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- ItemThe Christian Missions and Western Education in Ilorin, Nigeria: A Century of Resistance and Challenge, 1847-1957.(Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Group, 2001-04) Eliasu YahayaThis paper surveys the introduction of Western education by the Christian missions in Ilorin township, Nigeria and the nature of resistance they initially faced. This aspect of Nigerian history has often been neglected in previous research. This study examines why there was initial resistance to missionary education and how after a strenuous effort, it became possible to establish such schools in Nigeria. The intensification of humanitarian concerns at the end of the slave opened up West Africa to active missionary work. Thus, by the 1840s various missionary denominations had penetrated the Yorubaland and challenged the old order with the introduction of new ideas and ways of life. Indeed, the coming of the various Christian mission into Nigeria has been well documented. According to the records, the first missionaries to arrive on the scene were the Wesleyan Methodist who settle at Badagry in 1842. They were followed immediately by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in December 1842, the American Baptist Mission in 1853 and Roman Catholic Mission (RCM) in the 1860s.
- ItemThe Christian Missions and Western Education in Ilorin, Nigeria: A Century of Resistance and Challenge, 1847-1957(Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Group, 2001-04) Eliasu YahayaThis paper surveys the introduction of Western education by the Christian missions in Ilorin township, Nigeria and the nature of resistance they initially faced. This aspect of Nigerian history has often been neglected in previous research. This study examines why there was initial resistance to missionary education and how after a strenuous effort, it became possible to establish such schools in Nigeria. The intensification of humanitarian concerns at the end of the slave opened up West Africa to active missionary work. Thus, by the 1840s various missionary denominations had penetrated the Yorubaland and challenged the old order with the introduction of new ideas and ways of life. Indeed, the coming of the various Christian mission into Nigeria has been well documented. According to the records, the first missionaries to arrive on the scene were the Wesleyan Methodist who settle at Badagry in 1842. They were followed immediately by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in December 1842, the American Baptist Mission in 1853 and Roman Catholic Mission (RCM) in the 1860s.
- ItemChristian Churches in Ilorin, Nigeria: A Brief Historical Survey(2004-04) Eliasu YahayaThe paper provides a brief historical survey of the establishment of Christian churches in the state of Ilorin, Nigeria. After examining the early resistance to the spread of Christianity in Nigeria, the paper reviews the history of the first and second generations of churches in Nigeria. The paper then surveys the social impact of church and mission in Ilorin, including the religious and educational aspects all of which contributed to the improvement of the educational standards in Nigeria, even among the Muslim schools. The paper concludes that most of the innovative and positive ideas introduced through the church schools were readily adopted by the Muslim schools, once they saw the advantages that were to be derived from them.
- ItemPragmatic Trends in Arabic Linguistic Heritage(Journal of Arabic Linguistics Tradition, 2009)Upon examining Arabic grammatical and linguistic works, it becomes apparent that some Arab linguists haad addressed what is known in modern linguistics as "Pragmatics".
- ItemThe 1936 Baba Isale “Coup” and Aftermath: A Historical Analysis of an Intrigue in the Struggle for Supremacy in Colonial Ilorin(The Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Bayero University Kano, 2011-07) Salihu, Ismail OtukokoIntroduction Pre-colonial and colonial history of Ilorin was punctuated by various crises and conflicts that have been described as incidents in the struggle for power—political and economic—and supremacy. During the 19th c., there were struggles and contestations between the first Emir Abdul-Salami (c.1823-c.1836) and other group leaders like Afonja, Sholagberu and the Sarkin Gambari Bako. From the 1860s to 1890s, struggles continued between successive Emirs and their Baloguns (ward\war chiefs) led by the “Balogun Agba” (the most senior Balogun and the de facto Commander-in-Chief of the Ilorin army) such as Baloguns Fulani Hina Konu, Gambari Karara and Alanamu Ali Inakoju. Although colonialism put an end to some of the main causes of conflicts, it did not, however, put a final stop to them. Rather, colonial rule introduced new impetus and conditions for both continuity and change in the struggle. Thus colonial Ilorin recorded, among others, such crises as the 1907 “hunters revolts” in and around Ilorin town and this is believed to have been instigated by the Balogun Ajikobi Biala, Magaji Gari Salihu and one Ajai or Ajia Ogidilolu; the 1913 anti-tax riots staged largely by the Oke Imale (“Yoruba”) quarters, the Baba Isale crisis of 1936 and the Ilorin Talaka Parapo phenomenon of the 1950s. The 1936 Baba Isale crisis provides an important incident reflecting continuity and change in the struggle for power, prestige or influence and supremacy in the 20th c. Ilorin. It also represents the last major incident in the contest for Ilorin among members of the traditional ruling aristocracy during the colonial rule.
- Itemالشيخ آدم الإلوري ونشر ثقافة التفاهم بين الدعاة(The Nigerian Centre for Arabic Research, Riyadh, KSA, 2012) Tajudeen Yusuf
- ItemFrom Traditionalism to Democratic Radicalism: A Re-examination of the Ilorin Talaka Parapo Phenomenon, 1954-1958(Department of History and International Studies, Kogi State University, Anyigba, 2012) Salihu, Ismail OtukokoThe period of decolonization in Nigeria (1950-1960) was characterized by diverse struggles at various levels. Among the most noticeable developments during the decade are party politics, electoral, political and other forms of struggle for power as well as separatist and minority agitations. Within the defunct Northern Region, the Ilorin emirate was the first to experiment with democratic local government. It therefore had its own fair share of the emergent contestations. In Ilorin town, the headquarters of the Ilorin Emirate, the unfolding of the events associated with the emergent struggles revolved around the colonial reforms aimed at democratizing the local government, which started in the early 1950s. The reforms resulted in a struggle for the control of Ilorin between the hitherto privileged traditional ruling class and the underprivileged class of commoners. Within a period of five years, Ilorin was shaken to its very foundations by the phenomenal rise and fall of a commoners’ movement known as the Ilorin Talaka Parapo (ITP)—a movement that emerged as a champion of “tradition” but ended up as a major “enemy” of Ilorin traditional institutions and their interests. In view of the confusing signals given out by the ITP at its inception coupled with Ilorin’s peculiar circumstance both as a border territory between the North and South of Nigeria and as the only “Fulani Emirate” in Yoruba land, the ethnic conflict framework has dominated analysis of the rise and transformation of the Ilorin Commoners’ movement. Such framework, however, ignores the multiethnic composition of Ilorin town itself and of the membership of the Ilorin Talaka Parapo.
- ItemOpposition Party and the Politics of Opposition: The Collapse of the Ilorin Experiment in Democratization of Local Government, 1950-1960(Department of History and International Studies, Kogi State University, Anyigba, 2012-06) Salihu, Isamil OtukokoPolitical parties—whether as incumbents or opposition—are an important institution in any process of democratization and democratic politics. They could make or mar political processes as well as impact positively or negatively on the society. Since the introduction of party politics in Nigeria, struggle between incumbent and opposition parties has been a dominant and recurring phenomenon. The collapse of the First Republic, regarded as the country’s first experiment in nation building, resulted mainly from the conflict between political parties (NPC\NCNC coalition) in power and the opposition (Action Group). A major feature of the conflict was the struggle to acquire or maintain power and all benefits associated with it. This explains the ‘Pull Him\them Down’ syndrome that characterized power relations between the two groups. In the defunct Northern Nigeria, Ilorin emirate was the first to experiment with a “test case” in democratically elected local government through reforms of the Native Authority system. Within a period of less than two years, the experiment collapsed due, among others, to the conflict between the party in power and the opposition party, each of which had a taste of power and lost it during the period between 1952 and 1960. The intense struggle for power pitched the traditional ruling aristocracy against the commoners’ class of emergent wealthy businessmen and eventually not only led to the collapse of the first experiment in democratic local government but also the fall of the Commoners’ Party and the defeat of the motion to transfer Ilorin to the Western Region.
- ItemThe Concept of Language: Reading from Arabic Heritage and the Contemporary Linguistics(Academic Society for Arabic language and Literature in Nigeria, 2013) Tajudeen Yusuf
- ItemGlobalisation of Business and Language Proficiency(SCR London, 2013) Tajudeen Yusuf
- ItemTHE ROLE OF TRANSLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE(DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIC LANGUAGE & LITERATURE IN NIGERIA DURING 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE BOOK ONE, 2013) DR. МОНАMMAD KAMEL AHMADDaily occurrences in the ever changing world of today underline the great significance and relevance of translation in all endeavours. In the various fields of knowledge such as education, science and technology, mass communication, trade and business, literature, religion, tourism, etc., the use of translation appears to be consequentially indispensable. Domestic and international events in the world, latest discoveries of all kinds of knowledge as well as the accessibility to literature of various languages are made plausible through translation.! Throughout history, translation has made inter-linguistic communication between peoples possible. From the theoretical perspective, translation can be seen as a science; however, practically speaking, it is more of art than of science. Whether translation is considered as science, art or craft, a good transfer of meanings, notions and ideas in the source language (henceforth SL) which is the original, should be made into the target language (henceforth TL). It is when this is guaranteed that a good translation is conducted.2 it Moreover, it is a well known fact that the most prominent trait of human beings throughout history has been the various methods of communication be linguistic or paralinguistic through which knowledge of other nations in the world are tapped and judiciously utilized, These types of knowledge are preserved for subsequent generations. Undoubtedly, it is through language communication that this is made feasible. However, the only hindrance and hurdle to this end is the linguistic disparity in the world. Fortunately, through the use of translation, all linguistic barriers between linguistic backgrounds are trashed out and better communication and reciprocal understanding are made possible between nations of today's world.
- Itemدراسة تقابلية بين أصوات اللغة العربية ولغة بــاتـــــــونــــم(Department of Language and Linguistics, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, 2013) Aliyu Okuta Ahmadإنّ الدراسة التقابلية في علم اللغة الحديث دراسة تقوم بالمقارنة بين اللغتين أو أكثر لبيان أوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغات بغية تسهيل الصعوبات والمشكلات التي يواجهها الدارسون للغة أجنبية من جانب، واعداد المواد التعليمية لتدريس اللغات الأجنبية. والبحث الحالي يهدف إلى تقابل الصوتي بين اللغتين العربية وباتونم لإبراز أوجه التشابه الاختلاف بينهما وإيجاد طريق لتسهيل الصعوبات والمشكلات التي يواجهها طلاب اللغة العربية من أبناء باتونُــــــمْ من حيث الأصوات العربية. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف، يستعين الباحث في الدراسة بالمنهجين الوصفي والمقارن لتحليل التشابه والاختلاف الصوتي بين اللغتين. اكتشف البحث وجود التشابه بين اللغتين في بعض صوامت وصوائت ووجود الاختلاف في بعضها، كما اكتشف أنّ اللغة العربية تفردت بصوامت، وتفردت لغة باتونُــــمْ بصوامت وصوائت لا وجود لها في اللغة العربية، فيجد الطلاب صعوبة في نطق الأصوات العربية التي لاتوجد في لغة باتــــــونُـــمْ.
- ItemBorrowing and Clipping as Means of Language Enrichment: A Study of Arabic Personal Names in Baatonum(Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, 2013) Ahmad, Aliyu OkutaBorrowing and Clipping are two important and most common sources of new words in many languages. History has shown that languages have adopted and adapted lexical items and other linguistic elements from other languages; this being the consequence of cultural contact between speakers of the donor and receiving languages. Baatonum, as one of the minority languages in West Africa, through contact with different languages (English, French, Dendi, Hausa, and Yoruba) and with Islam has adopted a vast number of words from these languages and more significantly from Arabic. The advent of Islam among the ethnic entity in the name of Baatombu in the 16th century, and subsequent embracing of the faith by the people had opened the gate for Arabic terms including those concerning commerce, education, religion etc. to penetrate into Baatonum. The concern of this present study therefore is to examine the adoption and clipping of Arabic personal names in Baatonum and how these have contributed to the enrichment of the receiving language. The study adopts the Qualitative Descriptive Analysis in analyzing the data. The paper observes that, the adaptability of the source language on one hand, and the receptivity of the recipient on the other have both contributed to the large scale vocabularies of Arabic origin in Baatonum. The paper finally recommends that subsequent researchers do more studies in this aspect to reveal more personal names of Arabic origin in Baatonum.
- ItemNativization of Arabic Loans in Baatonum(Nigeria Association of Teachers of Arabic Language and Literature, 2013) Aliyu Okuta AhmadThe contribution of Arabic language towards the development of many languages cannot be over emphasized. As one of the eight most widely spoken languages in the world (according UN report), Arabic has over the years been a major force in enriching the lexicons of several languages in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Many studies have been conducted on Arabic loan words in languages such as English, Spanish, Mandingo, Hausa, Yoruba, Fulfulde etc. This present paper focuses on the influence of Arabic on Baatonum language with particular emphasis to loan words. It also examines the level of nativization of the loan words in the recipient language. The study adopts the descriptive research method in analyzing the data which was collected from the authors experience as a native speaker of Baatonum in the course of interpersonal conversations with other native speakers. The findings from the study reveal that Baatonum has borrowed quite a number of Arabic lexical item which have since become part of Baatonum’s Lexicon. It also shows that most of the borrowed words have gone through certain phonological modifications since they must be pronounced to suit the linguistic pattern of the receiving language. The paper finally recommends that future researchers focus on Baatonum-Arabic linguistic relations to reveal more about the Arabic loans in Baatonum.
- ItemNigerian Drama in Arabic: Between Indigenization and Performance(Literary Society of Nigeria, 2013) Aliyu Okuta AhmadThis paper is a study of Arabic drama in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the extent of indigenization and performance of this aspect of literary production. Drama as a type of literature, received a lot of attention, starting from the classical Greek Tragedies to the plays of major dramatists such as William Shakespeare, Moliere, Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe and others. It is designed to ‘delight and instruct’ and written primarily to be performed. In ancient Arabic literature, drama is not known; it only appeared in modern Arabic literature during the second half of the nineteenth century as a result of the strong relationship between Arabic and European literatures. During the periods that preceded the advent of drama among the Arabs, poetry and prose flourished. The situation is not different in Nigeria as Arabic drama of Nigerian authorship appeared much later in this current century. The past ten centuries (1000-1999) witnessed remarkable contribution by Nigerians to Arabic literature in the areas of poetry and prose. Today, while reading through Arabic dramas of Nigerian authorship, one quickly guesses that the play is Nigerian, as a mental picture of the Nigerian society comes vivid; but whether or not Arabic drama in Nigeria is fully indigenized and serves its purpose, is the area of contention of this paper. It argues that much has not been done in the area of performance, thereby literary genre.
- Itemالابدال الصوتي في الألفاظ العربية المقترضة في لغة باتــــونـــــم(Department of Arabic and Islamic studies, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, 2013) Aliyu Okuta Ahmadالابدال الصوتي ظاهرة لغوية شائعة في اللغة العربية وغيرها، بحيث يتحول الصوت الواحد إلى صوت آخر بدون تحويل في معنى الكلمة ودلالتها. وقد يكون الابدال داخلي في اللغة مثل "القلب والابدال" في اللغة العربية، وقد يكون له تأثير خارجي، وخاصة عند اقتراض الكلمات من لغة يختلف نظام أصواتها عن نظام اللغة المتلقية. هذه المقالة تهدف إلى دراسة الابدال الصوتي في الألفاظ العربية المقترضة في لغة باتــونـــم، وذلك لإبراز تأثير لغة باتــــونـــــمْ في الأصوات العربية من خلال الألفاظ العربية المقترضة فيها. استعانت المقالة بالمنهج النوعي الوصفي لتحليل البيانات المتوفرة، والتي جمعها الباحث عن خبرته بصفة كونه الناطق الأصلي للغة بــــاتـــونُـــــم. وتظهر نتيجة الدراسة توفر الابدال الصوتي في اللفاظ العربية التي تسربت إلى لغة باتـــونـــم، وذلك أنّ الناطق الأصلي للغة المتلقية عند النطق بكلمة عربية مقترضة في لغته فإنه يستبدل الأصوات العربية التي لا توجد في لغته أصلا بأصوات متقاربة في المخرج من لغته تسهيلا لنطق تلك الكلمات سماعيا لا قياسيا.
- Itemتعليم اللغة العربية والتحديات المعاصرة(Alimi Journal, Department of Arabic Language, University of Ilorin, 2014) Tajudeen Yusufتُعَدّ اللغة المبهَمة أو الرمزية من الوسائل التي استخدمتها المجتمعات الذكية للتعبير عن المعاني الخفية والأفكار العميقة، إذ تدخل ضمن مجالات التعليم والإرشاد والإعلام والسياسة والأدب. فهي وسيلة للتواصل غير المباشر تُوظَّف لنقل الرسائل الدقيقة والمعاني الحسّاسة بطريقة تحفظ الخصوصية وتجنّب المواجهة المباشرة، كما تُستخدم في الأدب والشعر والخطابة لإضفاء بعدٍ جماليٍّ وفكريٍّ يدفع المتلقي إلى التأمل والتفسير. وتُسهم هذه اللغة في تنمية الوعي الثقافي والفكري لدى الأفراد والجماعات لما تحمله من قيم تربوية وأخلاقية ضمنية تُسهم في إصلاح الفكر وبناء الشخصية الواعية، وهي ليست مظهرًا من مظاهر الغموض أو الضعف في البيان، بل دليل على العمق الفكري والقدرة على توظيف الرموز والتلميحات ببلاغةٍ تتناسب مع المقام والمقال، مما يجعلها أداة فعّالة في مجالات التعليم والإعلام والتربية والتواصل الاجتماعي والفكري.
- Itemدور الترجمة في تطوير اللغة: الترجمة من العربية إلى باتَوْنُمْ نموذجا(Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, 2014) Aliyu Okuta Ahmadكان العالم منذ العصور القديمة في حاجة متواصلة لإيجاد سبيل للتفاهم المشترك بين الشعوب والأمم، والترجمة هي الفن الوحيد الذي من خلاله يمكن الوصول إلى هذا الغرض المهم، إذ تقوم هي بدور وسيط بين اللغات كلها، وتخلق التفاعل الثقافي والحضاري. ولقد قامت الترجمة – ولا تزال تقوم - بدوراكبير نحو الإرتقاء بالحضارة الإنسانية عموما، وتطوير ثقافات الأمم على وجه الخصوص، لا سيما في مجال تطوير المحتوى اللغوي. ولا شك أنّ اللغة كائن حي تنشأ وتنمو وتتطور بواسطة العديد من الطرق، وتعد الترجمة من أبرز هذه الطرق والمعايير التي يقاس بها حجم التطور الثقافي والعلمي بين الأمم. ويهدف هذا البحث إلى تتبع تاريخ الترجمة من العربية (كلغة الأصل) إلى لغة باتونُـــــمْ (كلغة الهدف) لإظهار مدى تأثير الترجمة في تطوير اللغة السابقة للأخيرة خلال العصور الماضية. وينهج البحث منهج الوصفي لتحليل البيانات المتاحة. توصل البحث إلى أنّ الترجمة من العربية إلى باتونُــمْ قامت بدور ملموس في تطوير لغة الهدف وخاصة في المصطلحات الدينية مثل الصلاة والصيام و الفطر والأذان وغيرها؛ مما ساعد في تطوير معجم لغة باتَــــونُــــمْ. وتوصل كذلك أنّ الترجمة إلى بــاتونُــمْ في بدايتها كانت من العربية إلى الهوسا أو دَيْندِي ثم إلى بــاتَونُــمْ.
- ItemIlorin Potsherd Pavements and the Reconstruction of the Culture History of a Frontier City: The Historical Significance of some Neglected Artifacts. West African Journal of Archaeology (WAJA), 44(2): 21-52(West African Archaeological Association, 2014) Salihu, Ismail OtukokoIlorin history, including its cultural history, has relied primarily on oral and written accounts, which are limited in exploring the history of Ilorin before the mid-18th century. Yet, Ilorin is believed to have been founded between the 15th and 16th centuries and to have developed into ‘a very important centre in northern Yoruba land many centuries before 1800’. In view of the limitations of oral and written sources in providing information on pre-19th century Ilorin, series of archaeological reconnaissance surveys were carried out in the city over the last ten years. These efforts have yielded a lot of cultural entities including potsherd pavements, pottery, grinding hollows, and bones in some parts of Ilorin. The potsherd pavements in particular are stylistically in herringbone pattern. These bear striking resemblance to the potsherd pavements of Daima, Lake Chad area, Kabrais districts in Togo, Nupe, Ikeja, Ile-Ife, Wushishi in the Kaduna Valley, and Ibadan among others. Based on the range of potsherds and potsherd pavements recently discovered, this paper, therefore, examines the historical significance of the artifacts with a view to throwing light on the material culture history of Ilorin. The paper argues that the material finds are capable of shedding more light on pre-18th century cultural history of Ilorin, and thus calls for the protection of these materials as they are endangered by human activities and other natural phenomena.
- ItemThe Fizzling Out of a ‘Minority’ Movement\Party: The Ilorin Talaka Parapo, 1954-1965(Bahiti & Dalila Publishers, Lagos, 2014) Salihu, Ismail Otukoko; Aliyu S. AlabiDuring the last decade of colonial rule in Nigeria, minorities’ agitations emerged in the country preparatory to her independence. In this period, Ilorin served as a kind of guinea pig in the experiment to democratize local governance in the Northern Region. One of the major outcomes of the experiment was the sudden emergence of a grass root movement, the Ilorin Talaka Parapo (ITP). Its unforeseen political ascendancy culminated in a major threat not only to the established traditional institutions, as a frontier Emirate of the old Sokoto Caliphate but also the continued unity of the Northern Region. The sudden fall from power of the ITP in 1958 and its subsequent fizzling out by early 1960s was unprecedented in the history of minority movement and opposition party in Nigeria. This paper seeks to examine the whys and hows of the fizzling out of a dynamic minority party through the interplay of power and interests of the groups involved. Though its origin was not rooted in Yoruba irredentism, its fall and subsequent disappearance from Ilorin’s political landscape had much to do with the question of the Ilorin-West Merger, one of the hotly contested issues during the era of decolonization and incessant minority agitations in Nigeria. It also partly derived from the issue of power relations between majority and minority groups represented by the common people (the Talakawa) and the traditional ruling elite respectively. In spite of its vibrancy and success in politics and local governance, the ITP fizzled out and Ilorin has not witnessed its resurgence.