Department of Food and Agricultural Engineering

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APPLICATION OF MAIZE STARCH-PEANUT SHELL NANOCOMPOSITE PACKAGING ON MUSHROOM UNDER VARYING MOISTURE, THICKNESS, AND COLD STORAGE
(Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Science, 2023) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Kehinde Peter Alabi; Mary Fadeyibi; Taiwo Olusola Asaniyi
In this research, a maize starch-peanut shell nanocomposite film was applied to package mushroom under varying moisture, thickness, and cold temperature conditions. The film was developed by congealing 18 g starch, 0.38 g peanut nanoparticles, 16 g glycerol in 300 ml distilled water at 70oC, and its thermal, mechanical, barrier and microstructural behaviors were determined using standard methods. The film was applied to package oyster mushroom by varying the thickness (5– 10 mm) and moisture content (77.18 –91.14 %, wb) of the product, and thereafter storing it under 4– 8 oC cold temperature condition. The results revealed ~ 5% weight fraction degradation at ≤ 310 oC with endothermic peaks occurring at 250 oC and 400 oC, which corresponds to phase transition points where the film was thermally stable. The deformation pattern of the film at atomic level mimics a natural plastic material, with a heterogeneous particle size distribution across the film matrix. The permeability coefficients were 0.68× 10-10, 2.10× 10-10 and 14.0× 10-10 cm3 (STP) cm/cm2scm Hg for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon-dioxide, gases, respectively. Also, the microbial load of the packaged product significantly decreased with an increase pH, moisture, and temperature (p< 0.05). Thus, the film can be suitable for mushroom packaging.
Characterization of Cassava Starch-Zinc Nanocomposite Film for Food Packaging
(Elsevier, 2022) Adeshina Fadeyibi
Performance of a pure thermoplastic film can be enhanced by adding nanoparticles of the size ranging 1–100 nm for application in food packaging. This research was carried out to develop a nanocomposite by mechanically homogenizing different proportions of cassava starch (1000 g), glycerol (45–55%, w/w), and zinc nanocomposites (0–2%, w/w). A dispersed mixture of 24 g of these products was then mixed with distilled water (600 ml) and heated for 30 min at boiling temperature to form a thermoplastic solution. The film was formed in different sizes (15, 16, and 17 µm thickness) by casting the solution on a 350 mm ×180 mm plastic mold of different depths (8, 10, and 12 mm). The performance of the film, including barrier, thermal, and structural properties was determined using standard methods. The results showed that the oxygen and water vapor decreased with the thickness and increased with the concentration of the glycerol. Plastic d-spacing increased with an increase in thickness, and this might indicate the ability of the material to intercalate and exfoliate at some points during a prolonged packaging application. It might also indicate the short-range order of the material constituents in the film for a better service performance. A small degradation of the film was observed between 30 °C and 60 °C. This indicated that the film was thermally stable and might be suitable for packaging applications, especially in the tropical climes. The information of the characterized attributes and optimization of the cassava starch zinc-nanocomposite films justified their alternative application to pure thermoplastic and conventional films for food packaging.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CASTOR BIODIESEL BLENDED WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL FUELS.
(Published by Nigerian Instituttion of Agricultural Engineers (NIAE), 2020) Rasheed Amao Busari; Joshua Olanrewaju Olaoye; Adeshina Fadeyibi; Timothy Denen Akpenpuun; Murtala Olayode Iyanda; Segun Emmanuel Adebayo
Compression Ignition Engines have proved its usefulness in agriculture, transportation, and power sector. In this research, the physicochemical properties of different blends of castor biodiesel were compared with conventional diesel fuel. Samples of the castor biodiesel prepared using transesterification process were blended with the conventional biodiesel in different mixed ratios, namely B5, B10, B15, B20, B25,B50 to B100. The physicochemical properties, including density, flash point and kinematic viscosity were determined following standard and international procedures (ASTM). Results show that the B100 has higher density, kinematic viscosity and flash point compared to the conventional diesel at 280 °C. But the calorific value was lower in comparison. A gradual decrease in the density, flash point and kinetic viscosity were observed with a decrease in the biodiesel blends from B100 to B5. This implies that the castor biodiesel can be used as a close substitute for the conventional diesel fuel and has substantial advantages, especially in area of greenhouse control and energy security.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AFRICAN OIL BEAN SEED DEHULLER
(Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, Faculty of Engineering University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, 2018) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Mohammed Gana Yisa; Olawale S. Oladeji
Dehulling is a unit operation preceding oil extraction of most agricultural products. While it is common to dehull the African oil bean seed manually, the mechanical operation of the process has not been reported. Thus, this study was undertaken to design and simulate African oil bean seed dehulling machine. The design was based on previous investigation of the physical and mechanical properties of the seed at 15 % moisture content (db), including average breaking force of the seed (1.12 kN). Computational fluid dynamic method was used to carry out machine simulation and the effect of time of machine operation on motor torque; angular velocity and linear displacement were investigated. The design results show that a 3 HP, single phase electric motor was required to power 25 mm shaft diameter of the machine. The simulation results show that the angular velocity was high as soon as the machine commences operation, but this progressively decreases with an increase in the time of operation. The reason for this may be due to a decrease in the viscous effect of the internal wall which causes the air stream flow to slow down with a resultant drop in the relative angular velocity to the surface. This implies that the machine is practicable with performance likely to decrease with time of machine operation.
Design of a single screw extruder for homogenizing bulk solids
(Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal, 2016) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash Delebo Osunde; Gbabo Agidi; Egwim Chidi Evans
The research was conducted to design a single screw extruder from locally available materials for the mixing and homogenization of bulk solids, such as the composites of cassava and yam starch-glycerol with nanoparticles. The design was made by computing the hopper outlet size, shaft diameter, screw geometry, barrel volume and the capacity of the conveyor, empirically. The stresses in the conical section of the hopper were also evaluated to assess its load requirement, thus avoiding any problem associated with the flow of materials through the hopper opening. The extruder was dynamically simulated to assess its throughput at the feeding, compression and metering zones. This was done by investigating the dynamic effect of the time of operation, with respect to the linear displacement, velocity and power, from the practical motion of the moving auger by Computational Fluid Dynamics method. The results showed that the vertical pressure acting downwards and the shear stress within the section were 37.02 and 6.44 kPa. The shaft diameter and screw geometry, which includes screw pitch and angle, were 20 and 56 mm, and 16.54o. The capacity of the extrusion conveyor and its power requirement were respectively, 18.46 tons/hour and 2.04 kW. The maximum linear displacement and velocity occur at the compression zone at every 3.03 rev/sec, which cause the bulk solid materials to melt, and are pushed by the resulting pressure into the metering zone. The relationship between the linear displacement and the time of operation obeys the power law. Consequently, a 5 hp electric motor was selected to power the single crew extruder.
Design, fabrication and testing of a machine for shelling Jatropha Curcas seed.
(Published by Kwara State University Press, Nigeria, 2020) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Michael Efeturi Okolobah; Rasheed Amao Busari; Rukayat Oladipupo
Jatropha curcas is a non-edible drought-resistant seed rich in oil. The seeds are usually shelled to obtain the kernels prior to the oil extraction. This research was undertaken to design, fabricate and evaluate a sheller for jatropha seed at different moisture contents. The moisture content of the seed was varied in the range of 6.8−12.2% (wb) and the machine performance was evaluated. Empirical relationships between the machine performance and the moisture content were established. The results showed that the shelling and machine efficiencies decreased with an increase in the moisture content. A quadratic relationship was established between the cleaning efficiency and the moisture content of the seed. The data obtained are found to fit the established equations with 65% R sq. value, and so can be used for predicting the machine performance within the specified moisture range. The power required to shell the seed was found to be 1 HP, and the technology was affordable compared to the ones reported in the previous designs. The machine can therefore be used for Jatropha curcas seed shelling at different moisture contents.
Design, fabrication and testing of a machine for shelling Jatropha Curcas seed
(Technoscience Journal for Community Development in Africa, KWASU Press, 2020) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Rasheed Amao Busari; Rukayat Oladipupo
Jatropha curcas L. seed is a nonedible drought-resistant seed rich in oil. In the extraction of the oil, the seeds are shelled to obtain the kernels. Shelling manually requires so much labour and time. Thus, this research was carried out to design and evaluate the performance of the jatropha seed shelling machine so as to address the challenges with the manual method. The moisture content of the seed was varied in the range of 6.8- 12.2% (wb), and the machine performance was evaluated. The results showed that the shelling efficiency of the machine and the percentage of whole kernel recovered decreased with increase in seed moisture content; while the percentage of broken kernel, machine efficiency, and percentage of unshelled seed followed a sinusoidal trend with moisture content variation. The percentage of whole kernel recovered and shelling efficiency were 23.3% and 73% at 8.2% (wb), respectively. The machine can therefore be used for jatropha seed shelling at different moisture contents.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Manually Operated Locust Bean Cubing Machine
(Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018) Mohammed Gana Yisa; Adeshina Fadeyibi; Salman AbdulHafeez
Background and Objective: Cubing is a process of consolidating bulk agricultural products to allow precise sizing prior to packaging and marketing. This research was undertaken to develop a locust bean cubing machine. Materials and Methods: The machine was designed to cube 2 kg of fermented locust beans with the help of a piston-connecting rod arrangement, as a conveying mechanism. A handle attached to the connecting rod provides the drive and force required for cubing and the resultant piston speed was computed empirically. Results: The results showed that the machine required a piston speed and pressure of 33 m secG1 and 25.1 kN mG2, respectively. Also, the machine was able to produce cubed locust beans of an approximate size of 0.06 m2. Conclusion: Thus, the cubing of locust beans condiment can be successfully achieved with the help of this machine.
Development of a dually operated biomass briquette press
(Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 2021) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Kehinde Adebayo
Technological transformation of biomass residues into briquettes is essential for industrial energy applications. This research was undertaken to design, fabricate, and test a dually operated screw press for briquette production. The machine was designed and fabricated using 0.3%-carbon steel, and its performance was evaluated for 30 min at an interval of 5 min. The efficiency increased with an increase in the resident time, and the values were approximately 95% and 80% at the end of the 30 min motorized and manual operations, respectively. The average capacity of the manual operation was 0.0025 kg s-1 and that of the motorized operation was 0.0055 kg s-1 . A single phase two horsepower electric motor was used to power the machine.
Effect of operating parameters on performance of a developed juice extractor
(Adeleke University Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2021) Adeshina Fadeyibi
Processing of fruits is essential to curtail postharvest loss. This research was carried out to design and evaluate a multi-juice extractor. The machine was designed and fabricated using locally source material and the performance was evaluated based on the perforation of the inner cylinder (2, 4, 6 mm), and speed of operation (50, 70, 90 rpm) using for 10 kg of orange and watermelon. The extracted juice was filtered with the sieve, and the residue discharged. Results showed that the best perforation of the cylinder was 6mm, while the optimum operating speed of the machine for juice extraction was 50 rpm for watermelon and orange fruits at the end of 5 minutes of operation. The machine was powered by 1hp electric motor, and it costs ₦ 92,200 relatively cheaper compared to conventional ones.
Effect of Residence Time on Performance of a Developed Drum Washer for Cleaning Sweet Potatoes
(Adeleke University Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2021) Adeshina Fadeyibi
Cleaning of heavily contaminated food produce is critical to its storage and processing. In this research, a drum washer was developed for the cleaning of freshly harvested sweet potato tubers. Operation parameters of the machine, including brush type (soft, semi-hard, hard), shaft speed (90-110 rpm) and lining material (steel, plastic, wooden) were simulated to determine the best process for effective machine design. The machine was developed based on the simulated parameters and its performance for washing 15 kg of the sweet potatoes was determined in 10 min operation. Results show that the semi-hard brush, plastic lining, and a speed of 90 rpm gave the lowest simulation error (e < 10-6). Also, the washing efficiency and throughput capacity were 90.6 % and 14.1 kg/min, respectively. The bruising efficiency was 10.0 %, which indicates effective washing with minimal tuber-flesh damage in the process.
Engineering and proximate properties of miracle berry fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum L.)
(CIGR Journal- International Commision of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2021) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Wasiu Agunbiade lamidi; Sulaiman Ademola
This research was carried out to determine some physical, mechanical, mineral, and proximate properties of miracle berry fruits (Synsepalum dulcificum L.) in the moisture range of 6.45%-9.73% (dry basis, db). Physical properties, including bulk density and terminal speed, were determined by standard procedures. Mechanical properties including stiffness and deformation were determined using quasi-static compression analysis. Proximate and mineral compositions of the fruit including crude protein and calcium contents were determined using standard analytical methods. Results showed that the terminal velocity, stiffness, mineral contents increased generally with a decrease in the moisture content (p < 0.05). The average values of the terminal velocity, stiffness, crude protein, calcium contents of the fruit at 6.45% (db) were 14.32 mm s-1 , 2.37 N mm-1 , 11.13% and 92.11 mg 100 g-1 , respectively. We recommended the values at 6.45% moisture content for minimal product damage during bulk transportation, and for the design of cutting equipment for the product. Citation: Fadeyibi, A., W. A. Lamidi, and S. M. Ademola. 2021. Engineering and proximate properties of miracle berry fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum L.) essential for its processing equipment design. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, ? (23)4: 227-235.
Investigation into properties of starch-based nanocomposite materials for fruits and vegetables packaging- A review
(FUTAJEET, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 2017) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash Delebo Osunde; Mohammed Gana Yisa; Abiodun Okunola
The huge environmental impact associated with the use of conventional packaging materials, like polyethylene, has led to the renewed interest in alternative ways of food packaging. Recently, green polymer technology, which involves the application of renewable packaging materials made from biodegradable resources like starch, has been the subject of discussion among stakeholders in food processing and storage. This review was carried out to investigate the mechanical, thermal, barrier and structural properties of biodegradable nanocomposite packaging materials made from starch. Emphasis was given to the application of the starch-based biodegradable packaging materials in fruits and vegetables packaging. The prospect of the new materials in terms of strength, barrier to moisture and oxygen, morphology and thermal stability, with regard to the inclusion of nanoparticles, for this application was highlighted. The information provided will help address the environmental challenges often posed by the conventional materials while at the same time improve the post harvest storage stability of fruits and vegetables through packaging.
Isothermal Adsorption Modelling of Pupuru flour
(Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology,Faculty of Food Technology Osijek Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia, 2020) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Janet Oluwatoyin Alaba
The amount of moisture adsorbed by stored food products usually varies with temperature and relative humidity at a constant pressure. This research was carried out to determine the sorption isotherm behaviour of pupuru flour in the temperature and water activity (aw) ranges of 10−50 o C and 0.10−0.93 using gravimetric method. The Guggenheim-Anderson-De Boer (GAB), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Oswin and Smith sorption equations, formulated for the sorption characterization of starchy foods, were used to constitute the models. The results show that the sorption isotherm curve is similar to a Type II classification typical of starchy foods. Also, the sorption parameters (Mo, C and K) were generally higher for the products stored at 10 o C and 0.10 aw. The parameter K decreases with an increase in the temperature for the GAB and the Smith models, but remains inconsistent for the Oswin model. The Mo increases with an increase in the temperature for the GAB and Smith models. The GAB, Oswin and Smith models were generally adequate and valid with an MSE< 10% and a high degree of fitness (R 2 and R 2 adj > 90%). This indicates their ability to predict the sorption isortherm characteristics of the pupuru flour within its range of the aw and the storage temperature.
Mixing Index of a Starch Composite Extruder for Food Packaging Application
(CRC press, 2016) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash Delebo Osunde; Gbabo Agidi; Egwim Chidi Evans
This encapsulates the performance of a single-screw extruder for use in the mixing and homog-enization of the composite of cassava starch (1000 g),glycerol (45%‒55% w/v), and zinc oxide nanopar-ticles (0%‒2% w/v), based on the mixing index and rate constant. The machine was designed such that itcan accommodate two diameters (5 and 7 mm) in thebreaker plate; the output/1000 g of the starch compos-ite was determined at a resident time of 5 min over aperiod of 1 h machine operation. The research revealedthat the composite containing 55% w/v glycerol, 1% w/vzinc nanoparticles and 5 mm diameter of the holes inthe breaker plate has the highest mixing rate constant(k = 0.527). Decay trends were observed as the mixing index increases with an increase in the resident time in the range of 45%–55% w/v glycerol concentration and a decrease in the output per 1000 g of the starch compos-ite through both the 5 and 7 mm diameters of the hole of the breaker plate. The optimum output of the machine, whose desirability function is closer to the optimization goal, gave 0.53/1000 g. The amount of unmixed com-posite was significantly lower than the machine output and thus the single-screw extruder can be used to quan-tify and monitor mixing behavior of starch composites in the food industry.
OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATION PARAMETERS OF A DEVELOPED DOUGH MIXER
(LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2021) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Samuel Jacob Aina; Rasheed Amao Busari; Mohammed Gana Yisa
A mixer is essentially required for homogenizing flour and other ingredients in the bakery industry. In this research, a dough mixer was developed using a 10.5% chromium stainless-steel and its performance evaluated based on the machine parameters. The shaft speed (250−350 rpm), agitator geometry angle (45o, 60o and 90o) and number of blades (type A-5, type B-4 and type C-3) were considered as the machine parameters. The Effective mix proportion (EMP) was determined as the performance index. A Split-Plot Optimal Design was used to determine the desired variables for maximum EMP. Results show that the EMP decreases with an increase in the agitator geometry angle, irrespective of the speed of the mixing shaft. A critical behavior of the mixer was obtained at 300rpm, which indicates the homogeneous phase change stage in the mixing process. Again, the mixer performance was higher for the agitator with 5 blades and lower for the 3 blades agitator. The optimum EMP occurred for type C-3 blades, 60o geometry angle at 250 rpm with 98% desirability. These can be considered as the best configurations for a large-scale practice.
Parameter and heat transfer performance evaluation of an existing dryer mixer for "Irvingia gabonensis" powder
(KKU Journal, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, 2021) Musliu Olusola Sunmonu; Adeshina Fadeyibi; Saheed Olabanjo
A homogeneous mixing and drying of food substance are required prior to further processing and storage. This research was carried out to determine the heat transfer parameters of an existing dryer-mixer and evaluate its performance for the drying and mixing of Irvingia gabonensis powder. A 1 kg of the powdered product (~ 15 µm particle size and 24.5% initial moisture content) was dried using the mixer-dryer for 5 hours. The average temperature of the drying chamber was preset at 50 o C for the drying process, with the help of a thermostat. The heat transfer parameters, which includes the air flow rate and thickness of wall lagging, were determined mechanistically. Also, the drying performance was determined based on the drying rate, drying efficiency, mixing index, and mixing rate of the machine. Results show that an air flow rate of 0.00082 kgs-1 and 0.02 m thickness of a fibreglass lagging material was required in the drying and mixing operation. Energy required to dry the product from 24.5% (wb) to 12.8% (wb) moisture content was 0.08514 kJ/s at a drying rate of 1.8 kgh-1. A mixing index of 0.819 and efficiency of 82.2 % were obtained, and these may imply effective drying and a high degree of homogenization in the system.
Prediction of Some Physical Attributes of Cassava Starch–Zinc Nanocomposite Film for Food‑Packaging Applications
(Journal of Packaging Technology and Research, Springer Nature, 2018) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Zinash Delebo Osunde; Mohammed Gana Yisa
Characterization of nanocomposite film requires a high level of instrumentation and accuracy in measurements. It is normally arduous to achieve correct measurement of a system under different conditions using the same instrument without allowing for errors. For this reason, model representation of a system is usually encouraged. In this research, empirical model equations were developed for predicting some physical attributes of cassava starch–zinc nanocomposite film for food-packaging applications. Samples of the films, with thickness ranging between 15 and 17 μm, were developed by blending 24 g of cassava starch, 0–2% zinc nanoparticles, and 45–55% glycerol. The permeability of the films, which helps in maintaining the quality of packaged food, was determined due to oxygen and water vapour at a temperature of 27 °C and 65% RH. Elastic modulus and hardness were determined using nano-indentation techniques. Empirical model equations were developed using Box–Behnken design from 60% of the total data and the remainder were predicted. Results showed that the models developed are fit, and there were no significant differences between the 40% remaining data and model predicted data (<0.05). The contributions of the model terms to the validity of the equations were generally high with mean square error (MSE) < 10%. The result indicates that the models can be suitable for predicting permeability, hardness, and elastic modulus of cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film.
Prediction of Tuber Peeling Rate Based on Classical Particle Removal Theories.
(Published by King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang., 2021) Adeshina Fadeyibi; Rasheed Amao Busari; Olusola Faith Ajao
Classical particulate modeling is a mathematical approach that is suitable for describing the behavior of a processing machine because of its ability to accommodate varying degrees of technical parameters. This research was carried out to predict the peeling rate of an existing multi-tuber peeling machine using classical particle removal theories. The machine was designed to peel fresh cassava, sweet potatoes, and cocoyam tubers at a speed range of 350-750 rpm using a selection gear system. The tuber peeling rate were determined over 1-h of machine operation at intervals of 5 min. The classical Weibull and Jennings models, formulated for removing impurities from the outer surface of solids, were used to constitute the models for predicting the peeling rate and the amount of tuber peels removed. The machine was rerun for another 30 min, and the values of the peeling rates and the amount of peels removed were computed and used for the independent validation of the resulting models. Results show a log increase in the peeling rate of the machine with an increase in the residence time and the speed of the machine operation (p< 0.05). Also, the Weibull model parameters were better estimator of the peeling rate with R2 > 95% and Mean Square Error less than10%, irrespective of the speed and the residence time of machine operation. Therefore, the models can be used for predicting the peeling rate of the machine within its operating speed limits.
Quality and microbial inactivation of powdered Irvingia gabonensis using moringa and different storage materials
(Faculty of Agriculture, Haran University, Turkey, 2020) Musliu Olushola Sunmonu; Adeshina Fadeyibi; Saheed Olabanjo
A biological approach can be used to maintain the quality of food products for an extended storage life. In this research, the effects moringa parts (B), botanical concentration (C) and, storage material (S) on the quality and microbial inactivation were investigated for storage of powdered Irvingia gabonensis. The products were mixed with different parts of the powdered B (leaf, seed and bark) to form varying C (10− 20ppm); and then stored in different S (calabash, sisal and jute sacks) for 3 months. The proximate and microbial compositions of the stored products were determined using standard methods. Results show that the proximate, total coliform, viable and fungi counts decreased with C (p< 0.05). Also, the effect was more pronounced in the product stored in the jute sack treated with the 20ppm powdered moringa leaf. This can therefore be used for storing powdered Irvingia gabonensis.

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