Department of Civil and Enironmental Engineering

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Thermo-physical properties of rubber seed useful in the design of storage structure
(Chinese Intitution of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2012) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash Delebo Osunde
This study was carried out to determine the thermo-physical properties of rubber seed in the moisture range of 9.1% to 14.8% (w.b.). The length, width, thickness, measured surface area, bulk density and true density increased with increasing moisture content with high coefficients of determination (significant at p<0.05). Their optimum values at 14.8% moisture content were 17.00 mm, 11.94 mm, 8.26 mm, 285.20 mm2, 295.00 kg/m3 and 470.67 kg/m3, respectively. The angle of repose increased as moisture content increased with low coefficient of determination and has optimum value of 28.81°at 14.8% moisture content. The specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity decreased linearly while thermal diffusivity increased exponentially with an increase in moisture content (significant at p<0.05). The optimum values of specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity at 14.8% moisture content were 55.84 kJ/(kg.K), 0.032 W/(m.K) and 1.93×10-9 m2/s,respectively. The results are essential in the design of storage structure for rubber seed
Flow and strength properties of cassava and yam starch–glycerol composites essential in the design of handling equipment for granular solids
(Journal of Food Engineering, Elsevier, 2014) A. Fadeyibi; Z.D. Osunde; G. Agidi; E.C. Evans
A research was conducted to determine the flow and strength properties of cassava and yam starch–glycerol composites for their application in the design of hopper or any other storage bin, with a consistent flow during the handling of the granular solids, in the food industry. The flow and strength properties of the bulk materials which include the consolidation, shear and unconfined yield stresses were determined at different bulk densities and glycerol concentrations in the range of 1.5–3.0 g/cm3 and 15–25 ml glycerol per 100 g starch using a uniaxial compression test. The flowability of the bulk solids were classified using Jenike’s flow specifications. The angles of internal and wall frictions of the bulk solids were determined from their yield loci. The hopper half angles were determined from the conical hopper design chart; and the friction factors, which account for the vibration in the arch thickness and the geometric configuration of the composites, were computed empirically. The results show that the compressive strength of the cassava and yam starch–glycerol composites increased significantly with an increase in bulk density and a decrease in the glycerol concentration (p < 0.05). The cohesiveness of the composites increase with increasing glycerol concentration, up to 25 ml per 100 g starch, because of their increasing flow function (1 < ff < 2). The hopper half angle, friction factor and angles of internal and wall frictions of the cassava starch–glycerol composite at 3.0 g/cm3 were 18.0°, 2.48, 43.0° and 26.0°, respectively. The higher angle of wall friction at 3 g/cm3 implies that a steeper hopper wall is required for a consistent flow of the granular solids through a hopper.
SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD AT THE UPSTREAM WATERSHED OF JEBBA LAKE IN NIGERIA USING SWAT MODEL
(Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2015) Adeniyi Ganiyu Adeogun; Sule, Bolaji Fatai; Adebayo Wahab
In this study, we focused on the applicability and suitability of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) embedded in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment in the prediction of sediment yield of a watershed (12,992km2). The watershed is drained by Rivers Niger, Kontagora, Awun and Eku and is located at the upstream of Jebba Reservoir in north central Nigeria . SWAT was run daily for 26 years (1985 to 2010 ) using climatic data representing three weather stations located within the watershed. The model was calibrated and validated using measured flow data from 1990 to 1995. Also due to the unavalilability of observed sediment data for the area, sediment samples were collected from three locations in the watershed from May to December, 2013 using suspended sediment sampler USDH-2A. The sediment samples were analysed and used to spatially calibrate and validate the model. The model was statistically evaluated using coefficient of determination, R2 and Nasch-Sutcliffe Efficiency, NSE. Evaluation of the model revealed that it performed satisfactorily for stream flow and sediment yield predictions in the watershed. The model predicted the annual sediment yield in the watershed as 255.8 tons/ha/yr producing about 8.31x 109 tons of sediment between 1985 and 2010. Sediment concentration (mg/l) in the reach during the period of simulation showed that the highest sediment concentration was obtained in subbasins 29, 20 and 19 with values 446.3, 376.8 and 365.4 mg/l respectively. However, lowest sediment concentration occurred in subbasin 73 with a value of 108.6 mg/l. The results from the study showed that a properly calibrated SWAT embedded in GIS environment is suitable for modelling the hydrology and predicting the sediment yield in a watershed. In the light of this, SWAT can be adopted by water engineers and hydrologists in Nigeria and other sub sahara Africa countries in the region as a decision support tool to assist policy makers in achieving sustainable sediment and water management at watershed level.
Development and Optimisation of Cassava Starch-Zinc-Nanocomposite Film for Potential Application in Food Packaging
(Journal of Food Processing and Technology, 2016) Fadeyibi A; Osunde ZD
The improvement of biodegradable film used in the food packaging has been made possible through nanotechnology. This research was carried out to develop and optimize the cassava starch-zinc-nanocomposite films for potential applications in food packaging. The zinc nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method and established with the particle sizes ranging from 4 nm to 9 nm. The films were developed by casting the solutions of 24 g cassava starch, 0% to 2% (w/w) zinc nanoparticles and 45% to 55% (w/w) glycerol in plastic mould of 8, 10 and 12 mm depths. The average thickness of the films varied respectively with the depth as 15.14 ± 0.22, 16.21 ± 0.36 and 17.38 µm ± 0.13 µm. Permeability and stability of the films were determined at 27°C and 65% relative humidity and thermal range of 30°C to 950°C, respectively. Also, the mechanical properties were determined using the nano indentation technique. The films were optimised based on their characterized attributes using their desirability functions. The hardness, creep, elastic and plastic works, which determined the plasticity index of the films, decreased with thickness and zinc nanoparticles. The water vapour permeability increased with the concentrations of glycerol, zinc nanoparticles and thickness while the oxygen permeability decreased with the nanoparticles. The degradations of the Nanocomposites at 100°C were in the range of 2%-3%, which may indicate that the films are thermally stable. The optimum film whose desirability function is closer to the optimisation goal gave values of 49.29% glycerol, 17 µm thickness and 2% zinc nanoparticles for maximum thermal and mechanical properties. The low permeability, high thermal stability and low plastic work at higher concentration of zinc nancomposites may be essential in food packaging.
Nano-Rheological Behaviour of Cassava Starch-Zinc Nanocomposite Film under Dynamic Loading for High Speed Transportation of Packaged Food
(2016) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash D. Osunde; Gbabo Agidi; Evans C. Egwim; Peter A. Idah
This research was undertaken to determine the nano–rheological behaviours of cassava starch–zinc–nanocomposite films under dynamic loading for assessing their suitability as food packaging materials in high speed transportation. The films, with thickness ranging between 15 ± 0.22–17 ± 0.13 μm, were prepared by casting mixtures of 24 g cassava starch, 45–55% (w/w) glycerol and 0–2% (w/w) zinc nanoparticles in plastic moulds of 8–12 mm depths. The effects of the nanoparticles, thickness and glycerol on the rheological properties of the films, including the Young’s modulus, creep, hardness and plasticity index were determined using nanoindentation technique. The results show that the Young’s modulus and hardness of the films varied inconsistently with glycerol concentration and nanoparticles due probably to their isotropic nature and sensitivity to slight change in load. The plasticity index was lower for 15 μm film, which absorbed 40 pNm and dissipated 0.5 pNm during loading and unloading stages, respectively. The response of the 15 μm film to creep was higher than 16 μm and 17 μm films, and this may be consequence of lower wear at higher loads. This implies that the nanocomposite film might be suitable for high speed transportation of packaged food.
Cost eﬀectiveness of sediment management strategies for mitigation of sedimentation at Jebba Hydropower reservoir, Nigeria
(Elsevier, JournalofKingSaudUniversity–EngineeringSciences, 2016-01-22) Adeogun, Adeniyi Ganiyu; Sule,Bolaji Fatai; Salami, Adebayo Wahab
Inthisstudy,acalibratedhydrologicmodel,SoilandWaterAssessmentTool (SWAT) interfacedwithGeographicalInformationSystem(GIS)toolwasusedtostudytheeffectofdiffer entsedimentmanagementmethodsinawatershed(12,992km2)upstreamofJebbaLake,Nigeria. Sedimentmanagementstrategiesconsideredare(i)reforestationofthewatershed,(ii)applicationof vegetativefilterstrip(VFS)and(iii)constructionofstonebunds.Costanalysisofimplementingthe selectederosioncontrolmeasureswithinthewatershedwasalsocarriedout tocomparethecost effectivenessof eachof themanagement strategies.Theresults showedthatapplicationofVFS, reforestation, andstonebunds tocritical zonesof thewatershedreducedthe sediment yieldup to65.6%,63.4%and12%respectivelywhilethefinancialanalysisof implementingreforestation, VFSandstonebundsrevealed84.9%,73.3%and70.5%reductionrespectivelyinthecoststobe incurredifsedimentsareallowedtoaccumulateinthedam.Fromthisanalysis, itcanbeconcluded thatthesedimentmanagementscenariosconsideredinthisstudyarecosteffectiveandsustainable whencomparedwiththecostsincurredintacklingtheeffectduetoreservoirsedimentation.Over all, thestudyshowedthathydrologicalmodelssuchasSWATcanbeusedtostudystrategiesfor waterresourcemanagement. Inaddition, itcanprovidepolicymakersthedecisionsupport tools toevaluatethecostandbenefitsofadoptingBestManagementPractices(BMPs)particularlyfor sedimentcontrol inerosionpronewatersheds.
Performance evaluation of cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film for tomatoes packaging
(Italian Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash D. Osunde; Evans C. Egwim; Peter A. Idah
Biodegradable nanocomposite films are novel materials for food packaging because of their potential to extend the shelf life of food. In this research, the performance of cassava starchzinc- nanocomposite film was evaluated for tomatoes packaging. The films were developed by casting the solutions of 24 g cassava starch, 0-2% (w/w) zinc nanoparticles and 55% (w/w) glycerol in plastic mould of 12 mm depth. The permeability of the films, due to water and oxygen, was investigated at 27°C and 65% relative humidity while the mechanical properties were determined by nanoindentation technique. The average thickness of the dried nanocomposite films was found to be 17±0.13 μm. The performances of films for tomatoes packaging was evaluated in comparison with low density polyethylene (LDPE; 10 μm) at the temperature and period ranges of 10-27°C and 0-9 days, respectively. The quality and microbial attributes of the packaged tomatoes, including ascorbic acid, β-carotene and total coliform were analysed at an interval of 3 days. The results revealed that the water vapour permeability increased while the oxygen permeability decreased with the nanoparticles (P<0.05). The hardness, creep, elastic and plastic works, which determined the plasticity index of the film, decreased generally with the nanoparticles. The films containing 1 and 2% of the nanoparticles suppressed the growth of microorganisms and retained the quality of tomatoes than the LDPE at 27°C and day-9 of packaging (P<0.05). The results implied that the film could effectively be used for tomatoes packaging due to their lower oxygen permeability, hardness, elastic and plastic works.
Performance Evaluation and Modification of an Existing Rice Destoner
(International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2017) Mohammed Gana Yisa; Adeshina Fadeyibi; Kamil Kayode Katibi; O. C. Ucheoma
Destoning is a processing technique for removing stones and broken grains from a batch of milled rice. This research was carried out to modify an existing rice destoner for the purpose of increasing its capacity and efficiency. Modification introduced addressed challenges associated with the existing machine, such as low stone removal efficiency and low air flow channel, which affects the aerodynamic lifting of the rice grains. Performance was evaluated for 3 kg of locally milled rice samples based on the design capacity of the machine, cleaning efficiency and degree of grain flow. The result showed that the design capacity (1.8 kg/h) of the modified destoner was higher than that of the existing (0.86 kg/h). Also, the modified machine has 40.8% destoning efficiency which is higher than that of existing machine (2.58%).
Performance evaluation of cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film for tomatoes packaging
(Italian Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash D. Osunde; Evans C. Egwim; Peter A. Idah
Biodegradable nanocomposite films are novel materials for food packaging because of their potential to extend the shelf life of food. In this research, the performance of cassava starchzinc- nanocomposite film was evaluated for tomatoes packaging. The films were developed by casting the solutions of 24 g cassava starch, 0-2% (w/w) zinc nanoparticles and 55% (w/w) glycerol in plastic mould of 12 mm depth. The permeability of the films, due to water and oxygen, was investigated at 27°C and 65% relative humidity while the mechanical properties were determined by nanoindentation technique. The average thickness of the dried nanocomposite films was found to be 17±0.13 μm. The performances of films for tomatoes packaging was evaluated in comparison with low density polyethylene (LDPE; 10 μm) at the temperature and period ranges of 10-27°C and 0-9 days, respectively. The quality and microbial attributes of the packaged tomatoes, including ascorbic acid, β-carotene and total coliform were analysed at an interval of 3 days. The results revealed that the water vapour permeability increased while the oxygen permeability decreased with the nanoparticles (P<0.05). The hardness, creep, elastic and plastic works, which determined the plasticity index of the film, decreased generally with the nanoparticles. The films containing 1 and 2% of the nanoparticles suppressed the growth of microorganisms and retained the quality of tomatoes than the LDPE at 27°C and day-9 of packaging (P<0.05). The results implied that the film could effectively be used for tomatoes packaging due to their lower oxygen permeability, hardness, elastic and plastic works.
Design of a Dual Operated Cassava Chipper
(European Mechanical Science, 2017) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Prof. Mohammed Gana Yisa; Kehinde Peter Alabi
Size reduction of agricultural products is an essential requirement for their processing and transportation.This research designed and fabricated a manually operated and motorised cassava chipping machine, whichis adaptable to the local farmers at the cottage level. The design was carried out by empirically computingthe threshold force required for cutting the cassava tubers, with a prior knowledge of the length (350 mm)and thickness (1.5 mm) of the cutting blades as influencing indexes. Also, the capacity of the machine wasevaluated using six different cutting forces above and below the cutting threshold force (68.99 N). The resultsshow that the cutting force increased exponentially with the length and diameter of the tuber. Also, less forcewas required to chip cassava tuber with longer length and shorter diameter probably due to the presence ofinner and central crack defects, which is capable of forming easy crack initiation points with the slightestblade effort. The size of the electric motor required was a single phase 1 hp (4500 rpm), which is capable ofpowering the machine to an approximate capacity of 225 kg/h and comparable to the required human effort.The machine was also found effective in chipping cassava tuber to average size of 30 mm.
Effects of Glycerol and Diameter of Holes in Breaker Plate on Performance of Screw Mixer for Nanocomposites
(2017) A. Fadeyibi; Z.D. Osunde; M.G. Yisa
Abstract A breaker plate of a screw mixer is an efficient mixing device for use in homogenizing nanocomposites. This research was undertaken to investigate the effects of glycerol and diameter of holes in a breaker plate on performance of a screw mixer for nanocomposites. Samples of the nanocomposites were formulated by blending 1000 g cassava starch, 45-55% glycerol and 2% magnetite nanoparticles; and used to evaluate the performance of a locally developed screw mixer at 5 mm and 7 mm diameters of holes in its breaker plate. The effects of glycerol and diameter of holes in the breaker plate on mixing index, amount of unmixed nanocomposites and output/1000g were evaluated as performance indices for 1 hour. Empirical models were determined for predicting the performance of the mixer within the designed criteria. The results showed that the output/1000g and the mixing index increased with higher glycerol and diameter of holes in the breaker plate. However, the amount of unmixed nanocomposites decreases with a higher diameter of holes in the breaker plate (p<0.05). The maximum output/1000g and mixing index lies between 5 mm diameter of holes in the breaker plate and 55% glycerol concentration with an approximate desirability of 0.60. The empirical models developed were fit (R2=0.89, p<0.05); and there were no significant differences between actual and predicted values. The results suggest application of 5 mm diameter of holes in the breaker plate for homogenizing nanocomposites for optimum performance.
Finite element simulation of temperature variation in grain metal silo
(Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2018) Mohammed Gana Yisa; Adeshina Fadeyibi; O.I.O. Adisa; Kehinde Peter Alabi
This research was conducted to study temperature variation in grain metal silo using Finite Element Method (FEM). A mathematical model was developed, based on conductive heat transfer expressed in Poisson and Laplace Differential models, by discretising the actual temperature variation at 8 hours storage interval for 153 days (May to September). The temperature variations were measured from specified radii (0, 3.25 m and 8.25 m) and at depth of 1.2 m from the base of the grain silo. The results of the simulation were compared with the ambient and measured values, and this agreed with each other. The pattern of temperature at the depth of 1.2 m from the radii of the metal silo did not differ from each other. This may imply that the silo will need aeration at an interval of 8 hours to curtail excessive heat build-up that may lead to deterioration of stored grains and possible structural failure.
Potentials of zinc and magnetite nanoparticles for contaminated water treatment
(Agricultural Review, 2018) A Fadeyibi; M G Yisa; F. A. Adeniji; K. K. Katibi; K. P. Alabi; K. R. Adebayo
Water contamination is an issue requiring continuous remedy on daily basis because of the high demand for clean quality water. Scientists have proffered numerous ways of making this possible but the techniques involved is often difficult to replicate at small scale. For this reason, easier and cheaper techniques for contaminated water treatment are often sought after. One way of actualizing this is via nanotechnology, which involves the use of smaller particles ( Lass Than 100 nm in size) to coagulate suspended substances and inhibit microbial growth in the targeted water. The mechanisms involved have been presented for zinc and magnetite nanoparticles in this write-up. This technology provides way of getting clean quality water for domestic, agricultural and industrial applications.
MODIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF AN ELECTRIC DRYER FOR HIGH MOISTURE VEGETABLES
(Engineering Science, 2018) Mohammed Gana Yisa; Adeshina Fadeyibi
Food wastage resulting from lack of facilities for drying and the unhygienic methods of processing are major causes of food shortage in supply chain. Thus, to address these issues, an existing electric dryer was modified for drying high moisture vegetables. The machine was evaluated for drying tomatoes with an initial moisture content of 63% (wb). A heating element was attached below the fan of the dryer to allow a through air circulation instead of the cross air flow pattern of the previous design. Four trays, with each having a capacity of 0.092m 3 , were loaded with 30.4kg of slice tomatoes at a rate of 7.6kg per tray and dried for 5h. Thermostat was used to regulate temperature and relative humidity in the drying compartment at 42 o C and 11% RH. Control experiment was set up to determine the quality loss upon drying under sun for 5 h. Nutritional quality parameters of the dried products were determined using standard known methods. The results showed that actual volume of heated air delivered to the drying chambers, thickness of polyurethane used as lagging and power requirement for heating were 8.96m 3 , 38mm and 3000W, respectively. The nutritional quality loss in the sun dried samples was lower than the corresponding loss in the dryer. The modified dryer has 73% drying efficiency, which higher than the efficiency of the existing dryer.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Manually Operated Locust Bean Cubing Machine
(2018) Mohammed Gana Yisa; Adeshina Fadeyibi; Salman Abdul Hafe
Background and Objective: Cubing is a process of consolidating bulk agricultural products to allow precise sizing prior to packaging and marketing. This research was undertaken to develop a locust bean cubing machine. Materials and Methods: The machine was designed to cube 2 kg of fermented locust beans with the help of a piston-connecting rod arrangement, as a conveying mechanism. A handle attached to the connecting rod provides the drive and force required for cubing and the resultant piston speed was computed empirically. Results: The results showed that the machine required a piston speed and pressure of 33 m secG1 and 25.1 kN mG2, respectively. Also, the machine was able to produce cubed locust beans of an approximate size of 0.06 m2. Conclusion: Thus, the cubing of locust beans condiment can be successfully achieved with the help of this machine.
Sustainable management of erosion prone areas of upper watershed of Kainji hydropower dam, Nigeria
(2018-05-05) Adeogun, Adeniyi Ganiyu; Ibitoye, Biliyamin Adeoye; Salami, Adebayo Wahab
Reservoir sedimentation has been a major concern to stakeholders around the world in the implementa tion of sustainable management of hydropower dams. Not only that it reduces the storage capacity of reservoirs, several sediment related problems such as reduction in water quality and acceleration of abra sion of underwater parts can impair the primary purpose of which the reservoir is built. Therefore, sus tainable management of watersheds upstream of hydropower dam is necessary to combat the issues of sedimentation and to extend its useful life. In this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was interfaced with MapwindowGIS to model and predict sediment yield and concentration into sub basins of the upper watershed of Kainji hydropower dam in Nigeria which has an area of 30,350 km2. The model was run daily for 30 years and performance evaluation was carried out using Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). Model calibration and validation as well as iden tification of erosion prone areas were equally achieved. The results showed that average annual sediment yield and concentration were 35.29 t/ha/year and 11,903.7 mg/l respectively. Application of filter strips on critical erosion prone region showed that sediment yield and concentration could be reduced up to 37% and 34% respectively. Also, construction of stone bunds in the watershed showed a reduction of up to 75% and 84% for sediment yield and concentration respectively. The outcome of this study could allow control effort to be focused effectively on an area identified as extreme cases and could also be used by relevant authorities in prioritizing implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the area.
Optimization of Processing Parameters of Nanocomposite Film for Fresh Sliced Okra Packaging
(Journal of Applied Packaging Research, 2019) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash Delebo Osunde; Mohammed Gana Yisa
Nanocomposite film can be regarded as an active packaging material which is capable of curtailing microbial growth and keeping food for an extended life. In this research, the optimum processing parameters of cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film was determined for packaging fresh-sliced okra. Samples of the films, with thickness ranging between 15– 17µm, were developed from the blends of 24g of cassava starch, 0–2 % zinc nanoparticles (NP) and 45–55 % glycerol in 600 ml distilled water. The ideal film was determined by optimizing the film processing parameters using Box-Behnken Design in Surface Response Methodology. It was subsequently used to package fresh-sliced okra at 10– 27oC temperature and 3– 9 days storage period; and compared with a low density polyethylene film (LDPE, 10 µm). The results showed that the 17µm thick film, whose desirability function is closer to the optimal goal, gave values of 7.4 × 104 CFU/g, 21.62 mg/ 100g, 0.44 mg/l and 10.46 IU for bacteria count, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity and β-carotene contents, respectively. Also, there was a progressive decrease in the quality of the packaged products with an increase in the temperature and the storage period (poC was not significant. Thus, the nanocomposite film can essentially be used for the packaging of fresh-sliced okra.
Development and evaluation of biomass-based alternative charcoal
(Italian Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2020) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Kehinde Raheef Adebayo; Taiye Mayowa Obafemi; Abiodun Samson Olubo; Rasheed Amao Busari; Mohammed Gana Yisa
Environmental issues resulting from production and application of wood charcoal can be addressed by using biomass briquettes as alternative. This research was undertaken to develop and evaluate briquette from jatropha, groundnut and melon seed residues. Samples of the briquette were formed from mixtures of 0.32-0.39 kg carbonised residues, 0.30-0.40 kg starch and 0.02- 0.04 kg water. Physical and mechanical properties of the briquette samples including calorific value, bulk density and breaking force were determined using standard methods. Box-Bekhen Design Methodology was used to determine the optimum briquette blend. The results showed that the optimal briquette blend gave values of 4711.87 kcal.kg–1 calorific value, 282.59 kg m–3 bulk density and 1.36 kN breaking force, with a desirability index of 61.5%. A comparative analysis of the properties of the optimal briquette with that of a wood charcoal indicates no significant difference (P<0.05). This implies that the briquette can serve as an alternative energy source for cooking in rural communities.
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Tuber Peeling Machine
(AgriEngineering, 2020) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Olusola Faith Ajao
Tuber peeling is an essential unit operation prior to further processing. In this research, a batch loading tuber-peeling machine, with a capacity of 10 kg/min, was designed, fabricated and tested for cocoyam, sweet potato, yam and cassava tubers. The machine was designed to operate at a speed range of 350–750 rpm and time range of 5–12 min based on the principle of surface scratching. The performance of the machine was determined with respect to the peeling efficiency, percent weight of peel and flesh loss. The results showed that the peeling efficiency increased with an increase in the shaft speed for all the tubers. Also, the flesh loss and percent weight of peel decreased with an increase in the shaft speed for cassava and cocoyam tubers but increased for sweet potato and yam tubers (p < 0.05). Effective peeling of the tubers was achieved for sweet potato and yam at all the shaft speeds and time ranges considered.
Cement Soil Stabilization as an Improvement Technique for Rail Track Subgrade, and highway subbase and base courses: A Review
(Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2020) Habeeb Solihu

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