidable problem nowadays. The episodes of accumulation of heavy metals in the biotic environment result from rapid increase in industrial activities, advancement in agricultural methods, or the activities of humans in the urban settings. These activities have prompted metal distribution in the environment and, subsequently, resulting to impairment in health of the populace by the ingestion of food contaminated by harmful metals components. The aim of this study was to assess the heavy metals concentrations and characterize the heavy metals found in raw food samples collected from selected standard hotels in Kaduna State and compare with the Food Agriculture and Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines so as to assess the potential health hazard. Twenty samples of rice and nine samples beans were obtained from 20 hotels within three-, four-, and five-star ratings with their purchase sources coded from hotel 1 to 20 for confidentiality. The powdered samples were digested with nitric acid. Extract from the digest was analyzed for Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), and Cadmium (Cd) using Buck Scientific AAS. The results of this research indicated levels of HMs were within safe limit, when compared with FAO/WHO standard and concentrations are significantly low, as the heavy metals are the same across the samples at P-value set at 0.05. The results of this study indicated presence of the heavy metals (Copper, Cadmium, and Lead) in the samples but they were at safe levels when compared with the WHO standard. Despite these, one should not neglect the fact that the two metals (Cd and Pb) accumulate in the body over time because of consumption frequency of beans and rice. Bioaccumulation rate can pose serious health risk to consumers. Implementation of hazard analysis critical control point for routine assessment of heavy metals in food products to help eliminate of not exceed global standard for food safety should be practice.
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    Averting MERS-Cov Emerging Threat and Epidemics: The Importance of Community Alertness and Preparedness Policies and Programs
    (Journal Of Prevention & Infection Control, 2015-09) Ernest Tambo; Tamiru Oljira; Olalubi A. Oluwasogo; Emad I. M. Khater; Zhou Xiao-Nong
    Africa being part of the global village is challenged by unprecedented and persistent emerging infectious diseases threats and outbreaks. Recent memories of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks in Saudi Arabia (2012) and South Korea (2015), West Africa Ebola viral disease outbreak and public health humanitarian crisis (2014) and China’s SARS outbreaks. Various differences and similarities between these diseases have triggered serious concerns and magnified that similar outbreaks could occur anywhere in the world with lingering health complications, socio-political and economic crises. Yet, there is dearth of knowledge on MERS-CoV reservoirs, risk factors of emergence, infectivity and transmissibility in Africa and globally. This paper highlights forward approaches and key activities to the African Union, governments and institutions and all stakeholders including public-private partnership. These play paramount roles in providing information and support to address MERS-CoV and other emerging infectious diseases research gaps, (2) promoting community alertness and resilience in preparedness, (3) fostering effective and coordinated logistics in risk communication, planning and response in MERS-CoV public mobilization literacy and awareness, advocacy and mitigation. There is an urgent need to establish an integrated and strategic evidence-based local and nationwide surveillance and response capacity, (5) better understand the MERS-CoV animal reservoir(s) and human-human infectivity and transmissibility, and (6) implement informed community-based or national threat and epidemics actionable emergency insurance facility and compensation schemes. Conclusively, improved early warning, active and integrated epidemiological and genomic surveillance indicators data gathering to inform and guide effective and community resilience capability in consolidating and upholding knowledge gains from “One Health Surveillance Network” and best practices in achieving “One Health” and global health security.