Effect of Traffic Delay, Physical and Mental Health on Commuters: A Review

Abstract

Traffic delays present an ongoing challenge for urban commuters worldwide, significantly affecting individual well-being, economic productivity, and environmental sustainability. This study thoroughly examines the impact of traffic delays on commuters using a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates perspectives from transportation engineering, urban planning, and behavioral sciences. By utilizing a mixed-methods strategy that combines quantitative data analysis, qualitative interviews, and literature review, the research explores the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to traffic congestion. The findings highlight the necessity of comprehensive strategies that encompass infrastructure improvements, policy measures, and behavioral adjustments to improve commuter mobility and urban livability. In considering travel mode choices, urban commuters evaluate both travel time and the reliability of different modes. Previous research has shown the adverse effects of commuting on various employee outcomes, often linked to objective commute characteristics such as travel time and distance. The study reveals that night commuting, compared to daytime commuting, leads to notable changes in organizational effort, time expenditure, stress levels, mental effort, and safety perceptions, which are largely mediated by emotional exhaustion. Additionally, these changes are influenced by the mode of transport and the commuter’s gender.