Department of Geology and Mineral Science

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    Sedimentological and geochemical studies of Maastrichtian clays in Bida Basin, Nigeria: Implication for resource potential
    (Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), University of Ilorin, 2011) Olusola J. Ojo, Suraju A. Adepoju, Temitope M. Adewole and Aminat O. Abiola
    Bida Basin is located in the central part of Nigeria, trending northwest southeast. Present study is focused on the claystone units of the Maastrichtian Patti and Enagi Formations in southern and northern Bida Basins respectively, to determine the paleoenvironments, geochemical and geotechnical properties and, assess the economic potential of the clay deposits. At Share, towards the middle part of the Enagi Formation section, cream to white claystone beds are interbedded with cross to parallel stratified quartzarenitic sandstones. In the Patti Formation section at Agbaja, white, massive claystone beds are interbedded with herringbone and hummocky cross stratified sandstones. Gross sedimentological features suggest that the associated sandstone facies were deposited in tidal channel to shoreface environments whereas the claystone probably represent a low energy floodplain sub environment. Geochemical data show that the claystone at Share is composed of SiO2 content ranging from 45.2% to 64.8% (average of 58.1%) while at Agbaja, the values range from 48.5% to 74.7% (average of 63.3%). Al2O3 value for the clay at Share ranges from 20.3% to 37.9% (averaging 26.9%) while, the Agbaja samples is between 15.61% and 34.23% with an average of 24.6%. These indicate that the clays are essentially hydrated siliceous aluminosilicates. Relatively low abundance of MgO and K2O (less than 0.30%) indicate lack of expandable clay mineral in the samples. Plastic limit less than 30% indicates that clays are kaolinitic. Average Plastic Index for the Share and Agbaja clays are 24.29 and 17.7% respectively and the shrinkage limit values (average) are 10.05% and 2.66%. The clays compare favourably with the Plastic fire clay of St. Louis and Florida active kaolinite. Their characteristics are quite consistent with other sedimentary kaolin deposits in Nigeria. They also show low heavy metal concentrations and thus may be beneficiated and suitable as raw materials for ceramic, pharmaceuticals and paints.
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    Assessment of Gypsum Mineralization in Edo State, South-South Nigeria.
    (Records of Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), 2011) Adeoye F. A., Oriere L. and Ajadi J.
    An assessment of the gypsum deposit in Edo State was undertaken in a bid to appraise the extent, quality, quantity and economic viability of the deposit. Field studies revealed that the gypsum occurs within the grey shale and the clay shale overlying the basement around Sabongida-Ora, Afuze, Warake and Aviele areas located within the 1:50,000 sheets 283 (Ifon N.E.) and 284 (Ubiaja) areas of Edo State in the southwestern Nigeria. The mode of occurrence of the gypsum is mainly as thin flat bands and beds, vertical to sub vertical fracture-filling veins and dispersed, poorly developed granular crystals within the host shale. Mineralogical studies show that the gypsum occurs mostly in form of selenite, satinspar and gypsite while iron in form of ferrous carbonate (siderite) occurs as accessory. Chemical analysis of samples revealed that the gypsum is composed of 66% 95% Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O) and Siderite (FeCO3) as accessory. The composition and purity of Edo gypsum indicate that it is potentially suitable for use in cement industry, POP and other construction additives.
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    Mineralogy and geochemistry of the sandstone facies of Campanian Lokoja formation in the Southern Bida basin, Nigeria: implications for provenance and weathering history
    (Heliyon, 2012) Olusola J. Ojo, Suraju A. Adepoju, Ayodeji Awe, Moses O. Adeoye
    The upper Cretaceous Lokoja Formation is the earliest deposited stratigraphic unit in the intracratonic Bida Basin, Nigeria. It consists predominantly of sandstone and offers a potential hydrocarbon reservoir in the basin. In this study, we investigated the bulk elemental (major, trace and rare earth elements) and mineralogical compositions of the sandstones for the determination of their compositional maturity, tectonic setting, source and weathering history. The sandstone geochemical data indicates that the samples contain moderate amount of SiO2 and Al2O3 with average values of 78.3 % and 9.75 % respectively. Relatively high average values of K2O (1.59 %) and Na2O (1.52 %) and low Fe2O3 (2.56 %), MnO (0.05 %), TiO2 (0.31 %) and P2O5 (0.018 %) were obtained. Plots of relevant geochemical elements reveal that the sandstones are predominantly arkose and litharenite types with minor sub-litharenites. Application of some trace element geochemical proxies; La/Co (11.78), Th/Co (1.32), La/ Th (7.04) and Eu/Eu* (0.82) to constrain the source history suggest protolith dominated by felsic rock. Relatively low average values of ΣREEs (12.81) and ΣHREEs (1.52) support the felsic provenance of the sandstones and the tectonic setting discriminant function plots indicate passive margin depositional basin. Paleo-weathering plot reveals a moderate humid climatic condition and the mean values of CIA (79.21), CIW (90.51), PIA (66.55) and A–CN–K diagram indicates low to moderate chemical weathering in the source area and compositional immaturity for the sediments. This study concludes that the sandstones of the Lokoja Formation are immature and were derived from the faulted blocks of granitic basement rocks at the margin of the basin and deposited proximally.
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    CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT AND INDUSTRIAL QUALITY OF GONGILA LIMESTONE, GONGOLA BASIN NIGERIA
    (World Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2012) Adepoju, S. A., Ojo, O. J., and Abu, M.
    The limestone facies of the Gongila Formation constitute an important sedimentary unit in the Gongola Basin. At Ashaka Cement quarry, where the limestone is well exposed and being worked for cement manufacturing, logging and sampling of the limestone beds were carried out and samples selected for geochemical analysis. The chemical composition of ten limestone samples provides insight into the industrial quality of the limestone and environmental effects of some of the associated elements in the study area. Chemical analysis of the limestone shows high CaO (43.06%) content but low MgO (0.70 %) indicating that calcite is the principal carbonate mineral. The low MgO suggests lack of dolomitization process. The limestone saturation factor L.S.F, A.R and S.R values indicate a moderate purity limestone that is suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement. Fe2O3 with average of 2.01% indicates low oxidizing conditions and that the pH of the water was not favourable for formation of Iron III oxides. Low alumina (Al2O3 4.36%) probably reflects low energy environment. The concentration of level of some toxic Trace elements and heavy metals were evaluated and their mean values (ppm); Pb (4.92), Ti (0.94), Cu (8.41), Rb (36.03), Ni (6.70), As (5.87), Cd (0.1), Sn (1.23), and Zn (15.9) are considered not too high to cause health hazard in the environment.
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    Carbonate microfacies, Diagenesis and Reservoir potential analysis of the Gongila Limestone, Gongola Basin, Nigeria.
    (Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 2012) Ojo, O.J., Adepoju, S.A., and Akande, S.O.
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    Geochemical Fingerprints; Implication for Provenance, Tectonic and Depositional Settings of Lower Benue Trough Sequence, Southeastern Nigeria
    (The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), 2013) Olubunmi C. Adeigbe, Yusuf A. Jimoh
    The study areas, Asu River Group (ARG) and Cross River Groups (CRG) belong to Lower Benue Trough. The Trough is thought to have been deposited by marine transgression and regression. ARG covers Awi, Abakaliki and Mfamosing Formations while Ekenkpon, Eze-Aku, New Netim, Awgu and Agbani Formations fall within CRG. Sampling was done to cover both the Abakaliki Anticlinorium and Calabar Flank. The study aimed at using geochemical approach to deduce weathering, provenance, tectonic setting as well as depositional environment in a holistic manner which hitherto has not been used by any worker. A total of 56 fresh outcrop samples were obtained from the study area. The samples were subjected to detailed lithologic description by visual examination. Geochemical analysis was done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-MS/AES) to determine major, trace and rare-earth elements using lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion method. Weathering Indices of Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW) and Ruxton Ratio (RR) of ARG has a range of (0.18-86.1, 0.13-99.3, 0.18-99.5 and 1.80-25.2) with median of (76.7, 92.6, 93.5 and 5.76) respectively while CRG has a range of (2.93-97.7, 2.78- 99.7, 2.94-99.7 and 1.83-46.4) and median of (76.1, 85.5, 87.7 and 10.9) respectively, indicating moderate to high weathering at the source. The Al2O3-(K2O+CaO+MgO)-(Fe2O3+MgO), (AKF) ternary plots reveals sediments of ARG and CRG deposited in Continental, Transition and Marine zone and dominated by argillaceous, carbonaceous argillite, carbonaceous and a ferruginous argillites confirming a chemically altered sediments deposited in oxidizing and shallow marine environment. The plots of Log (Fe2O3/K2O) vs Log (SiO2/Al2O3) reveals sediments deposited in the Fe Shale, Shale, Wacke, Subarkose and Quartz arenite field. The discriminant function plots of Herron characterized the sediments as been derived from Quartzose sedimentary provenance, Intermediate igneous and Felsic provenance. Trace elements ternary plots of La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10 and Th-Co-Zr/10 reveal deposition within Continental Island Arc, Passive Margin and Oceanic Island Arc settings. This confirmed the tectonic discriminant plots of K2O/Na2O vs SiO2. This discriminant function diagram proposed by Roser and Korsch (1986) distinguish the sources of the sediments into four provenance zones, mafic, intermediate, felsic, igneous and quartzose sedimentary using ratio plots and raw oxides. Most of the sediments of ARG and CRG fall in, quartzose sedimentary provenance using raw oxide plots, and exceptions are the limestones that fall in intermediate igneous provenance this also corroborates with the ratio plots. Conclusively, the study shows that the Cretaceous clastic sediments of ARG and CRG have multiple provenances subjected to moderate to high weathering conditions and were deposited within an oxidizing and shallow marine setting and derived from Upper Continental Crust (UCC).
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    Sedimentology and Geochemical Characteristics of Upper Cretaceous Sediments of Imo Formation Around Arimogija Okeluse, Southwestern Nigeria
    (International Journal of Research (IJR), 2014) Hakeem Bolaji OLAWUMI; Rafiu Babatunde BALE and Suraju Adesina ADEPOJU
    Sediments of the Paleocene Imo Formation exposed at the southwestern flank of Anambra Basin at Sobe, Arimogija and Okeluse area, southwestern Nigeria. The sediments consisting limestones, sandstones and minor claystones and shales and intercalated ironstones were studied based on sedimentological and petrological charateristics for paleoenvironmental deduction. Field observation indicated that all the beds constituting this exposure are laminated and exhibit a coarsening upward succession. The statistical result from the grain size analysis of the siliclastic sediments shows the sandstones are coarse to medium sands (0.20 to 1.50ɸ), very well to moderatelywell sorted (0.26 to 1.12 ɸ) with skewness value ranges from nearly symmetrical though very positively skewed to positively skewed (-0.07 to 0.91) characterized by platykurtic to extremely leptokurtic (0.76 to 6.83) particle size distributions. Petrographic study of these sandstone reveal that its constituents is averagely of angular to sub-angular quartz (85%), feldspar (1.4 %), rock fragment and (9.5 %) and ≤ 3% cementing iron-oxide (goethite and haematite) phases, texturally immature and sub-arkosic. The limestone comprises of bioclastic wackestone, bioclastic wackestonepackstone, dolomitised bioclasticwackestone and mudstones microfacies with the bioclasts being broken shells of pelecypods, brachiopods and algae much of which have been partly recrystallised to sparry calcites. Geochemical and mineralogical constituents also show that the limestones are shallow marine deposits that have variably suffered early to mid diagenesis including dolomitisation. The prevailing basin condition was highly fluctuating with diverse fluvial channel and relativelyprotected shallow marine depoenvironments.
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    Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies of Kaolinitic Clays in Parts of Ilorin, Southwestern Basement Rock Area, Nigeria
    (Universal Journal of Geoscience, 2014) Olusola J. OJO, Suraju A. Adepoju, Nurudeen Alhassan
    This study is focused on the clay deposits at Akerebiata area in Ilorin (north-central Nigeria), southwestern basement complex, Nigeria. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the clays were investigated with the aim of determining their provenance, weathering history and most suitable use. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method was employed for the mineralogical analysis while X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrophotometer (ICPMS) methods were used to for the determination of the bulk elemental composition. XRD analysis revealed kaolinite as the predominant clay mineral (54.2 to 90.9 wt. %) indicating intensive chemical weathering of aluminium-rich source rocks and exhaustive leaching under a warm, humid condition. Other non-clay minerals in the assemblages are quartz, rutile, anatase, microcline and plagioclase. Results of geochemical analysis show predominance of SiO2 (47.14 to 64. 92 wt. %) and Al2O3 (19.47 to 29.39 wt. %) which support the kaolinitic nature of the clay and classify the clay as aluminosilicates. The relatively high mean values of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW) (87.15 and 90.09) also suggest an intensive chemical weathering in the source area. Other relevant geochemical indices; plot of TiO2, ratios of Th/Co, Th/Cr, Cr/Th and relative proportion of Ni and Cr reveal felsic igneous parent rock. The clays are characterized by light colour, fineness, low-moderate LOI, mineral assemblage and chemical composition that make them favorably compared with standards for refactory, ceramics, pottery and paints.
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    Origin and Structural Control of Gold Mineralization in Bishewa Area, Central Nigeria
    (Centrepoint Jour. (Science Edition), University of Ilorin Nigeria, 2015) Adekeye J. I. D., Ajadi J., Adedoyin A. D., Bamigboye O. S. and Alabi A. G. F.
    A low grade gold mineralization occurrence has been mapped around Bishewa area, Central Nigeria. This is closely related to series of parallel subsidiary shear zones that are associated with regional lineaments. Petrographic studies revealed spatial and temporal associations existing between gold mineralization and quartz-filled shear zones. This suggests that the gold mineralization in Bishewa is structurally controlled but with no lithological preference.
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    Reviving pottery enterprise: An impetus to poverty alleviation and self-reliance among women folks in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
    (International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2015) Y.U. Oladimejl, S.A. Adepoju, Z. Abdulsalam
    The study was conducted in peri-urban area of Ilorin Township to describe the socio-economic characteristics of pottery households, determine its profitability as a means of generating income, and reduce poverty in the study area. Primary data were generated through field surveys from a total of randomly selected 80 pottery household heads from 3 selected settlements. The main tools of analysis include descriptive statistics, gross margin and ordinary least square regression models. Majority of the pooled potters (82.5%) had subsidiary occupations with average yearly off-farm income of ₦15, 000 ($93.8) ranging from ₦8,500.00 ($53.1) to ₦38,000.80 ($237.5) per year. The average gross margin per pottery household per month ₦11,000 ($68.8) showed that the enterprise is profitable. The coefficients of potter’s experience and cost of family labour carried a priori signs and the postulated explanatory variables explained about 56.8% in the variations of net income of pottery households. It is suggested that the pottery households should be given adequate training using community based informal education, to enable them imbibe mechanized pottery techniques and acquired materials inputs that will increase not only the profitability of the enterprise but also make efficient use of resources.
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    Combined Petrographic and Geochemical Studies of Maastrichtian Patti Formation Sandstone, Bida Basin, Nigeria: Implications for Provenance and Compositional Maturity
    (Ilorin Journal of Science, 2015) Ojo, O.J., Adepoju, S.A. and Adedoyin, D.A.
    Geochemical data on sandstone facies of the Maastrichtian Patti Formation in Bida Basin, Nigeria, is presented and interpreted in this paper with respect to its provenance and compositional maturity. Petrographic data from thin sections and X-Ray Diffractometry were also integrated. Petrographic data from the sandstones classified them mainly as quartz-arenites and minor sub-arkose while geochemical indices such as high average values of SiO2/Al2O3, low Na2O+K2O and K2O/Na2O values also indicate the samples are sub-litharenite to quartz-arenite type. Relatively high average values of total REE (141.40 ppm), Th (7.59 ppm), Hf (6.82 ppm), and Zr (205.12 ppm) coupled with low concentrations of Ni (3.06 ppm), Co (1.66 ppm) and V (20.65 ppm) in the sandstones indicate felsic igneous provenance. The discrimination functions plot shows that the sandstones were sourced mainly from matured sedimentary provenance and a passive margin setting is deducted based on the plots of TiO2 versus Fe2O3+MgO and K2O/Na2O versus SiO2. The sandstones show high average value of SiO2 (86.8 %) and low values of Al2O3 (6.11 %), K2O (0.12) and Na2O (0.02 %), suggesting that the sediments are mature. Plot of SiO2 versus (Al2O3+K2O+Na2O) further lend credence to chemical maturity and reveals semi-humid to humid paleoclimate. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) value of 96.49 and the Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA) of 99.05 respectively are supportive of high weathering of the source area. The sands were most probably recycled from older Lokoja Formation during the late Maastrichtian Tethys inundation in the basin.
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    Provenance and Weathering History of the Maastrichtian Shale Member of the Patti Formation, Southern Bida Basin, Nigeria
    (JOURNAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA, 2016) O. J. OJO, F. R. BABATUNDE, S. A. ADEPOJU, S. O. AKANDE and A. MOMOH2
    The present study is focused on the geochemical characterization and provenance of the shale member of the Maastrichtian Patti Formation which is well represented at the centre of the southern Bida Basin in Nigeria. The major element composition of the studied shales and clays compare favourably with the reference shales, however, the trace elements vary slightly. Application of binary plot of TiO2 versus Al2O3 and Al2O3/TiO2 ratios of the studied shale samples show mixed mafic to felsic igneous sources. The chemical composition (plot of SiO2 versus Log (K2O/Na2O) indicates active to passive continental margin province, however, a minor derivation from recycled provenance is probable. Intense chemical weathering based on the high values of Chemical Index Alteration (CIA), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW) and Zr values obtained from the shale and clay samples a warm humid condition is suggested. The high values also probably suggest predominance of clay minerals and low feldspar. This is supported by the XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) data which indicates predominance of kaolinite in the samples.
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    Field Excursion Guide to Okegbala-Oreke Quartzite ridge and Owu Falls.
    (Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS Ilorin), 2016) Dada, S. S., Goki, N., Oha, I. and Ajadi, J.
    Owu Falls Exploration Owu Falls is one of the tallest waterfalls in Nigeria, known for its breathtaking view and the surrounding biodiversity, making it a perfect spot for nature lovers and researchers alike. This location is characterized by its stunning quartzite rock formations and offers various geological formations to explore, providing a rich resource for field studies and excursions.
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    Field Excursion Guide to Share-Tsonga area (part of Bida Sedimentary Basin).
    (Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS Ilorin 2016), 2016) Dada, S. S., Adekeye, O. A. and Ajadi, J.
    The Share-Tsonga area is part of the Bida Sedimentary Basin, known for its diverse geological features and rich sedimentary deposits. This region is significant for its natural resources and geological studies. The Bida Sedimentary Basin holds important stratigraphic records that are crucial for understanding the sedimentary processes and paleoenvironmental conditions of the area. Ecology here is influenced by its geological formations, contributing to its biodiversity and unique ecosystems. This area provides opportunities for field excursions focused on ecology and geology.