Browsing by Author "Oluwasogo A. Olalubi"

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    Assessment of Human Resources Core Capacity under International Health Regulations 2005 (Ihr 2005) At Ports Of Entry (Poe) In Lagos.
    (IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 2018-09) Muhammad Shehu Usman; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Henry Olawale Sawyerr
    International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) is an international legal instrument that is binding in 196 World Health Organisation (WHO) member countries worldwide that aims to prevent, protect against, control, and respond to the international spread of disease and to cut out unnecessary interruptions to traffic and trade especially in all the member states of World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. The IHR 2005 is also applied to our Country- Nigeria. The IHR (2005) is a result of the revision of its predecessor, IHR 1969 which did not adapt to the development of international trade and disease spectrum, especially the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). To lower the transmission risk of diseases at international airports, ground crossings, or ports, the IHR (2005) is designed to meet the requirements. [1-2] As a legally binding global framework, the IHR (2005) aims to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease as well as avoid unnecessary interruptions to traffic and trade [2] We are living in a world today that is highly mobile, interdependent, and interconnected, giving tremendous opportunities for diseases to spread rapidly. Furthermore, the public has been focusing on new health events caused by chemical, nuclear, and sudden environmental changes in the recent past [3] The countries meeting the IHR 2005 requirements need to develop a minimum particular core public health capacity and to notify the WHO of any event that is considered a public health event of international concern(PHEIC), which should be confirmed and declared by the WHO [4]. At the same time, the IHR clarifies a series of procedures that should be observed by the WHO to protect global public health safety [4]. The revised IHR focuses on public health crisis prevention, which has been expanded from certain “quarantine diseases” to any public health emergencies that may cause international repercussions. The implementation of the IHR shifts from the passive barrier of entry and exit points to the proactive risk management, aiming at early detection of any international threat before its formation and at stopping it from the very beginning [5]. To meet the IHR requirements, the countries need to develop, strengthen, and maintain core response capacities for public health risk and PHEIC and to meet the related core capacity requirements before June 15, 2012 (within 5 years after the enforcement of the revised IHR). If not, then an extension of the application to 2014 and another 2-year extension afterward for particular circumstances will be approved [6-9]. Following the „„One-health approach‟‟ of WHO for surveillance, emergency responses, prevention, management and control of infectious disease, it is imperative to assess distribution of personnel by profession at each point of entry so as to determine whether staffing is adequate or otherwise. Hence this study aims at assessing the adequacy or other wise of Human resources needed as frontline workers at PoEs for the implementation of IHR 2005.
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    Can free open access resources strengthen knowledge-based emerging public health priorities, policies and programs in Africa?
    (F1000Research, 2016) Ernest Tambo; Ghislaine Madjou; Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa; Emmanuel N. Tekwu; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Nicolas Midzi; Louis Bengyella; Ahmed A. Adedeji; Jeanne Y. Ngogang
    Tackling emerging epidemics and infectious diseases burden in Africa requires increasing unrestricted open access and free use or reuse of regional and global policies reforms as well as timely communication capabilities and strategies. Promoting, scaling up data and information sharing between African researchers and international partners are of vital importance in accelerating open access at no cost. Free Open Access (FOA) health data and information acceptability, uptake tactics and sustainable mechanisms are urgently needed. These are critical in establishing real time and effective knowledge or evidence-based translation, proven and validated approaches, strategies and tools to strengthen and revamp health systems.  As such, early and timely access to needed emerging public health information is meant to be instrumental and valuable for policy-makers, implementers, care providers, researchers, health-related institutions and stakeholders including populations when guiding health financing, and planning contextual programs.
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    Can free open access resources strengthen knowledge-based emerging public health priorities, policies and programs in Africa?
    (F1000Research, 2016-05-09) Ernest Tambo; Ghislaine Madjou; Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa; Emmanuel N. Tekwu; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Nicolas Midzi; Louis Bengyella; Ahmed A. Adedeji; Jeanne Y. Ngogang
    Tackling emerging epidemics and infectious diseases burden in Africa requires increasing unrestricted open access and free use or reuse of regional and global policies reforms as well as timely communication capabilities and strategies. Promoting, scaling up data and information sharing between African researchers and international partners are of vital importance in accelerating open access at no cost. Free Open Access (FOA) health data and information acceptability, uptake tactics and sustainable mechanisms are urgently needed. These are critical in establishing real time and effective knowledge or evidence-based translation, proven and validated approaches, strategies and tools to strengthen and revamp health systems. As such, early and timely access to needed emerging public health information is meant to be instrumental and valuable for policy-makers, implementers, care providers, researchers, health-related institutions and stakeholders including populations when guiding health financing, and planning contextual programs.
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    Comparative Assessment of Some Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Kits for Malaria Diagnosis in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing www.iiste.org, 2017) Rose I. Ilesanmi; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Ayodele O. Ilesanmi; Hyacinth Effedua; Abimbola O. Amoo
    Background: Deployment of sound diagnostic deliverables remains a crucial component of malaria control and prevention programme in Africa. This study aims to make a comparative assessment of the efficacy of three famous brands of rapid diagnostic kits (RDT) available in Nigerian market, with the traditional Giemsa staining (microscopic) method, in testing for malaria in endemic zones, also to provide relevant information and guidance to individuals, health care service providers, test kit manufacturers as well as health corporate organizations. Methods: Giemsa microscopy along with RDT kits (Acon, Paracheck and SD Bioline) were carried out on 525 patient samples presumed to present with acute uncomplicated malaria by clinical diagnosis. In addition, the total WBC count and haematocrit were conducted on the blood samples. Results: Out of the 525 samples recruited, three hundred (300) 57.1% were found positive by Giemsa microscopy. SD Bioline had a positivity rate of 260 (49.5%) while Acon and Paracheck trailed behind with 200 (38.1%) and 150 (28.6%) samples respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of the three RDT kits were as follows: SD Bioline (86.3%, 99.6%, 92%); Paracheck (50%, 97.7%, 70.4%) and Acon (66.7%, 100%, 80.9%) respectively. Children within the age bracket 0-10 years had the highest malaria positivity rate (F=5.29; p< 0.05). 115 (38.3%) of children in this age group were positive for malaria with Mean PCV of 30.65 ± 0.52 compare to non-malaria control. The dominant malaria species was P. falciparum with 280 (93.3%) cases. However, an appreciable cases of P. falciparum & P. vivax 15 (5.0%) along with P. falciparum & P. malariae 5 (1.7%) co-infections were confirmed. It was also observed that the haematocrit value for individuals correlated inversely with the parasite density (r = -0.78; p< 0.05). Conclusion and Recommendation: Giemsa microscopy method still remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis in limited resources endemic zones and recommends that imported RDT kits for malaria should be validated before use in developing countries.
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    Ebola Outbreaks Public Health Emergencies in Fragile Conflicts Zones and Displaced Populations in Africa
    (International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2017-10-11) Ernest Tambo; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Chryseis F. Chengho; Isatta Wurie; Jeannetta K. Jonhson; Marcel Fogang; Jeanne Y. Ngogang
    Little is documented on conflict and displacement impact on West Africa Ebola Virus disease (EVD) outbreaks. The paper revisits Ebola outbreaks public health emergencies in fragile conflict zones and displaced populations across Africa. Findings showed that the duration of conflict/war events varied one to forty three years. Notably, Darfur war in Sudan and South Sudan lasted between 18- 23 years, RD Congo and Guinea incessant political and ethnical or mining conflict instability repeatedly ranging between 2-6 years, Liberia and Sierra Leone 5 and 12 years conflict/war events associated Ebola outbreaks were documented following seven and four years of conflicts from 1989-1996 and 1999-2003 prior to a democracy nation era in Liberia respectively. Worldwide, there have been 28,639 cases of Ebola virus disease and 11,316 deaths as at December, 2016 compared to recent Zika virus outbreaks in Latin America. Ebola outbreak public health emergencies advocacy, community social mobilization and engagement, Ebola awareness, effective and culturally dignified communications, social media and mass media risk communication, community literacy and preparedness, emergency response engagement and participation, access and deployment of digital technology applications (Health map) in surveillance, tracking and monitoring and key traditional burial practice behaviours changes were being translated into positive successes and benefits that geared rapid and effective prevention of further spread and containment activities of West Africa Ebola outbreak. Inter-humanitarian organizations, institutions and other stakeholders including government cooperation and coordinated leadership, commitment and investment were laudable in supporting accountability and transparency in the overall objectives of public health emergency preparedness planning, care management systems in Ebola outbreak centres, public awareness, epidemic early detection and rapid response as well as effective immunization programs implementation to outwit Ebola virus. Sierra Leone conflict lasted from 1991-2002, Guinea recorded frequent relentless instability than Liberia with two major conflict periods from 1989-1996 and 1999-2003. For the first time, we established a statistical significant correlation between duration of war/conflict events and Ebola outbreaks onsets in Africa (P<0.05).Unexpectedly; the total fatality rate in Liberia or Sierra Leone only was greater than the previously reported cumulative EVD cases across Africa since 1976. It is crucial to intensify advocacy on conflicts/wars resolutions to disaster risk reduction framework evidence practice implementation of peace building in fostering health and socioeconomic development and growth. Authors call for the urgent need for concerned commitment and engagement of all stakeholders to develop, implement and strengthening local, national, regional and global public health emergencies evidence practice approaches and strategies including national public health disaster emergency situations insurance models and schemes integration is paramount in disaster high risk prone settings and particular in Africa.
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    Ethical, legal and societal considerations on Zika virus epidemics complications in scaling-up prevention and control strategies
    (Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 2017) Ernest Tambo; Ghislaine Madjou; Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Chryseis F. Chengho; Emad I.M. Khater
    Much of the fear and uncertainty around Zika epidemics stem from potential association between Zika virus (ZIKV) complications on infected pregnant women and risk of their babies being born with microcephaly and other neurological abnormalities. However, much remains unknown about its mode of transmission, diagnosis and long-term pathogenesis. Worries of these unknowns necessitate the need for effective and efficient psychosocial programs and medical-legal strategies to alleviate and mitigate ZIKV related burdens. In this light, local and global efforts in maintaining fundamental health principles of moral, medical and legal decision-making policies, and interventions to preserve and promote individual and collective Human Rights, autonomy, protection of the most vulnerable, equity, dignity, integrity and beneficence that should not be confused and relegated by compassionate humanitarian assistance and support. This paper explores the potential medical and ethical-legal implications of ZIKV epidemics emergency response packages and strategies alongside optimizing reproductive and mental health policies, programs and best practice measures. Further long-term cross-borders operational research is required in elucidating Zika-related population-based epidemiology, ethical-medical and societal implications in guiding evidence-based local and global ZIKV maternal-child health complications related approaches and interventions. Core programs and interventions including future Zika safe and effective vaccines for global Zika immunization program in most vulnerable and affected countries and worldwide should be prioritized.
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    EVALUATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS (IHR 2005) CORE CAPACITIES OF NIGERIAN PORT OF ENTRY IN COMBATING TRANS-BORDER SPREAD OF DISEASES
    (ProQuest, 2018-07) Shehu Usman Muhammad; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Henry O Sawyerr
    Background: The increase in travel and trade globally and locally creates favorable conditions for emerging and re-emerging and spread of international infectious diseases across borders. In controlling this menace, International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) were adopted to prevent, protect, control and provide a public health response to trans-boundary diseases. There is urgent need to examine the core capacity and provisions of the regulations in tackling the issues over years. Objective: This study evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) Core Capacities across Nigerian Points of Entry in combating trans￾border diseases spread. Methods: A descriptive comparative cross-sectional study that employed qualitative and quantitative techniques. Two Hundred and Sixty-Eight (268) respondents were selected randomly across few Points of Entry (POEs) of Semen Land Border (SLB), Murtala Mohammed International Airport Lagos (MMIAL) Apapa Sea Port (ASP) and Nnamdi Azikwe International airport Abuja (NAIAA). Using simple random sampling, respondents were selected from the frontline port health workers, port security personnel and staff of Federal Ministry of Health headquarters and thereafter stratified quantitatively and qualitatively into (162) and (106) respectively. A semi-structure, paper-based, interviewer￾administered questionnaire and Focus Group Discussions / Key Informant interviews were adopted to draw relevant information on core capacities among such includes human resources / staffing at POEs, risk communication, policy and legislation, coordination core capacity, surveillance and response to Public Health Event of International Concern (PHEIC), containment and Public Health threats/ Emergency Preparedness and training and building of capacity. Qualitative data were analyzed with thematic methods while quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (version 23) for descriptive and inferential statistics at p>0.05. Results: Generally, there was moderately low level of knowledge and understanding of the IHR across all POEs investigated and this follow the order MMIAL>NAIAA>ASP>SLB. It revealed that human resources / staffing at POEs was generally inadequate across all POEs. (SLB) being (55.0%), MMIAL (43.0%) and ASP (33.0%) respectively. Risk Communication within the POEs was adequate at SLB (50.0%), MMIAL (55.0%) and ASP (23.0%). Policy and Legislation within the POEs was adequate at SLB (55.0%), MMIAL (55.0%) and ASP (53.0%). Coordination of core capacity within the POEs was also adequate at SLB (22.0%), MMIAL (55.0%) and ASP (19.0%) respectively. There were weak and fragmented co-ordination at SLB and ASP. PREVIEW 16 | P a g e Responses to Public Health Event of International Concern (PHEIC) within the POEs were adequate at SLB (47.5%), MMIAL (44.0%) and ASP (22.0%). Surveillance of core capacity within the POEs was rated adequate at SLB (60.0%), MMIAL (33.0%) and ASP (26.5%). Containment and Public Health threats/ Emergency Preparedness within the POEs were rated adequate at SLB (60.0%), MMIAL (33.0%) and ASP (25.0%). There is neither ‘’no standard format on safety by IHR to access effectively level of environmental safety nor special training attended by any of the respondents as aiding or facilitating comprehension of the IHR policy/guideline. All the respondents agreed concerning the non-official designation of any of Nigerians POEs as WHO officially designated to implement the IHR 2005 policy/guideline. It was noted that core capacities in all the Points of Entry were inadequate. None of the core capacities at POEs has achieved the requirements stipulated in the IHR (2005) despite the selected POEs were the busiest and highest international traffic flow in Nigeria. Conclusion: The core capacities such as effective laboratory services, surveillance, emergency preparedness and response, and risk communication to respond to public health threats at POEs should be strengthened to combat trans-border diseases spread.
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    Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Analysis and in Silico Antimalarial Activity Studies of Compounds from Leaves Extracts of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze
    (Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 2024-08-17) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Abdulfatai T. Ajiboye; Hassan T, Abdulameed; Nik Nur Syazni Nik Mohamed Kamal
    Background: Malaria remains the deadliest infectious diseases in many tropical and subtropical regions, including Nigeria and other West African countries where its transmission occurs all year round. In many inhabitants, medicinal plants are traditionally used as remedies against the symptoms of acute malaria because of their efficacious properties demonstrated by their phytoconstituents. Mitragyna inermis is one of the medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Nigeria for the treatment of various human diseases including malaria. Methods: We identified the phytochemical constituents of the methanol leaves extract of M. Inermis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Furthermore, the in silico antimalarial study was conducted by investigating the binding interactions of the identified compounds with plasmepsin II, a key enzyme implicated in malaria pathogenesis using EH58 reference ligand by employing molecular docking techniques. Results: A total number of 40 compounds were identified from the extract of M.inermis, and cis- 13,16-docasadienoic acid (12. 33 %) was identified as the major phytochemical. Other phytochemicals like Pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(methylpropyl), 3-benzyl-6- methyl-2,5-piperazinedione, 2,5 dibenzyloxynitrobenzene, carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl neopentyl ester were found but in trace amounts. The results of molecular docking studies predicted interactions of compounds from M. inermis with plasmepsin II enzyme. Five top-scoring bioactive compounds were selected based on their binding energies (docking scores) upon docking with target protein, with compound 2, (2,5-dibenzyloxynitrobenzene) exhibiting the best binding affinity. ADME properties indicated favorable drug-like characteristics for these compounds, while toxicity predictions showed hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic assessments revealed high gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeability for compound 2, and inhibition potential against CYP enzymes for certain compounds, offering insights into their therapeutic potential against malaria. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis revealed the potential of phytochemicals from M. inermis to interact effectively with plasmepsin II enzyme, showing promising antimalarial potentials. The identified compounds exhibited favorable drug-like properties and minimal toxicity concerns, highlighting their potential as candidates for further exploration in the development of antimalarial agents.
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    Geospatial Modeled Analysis and Laboratory Based Technology for Determination of Malaria Risk and Burden in a Rural Community
    (International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2020) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Gabriel Salako; Oluwasegun T. Adetunde; Henry O. Sawyerr; M. Ajao; Ernest Tambo
    Introduction: Geographical Information System (GIS) has proven to be very useful for large scale mapping of ecosystems, land use and cover, disease prevalence, risk mapping and forecasting. GIS establish relationship or link between vector borne diseases and associated environmental factors thereby providing explanation for spatial distribution pattern, possible causes of diseases outbreak and implications on the community. Aims and Objectives: Our approach in this study was to define and identify areas and places that are exposed to Malaria risk through proximity analysis and to compare geospatial risk with laboratory diagnosed malaria epidemiology. Methodology: Garmin GPS was used to capture the geographic coordinates of six (6) selected settlements and overlaid with georeferenced and processed satellite images in the study area. GIS modeling was performed on risk factors using weighted overlay technique to produce malaria risk map. A total of One hundred and thirty-five (135) vulnerable individuals were diagnosed for Malaria with light Olympus microscope and rapid diagnostic kit (RDT). Data were entered and analyzed using R-Package for Statistical Computing and Graphics. Results: Proximity to malaria risk follows relatively the order Apodu > Central Malete > Elemere > KWASU Campus > Gbugudu. Apodu being the largest place with proximity to malaria risk, within 500 m radius. The risk index increases as one move away from the center of the settlement. The possible explanation for this high risk could be the presence of pond / lake in Apodu. This is a good breeding site for mosquito couple with dense vegetation as one move away from the centre of the settlements. Unlike Apodu, Gbugudu was at medium risk at 100 m buffer (60%) but the risk index decreases as one move away from the settlement centre. The absence of thick vegetation and presence of numerous open farms and partly cultivated farmlands on the eastern part could have been responsible for reduction in risk index. Dense vegetation and ponds were observed within Apodu, while Central Malete was built up with dense vegetation are possible reasons for the high risk index, while settlements within 1 km radius around KWASU campus recorded lower risk index possibly due to low vegetation. The geospatial malaria risk analysis correlates with the laboratory based test results. RDT kits and light microscopy results showed Apodu having the highest malaria prevalence with 46% and 58.7% followed by Elemere 41% and 30.3% respectively. When calculating prevalence by aggregating results across all communities, Apodu still had the highest malaria prevalence for the whole region. RDT and light microscopy results combined for all communities had Apodu with malaria prevalence of 21.48% and 27.4% followed by Elemere with 11.85% and 12.5% respectively. Gbugudu had the least malaria prevalence within the region with 3.7% and 7.4% respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings of this study showed dense vegetation and ponds within Apodu, Elemere and Central Malete served as good breeding site for mosquitoes and were responsible for the high-risk index at these areas. Settlements within 1 km radius around KWASU campus recorded lower index possibly due to low vegetation. Results from this study indicate that the degree of malaria parasitaemia in the three major settlements correlates directly with the remote sensing data.
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    In vitro testing of the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates to amodiaquine and the combinations of amodiaquine with verapamil, chlorpheniramine and promethazine
    (International Journal of Biology and Biological Sciences Available online at http://academeresearchjournals.org/journal/ijbbs, 2013-07) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Oluseyi E. Ogunlana; Abayomi O. Sijuade; Oyindamola O. Abiodun; Olukunle B. Fagbemi
    In vitro assays still remain a vital stage of antimalarial drug development process and resistance monitoring. This study assessed the sensitivity patterns of isolates of Plasmodium falciparum to amodiaquine (AQ) alone or in combination with verapamil (VER), chlorpheniramine (CP) and promethazine (PRO) as resistance reversing compounds. The test involves monitoring the ability of antimalarial drugs to prevent parasite transition from trophozoites to schizont stages over a 24-48 h incubation period in vitro by World Health Organization (WHO) schizont inhibition assay. The MIC of AQ alone ranged from 6.2-500.0 ng/ml while those of its reversing agents ranged from 2.1-500.0 ng/ml. Mean MIC for AQ=120.51±15.10. Based on the cut-off value for AQ in vitro susceptibility, 73% (76/104) of the P. falciparum isolates were sensitive to AQ while 27% (28/104) were resistant. The mean MIC values for AQ + VER, AQ + CP and AQ + PRO were 83.08 ± 9.39, 106.93 ± 13.28 and 111.09 ± 14.82 respectively. Based on the reversal phenomenon, 75% (78/104) of the isolates were classified sensitive to amodiaquine, while 25% (26/104) were classified resistant with verapamil as reversing agent (P<0.05). Furthermore, 85% (88/104) were sensitive to amodiaquine while 15% (16/104) were resistant to chlorpheniramine as reversing agent (P<0.05). In the same vein, 78% (81/104) were sensitive to amodiaquine while 22% (23/104) were resistant to promethazine as reversing agent (P<0.05). The present results demonstrated a high sensitivity pattern to the drug combinations. However, the very low levels of in vitro P. falciparum resistance against chlorpheniramine may demonstrate its pharmacological advantage as a better-reversing agent over others. Subsequent surveillance should, in addition, integrate both in vivo and molecular surveillance to characterize the true nature of P. falciparum isolates in this area.
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    In-Vivo Evaluation of the Antiplasmodial Effect of Amodiaquine and Amodiaquine-Promethazine Combination in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice
    (International Journal of Health Research, Poracom Academic Publishers. Available at http://www.ijhr.org, 2011-06) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Oluseyi E Ogunlana; Olukunle B Fagbemi
    Purpose: Antihistamine H1 receptor antagonists like promethazine (PR) are capable of reversing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to some antimalarials drugs like amodiaquine (AQ). This work was carried out to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of amodiaquine and amodiaquine-promethazine combination in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Methods: Groups of mice (112) infected with chloroquine resistant Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain were treated with 10mg/kg amodiaquine alone for three days or 10mg/kg AQ combined with graded doses (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/kg) of PR twice daily over 7 days). Thin blood films were used to assess parasitemia for 60 days. Results: Therapeutic effect of AQ combined with graded doses of PR was dose-dependent with the combination of AQ and the highest concentration of PR (50mg/kg) having the shortest parasite clearance time (PCT) (1.28± 0.49) days and longest recrudescence time (RT) of (17.33±11.86 days) compare to AQ alone. The mean PCT was significantly reduced as doses of PR increased up to 50mg/kg (P<0.01). The survival rates (93.8% and 50%) in the group of animals receiving 50mg/kg of PR plus AQ and AQ alone, respectively were significantly different (P<0.01). Conclusion: Promethazine potentiates the therapeutic effects of amodiaquine against the chloroquine resistant P. berghei infection in male albino mice.
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    Re-emerging Lassa fever outbreaks in Nigeria: Re-enforcing “One Health” community surveillance and emergency response practice
    (Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2018) Ernest Tambo; Oluwasegun T. Adetunde; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi
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    Response of undergraduates to institutional emergency strategies on Ebola virus disease in Kwara State University, Nigeria
    (Journal of Behavioral Health www.scopemed.org, 2017-01) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Abdulrasheed A. Adio; Shola K. Babatunde; Henry O. Sawyerr; Taofiq Ajara; Ernest Tambo
    Background: The challenge of Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak prompted the need for the development and implementation of strategic alertness and emergency response intervention in prevention and containment of future threats and epidemics. Objective: This work was designed to assess knowledge, perception, attitude, behavioral practices, risk vulnerability, and effectiveness of some selected surveillance interventions strategic responses and measures among undergraduate students in prevention and containment of EVD epidemics. Also to analyze the associations among root causes, vulnerability, risk factors, mode of spread, symptoms, prevention, and response patterns. Materials and Methods: The study employed a carefully-structured, closed-ended, interviewer-administered, paper-based questionnaire designed to capture information on sociodemographic characteristics, active knowledge on EVD, perception, behavioral attitude and responses from undergraduate students to selected strategic surveillance and intervention measures toward containment of EVD in Kwara State University, Nigeria. This is expected to enhance qualitative understanding of perceived misconceptions, and bottlenecks in relation to EVD root causes, mode of transmission, prevention and control programs and strategies. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 22. Descriptive statistics were reported as frequencies and percentages, and presented graphically using bar graphs and pie charts. Data were analyzed further with Pearson’s Chi-square test to determine associations between variables from which inferences were drawn and reported at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: Based on respondents’ general EVD causes and vulnerability risk factors, handling of corpse (87.3%) was most common, handshake with infected person (95.8%) was the most common mode of spread while regular hand washing with soap and water remained the most pronounced preventive measure. Practices of hand washing after toilet use (93.4%) was most common of the attitude of respondents to EVD, while (38.0%) will relate with EVD survivor. Use of hand sanitizer (83.6%) was a positive response to on - campus EVD intervention. 188 (88.3%) of the respondents’ agreed that EVD presents varieties of signs and symptoms, notable among such includes vomiting, diarrhea and dysentery (34.0%); fever/high body temperature and headache (19.1%); profuse bleeding from nose, mouth and other parts of the body (17.0%); joint body and muscle pain (10.1%). Students at higher levels of study and those in the Colleges of Pure and Applied Sciences and Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Kwara State University tended to have significantly higher knowledge levels at P < 0.05. Conclusion: These findings serve as a prototype in EVD and other emerging epidemics awareness campaigns and community social mobilization activities, institutional and community health education and promotion in upholding and sustaining behavioral, cultural, social and ecological measures and guidelines imperative in guiding evidence-based EVD threat and epidemics knowledge and response delivery programs and best practices in the local setting, Africa and epidemics prone territories.
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    RISK-BASED ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING OF MALARIA DISTRIBUTION IN RURAL KWARA STATE
    (: de-infinity vision ent. : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316885219, 2017-03) Oluwasogo A. Olalubi
    Despite the possibility of being preventable, malaria has a high level of mortality and morbidity and is the world's most prevalent parasitic disease. It is caused by infection with single-celled parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. In Nigeria, statistics shows that malaria accounts for 25% of the under-five mortality, 30% of childhood mortality and 11% of maternal mortality (Okonko et al., 2009). All Nigerians are at risk of malaria and the problem is compounded by the increasing resistance of malaria to hitherto cost-effective drugs and insecticides (Okonko et al., 2009). Describing in detail the spatial and temporal variation in transmission and disease risk is fundamental to epidemiological understanding and control of malaria. Risk maps are, by definition, outcomes of models of disease transmission based on spatial and temporal data. These models incorporate, by varying degrees, epidemiological, entomological, climate and environmental information. Decades of experience conrm that successful malaria control depends on accurate identication and geographical reconnaissance of high-risk areas (Carter et al., 2000). In the past, malaria risk maps at different geographical levels were largely based on expert opinion based on limited data, crude climate isolines with no clear and reproducible numerical denition. In recent years, the availability of new data sources such as remote sensing (RS) and mapping tools, such as computerized geographic information systems (GIS) for quantitative analysis of spatial data, have provided an unprecedented amount of information and increased capability to describe, predict and communicate risk and outcome of interventions (Berquist, 2001). Measures that might be mapped include categories of endemicity (e.g. unstable, mesoendemic or holoendemic), vector density and capacity, entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and incidence of disease. However, although malaria endemicity can vary widely over only short distances, most of these measures have only been studied in a few, widely separated localities. In general, results from different sites differ. Our corporate effort in this research work focuses on utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) hardware, software and training to map the incidence/prevalence of malaria over some geographic area. The GIS map incorporate physical environmental risk variables such as vegetation covers, rivers, pond and streams, housing and drainage pattern, ecological and topographical lay-out, built up status of the settlements and vectorial interphase and interactions with potential host communities could serve as an environmental model to predict Malaria distribution in selected settlements neighbourhood of Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. In this study, Apodu settlement showed a high vulnerability index due its dense vegetation and the presence of impounded water in the dam. Apodu and Elemere had the highest malaria vulnerability index within 300m radius. That is, the vulnerability index increases as one moves away from the center of the settlement. Futhermore, the Fulani who stay some few meters away from the centre of settlements were more at risk. However, Gbugudu was at highest risk at 100 m buffer (60%) but the vulnerability index decreases as one move away from the settlement centre. The absence of thick vegetation and presence numerous cultivated farmlands on the eastern part could have been possible explanation for this reduction in vulnerability index (Appendix 2). Over the years, one of the challenges in malaria management, particularly among children, is inaccurate diagnosis of the condition (Olukosi et al., 2015). Clinical diagnosis of malaria without laboratory support may lead to malaria misdiagnosis and maltreatment (Oladosu and Oyibo, 2013). The focus here is to examine past trends through available medical records, as well as the present situation with the possibility of correlating current malaria incidence / prevalence among the population in order to calculate populations at risk, malaria parasite stage distribution by settlement, age-group and occupation. The goal with these studies is to see if any obvious patterns exist, but the study neither found evidence of existing interventions nor medical records. We conducted routine screening to scale-up malaria diagnosis comparing Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and Giemsa Microscopy techniques. The RDT results revealed a 37% malaria prevalance in all three communities combined while Light microscopy recorded 48% positivity rate. However, with Light microscopy, Apodu community had a higher infected to non-infected persons ratio at 58.7% to 41.3% than Gbugudu and Elemere, both of which showed lower prevalence rates at 30.3% and 46.2% respectively (Appendix 1; Table2 & 7). Rings and trophozoite stages were the two most pronounced stages detected under the light microscope. Most (56.9%) of the malaria cases were found to have parasites at the “Ring Stage”, while the others (43.1%) had progressed to the “Trophozoite Stage”. Out of One hundred and thirty five (135) individual that were screened and diagnosed for Malaria, (44/135) 32.6% Yoruba and (21/135) 15.6% Fulani were positive respectively (Appendix1). We therefore infer that both techniques could be employed to detect malaria infection, however, Giemsa microscopy method demonstrated higher sensitivity and effectiveness over RDT for being able to resolve and detect low parasitaemia, symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Results obtained from this study conrm that the microscopy method remains the reference standard and a better diagnostic tool for malaria diagnosis in the laboratory than the RDTs in limited resources endemic zones. Results from this study indicate that the degree of malaria parasitaemia in the three settlement correlates directly with the remote sensing data (Appendix 1&2). We recommend more appropriate land utilization and engagement, environmental sanitation and consistent re-training of household leaders (fathers, mothers and grandparents) and caregivers on causal factors and prevention of malaria in the rural communities under studied to be able to effectively assess the effect of intervention program provided. The essence would be for the villagers to take responsibility for ownership and be able to self-apply and manage these approaches.
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    Strengthening integrated Zika virus epidemics and Aedes mosquito management and containment programs innovations in Africa
    (Journal of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, 2016-10) Ernest Tambo; Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Jeanne Y Ngogang; Emad IM Khater
    With over 72 countries and territories affected worldwide with Aedes mosquito-transmitted Zika virus disease and estimated over millions of people are at high ZIKV risk including pregnant women in these Aedes mosquito prone settings. The recent epidemic events further stress the ever-increasing need and value of national public health evidence-based decision-making policy, budget allocation and programs in protecting vulnerable communities. This paper highlights Aedes vector ecological determinants and impacts mitigation and adaptation approaches in strengthening and in scaling-up integrated Aedes mosquito management programs and ZIKV epidemics prevention and containment measures across Aedes-prone African countries. We supported the view of WHO urgency to establish and strengthen effective and robust local/national public health laboratories surveillance, port of entries and intersectorial monitoring capabilities, scaling-up proven vector management programs and ZIKV preparedness-response activities. This paper provides the prerequisite in scaling up integrated cost-effective Aedes vectors community awareness and empowerment in risk alertness and communication strategies, and Zika virus population-based detection, diagnosis and reporting systems in guiding evidence-based epidemiologic, clinical and environmental programs implementation innovations at all levels in vulnerable countries such as Africa. Moreover, improving shared responsibility and participation are vital. Furthermore, instituting robust, effective and sustainable local/national preparedness and emergency response systems capacity is crucial in existing and future arthropod-borne threats and disasters.
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    Triple-crises-induced food insecurity: systematic understanding and resilience building approaches in Africa
    (Science in One Health, 2023-10-29) Ernest Tambo; Chen-Sheng Zhang; Gildas B. Tazemda; Bertin Fankep; Ngo T. Tappa; Cremona F Bette Bkamko; Laura M. Tsague; Daniella Tchemembe; Elodie F. Ngazoue; Kennedy K. Korie; Marie Paule N. Djobet; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Omer N. Njajou
    The triple crises of the COVID-19 pandemic, conflict and climate change have severely impacted food systems, leading to socio-economic consequences and undermining food and nutrition security across Africa. To address the malnutrition and poverty affecting approximately 700 million people in Africa, there is potential for the One Health approach implementation and operationalization to bring together multidisciplinary solutions for tackling food insecurity and ensuring food safety net. However, there is limited documentation on the potential of the One Health approach system thinking implementation to guide responses to triple crises-induced food insecurity. Therefore, this article aims to systematically understand the triple crises-induced food insecurity, connect existing solutions, and explore the role of the One Health approach in strengthening food and agriculture systems in Africa. Our finding showed the impact of triple crises exacerbating food system vulnerability in Africa and worldwide. Mitigating and resilient actions are urgently needed in tackling the emerging and persisting challenges, and in fectious diseases menace and burden across Africa. We present a conceptual model illustrating the complex nature of triple crises-induced food insecurity, vulnerability areas within the food system, and actionable strategies for building community food resilience. Additionally, recommendations are provided to create an enabling envi ronment that supports One Health approach implementation and addresses food insecurity challenges through innovative partnerships, local-led initiatives, and enhanced governance and artificial intelligence technology capacities in achieving sustainable and inclusive growth to reduce socio-economic inequalities. Stepping up integrated, actionable, and sustainable food systems programs and innovative long-lasting solutions requires investing in promoting new partnership and research collaboration in building conflict resolution and peace towards strengthening and reshaping local and global food security related climate change adaptations ac tions for most vulnerable communities’ benefits. These are ingredients in fastening preparedness, prevention and control of infectious diseases prevention and control, reducing food supply chains disruption towards accelerating equitable benefits of Universal Health Coverage and Sustainable Development Goals, 2030 across Africa.
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    Using Multi Techniques Analysis in Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification and Mapping of Mambilla Plateau in Taraba State Nigeria
    (Open Journal of Ecology, SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/oje, 2016-05-31) Gabriel Salako; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Henry Sawyerr; Glenn Howe; Abel Adebayo; Abdulrasheed Adio
    This work used multi techniques analysis comprises GIS models, geostatistics, clustering analysis as against the traditional single layer thematic approach to characterize Mambilla Plateau, a cold highland in Taraba state of Nigeriainto biogeoclimatic ecosystem zones needed for natural re￾sources management. The principal criteria used in classifying and mapping the ecosystems are: climate and bioclimate data, physiography (slope, relief and aspect), vegetation/landcover data. In classifying and mapping the physiography of Mambilla Plateau, the topographic layer was pro￾duced from 90 m NASA/SRTM digital elevation model. Principal component analysis, agglomera￾tive hierarchical cluster analysis (AHC) and geostatistical techniques (Kriging) were applied to develop bioclimatic layer. A combination of vegetation field survey conducted on selected sites, un/supervised classification and the application of NDVI values was used to produce landcover map and delineation of the Plateau into vegetation units. These layers of physiographic, biocli￾matic and vegetation were spatially combined using fuzzy (sum) overlay in Arc GIS 10.2 to pro￾duce 5 major and 1 subunit biogeoclimatic ecosystem zones on the Mambilla Plateau and the ad￾joining landscape namely: humid lowland forest/humid shrubby forest, montane forest, escarp￾ment stream valley forest, grass cypress cool mountain and, grass eucalyptus cold high mountain. It is expected that this approach to biogeoclimatic ecosystem mapping shall form the bedrock for vegetal/forest resources management not only in the region but find application especially in most of the highland of the world.
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    Values and Hopes of Ebola Vaccines Mass Immunization Programs and Treatments Adoption and Implementation Benefits in Africa
    (International Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 2015-11-06) Ernest Tambo; Chidiebere EU; Oluwasogo A. Olalubi; Isatta W; Jeannetta KJ; Jeane YN
    The potential benefits of safe, effective and cost effective Ebola vaccines and massive population-based immunization and treatment can be easily demonstrated by the unprecedented Ebola outbreak consequences that raged West Africa and intimidation the international public health security. Effective community-based health programming and contextual understanding have shown to be of tremendous benefits of global poliomyelitis immunization initiative. Africa fertility rate is among the highest in the world and projected growth over next 40 years, from 1.1 billion to 2.4 billion by 2050. It has become clear that the lack of effective Ebola immunization programs and management logistics in both vulnerable populations and international travellers was complicated by weak health planning and epidemics preparedness. Moreover, poor prognosis and late local, regional and international response led to preventable toll of over 27,609 cases and 11,261 deaths been recorded in West Africa recently. As Ebola still represents a common threat in Africa and threatening the global community; this article reports a cumulative survival rate varying between 37- 66% in West Africa with the highest in Sierra Leone of 67% in contrast to 26% in DR Congo with the highest cumulative frequencies of seven of Ebola resurgence episodes from 1977-2014, and Uganda five episodes from 2000-2012. But what exactly triggers to those Ebola patients fortunate enough to survive is still to be elucidated. West Africa has recorded a cumulative fatality rate ranging from 34- 63 %. Understanding the benefits of Ebola immunization should be of importance and could provide inklings into Ebola’s weakness in such dearth of local medical and healthcare delivery, intense global travel and food insecurity systems. Hence, development and effective deployment of massive population-based Ebola immunization program and travel medicine policy on prevention and control measures should be a major priority post-Ebola emergency response directed to curb and to eradicate the threatening Ebola outbreaks. In addition, development of evidence-based innovative community-based primary healthcare services, functioning delivery mechanisms, other public health interventions surveillance and recovery packages. Hence, support in improving safety and healthy living in achieving the national / regional growth, sustainable development goals and global health security.