Browsing by Author "Musa, Abdulwaheed"

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    5G Frequencies Standardization, Technologies, Channel Models and Network Deployment: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies. However, the existing review works on 5G wireless systems examined only a subset of these enabling technologies by providing a limited coverage of the system model, performance analysis, technology advancements, and critical design issues, thus requiring further research directions. In order to fill this gap and fully grasp the potential of 5G, this study comprehensively examines various aspects of 5G technology. Specifically, a systematic and all-encompassing evaluation of the candidate 5G enabling technologies was conducted. The evolution of 5G, the progression of wireless mobile networks, potential use cases, channel models, applications, frequency standardization, key research issues, and prospects are discussed extensively. Key findings from the elaborate review reveal that these enabling technologies are critical to developing robust, flexible, dependable, and scalable 5G and future wireless communication systems. Overall, this review is useful as a resource for wireless communication researchers and specialists.
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    A Review of Microwave Cross Polarization in Sand and Dust Storms
    (2019) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    This paper presents a review of cross polarization in sand and dust storms (SDS). Relevant past works have been identified and their contributions to microwave cross polarization have been highlighted. Attention was given to semi-empirical models since they are used most readily for statistical predictions in design applications. The cross polarization mechanisms and parameters are also presented as well as a discussion about the advantages and the constraints of some of the models and their methodologies. Modified cross polarization discrimination (XPD) models for both terrestrial and slant links are proposed. Besides, the gaps in knowledge are established and the outlook of this topic in future is also suggested.
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    Comparative Analysis of Selected Encryption Algorithms to Secure SMS on Android Operating Systems
    (2020) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    This work investigates and analyzes the performance of popular cryptographic schemes on Android-based mobile devices over varying input data scenarios. The cryptographic operations of key generation, message encryption and decryption are experimented and the time it takes to execute these operations are used as performance metric of cryptographic algorithms. Short Message Service (SMS) is one of the oldest and most popular non-voice information transfer methods over mobile communication systems. However, exchange of information via SMS is not secure because it can be easily intercepted. To prevent unauthorized access to messages, cryptography is usually applied to render the transferred information into a format that will be indiscernible to others. To do this, cryptographic keys need to be generated, message needs to be encrypted before sending and the received encrypted message is then decrypted. Three symmetric ciphers and two asymmetric ciphers were selected and chosen using purposive sampling method as criteria. The performance of the selected cryptographic algorithms on cryptographic key generation, SMS encryption and decryption was tested in a virtual environment using some comprehensive sets of Android codes. These cryptographic actions are generally considered to be highly resource-demanding, particularly for resource-constrained devices like mobile phones. The results show Blowfish as the most efficient in terms of key generation and decryption time, while the RSA is the most efficient in encryption time.
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    Design and Construction of Intelligent Medical Pulse Oximeter
    (2021) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person’s oxygen saturation. It is an electronic device and instrument that measures the electrical impulse of the of human heart and the number of beats per minute at which the heart pumps blood into the body. An average man, school or hospital should be able to easily afford a pulse oximeter for personal, teaching and emergency purposes, respectively. This is not the case due to the cost of this device and this is the reason this project was embarked upon. This work builds a low power, low cost, reliable and non-invasive monitoring device that accurately measures the level of SPO2 and pulse rate in the blood of a patient or an individual. LM358 was used in this project and the electrodes in the transmitter senses the heart electrical impulse and sends the information to a receiver in the form of a watch, to obtain and record results which were found to be accurate and within normal range and standards. The results and readings are as obtained from some patients in the medical ward of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. This type of proximity device is essential for a patient suffering from hypertension, asthma and other various heart diseases. In spite of the successful design and construction of the device, battery failure (life cycle), deterioration of the components, among others, are some of the challenges associated with the device. Recommendations on how to improve the system have been given.
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    Design and Implementation of a Handwriting Text Recognition System
    (2021) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Handwritten characters are difficult to recognize due to diversity of human handwriting style, variation in angle, size and shape of letters. In this work, an extensively employed method of handwritten text recognition is used to transform handwritten data into electronic format or digital form, preprocess, extract distinctive features, and classify written characters. The proposed approach is to design a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that corresponds to the ability of human beings to identify and verify handwritten characters by training datasets of 80 labeled digit images with Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) for character recognition. The proposed recognition system performs excellently for the cursive handwriting with 80-90% accuracy.
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    Design and Implementation of a Real Time Clock Based Solar Tracking System
    (2021) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Solar power is the fastest growing means of renewable energy production with grid connected solar capacity increasing on average by 60% annually according to the National Center for Policy Analysis in the United States. New solar technologies will increase energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible, and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower. However, the power output from solar system is yet to be maximized. Thus, a solar tracking system that is based on Real Time Clock (RTC) using PIC microcontroller to maximize the power output from solar panels is thus proposed. The system ensures that the solar panel aligns with the sun at its highest intensity. The proposed tracking system is a low cost, high accuracy, more efficient with low power consumption.
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    Design and Implementation of Automatic Railway Gate Control System
    (2021) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    usually opened or closed manually by a gate keeper. Many railway crossings are not manned because of lack of manpower. The few railway gates that are energized usually face the challenge of unavailability of electricity especially in developing countries. This and in the event that there is no one to operate the railway gate when a train approaches railway crossing, accidents could occur at such crossings. To avoid such accident and other forms of human intervention at railway crossings, an automatic railway gate control system has been designed and presented in this work. This paper describes the railway gate system operations and control involving track switching stage and level crossing stage using ATMEGA A328P for simulation. The work can be divided into hardware and software developments. The former includes the power supply unit (PSU), sensing system unit (SSU), general notification system unit (GNU) and manual override unit (MOU), while the latter essentially involves the necessary programming to operate the hardware components. The program for the system is based on ATMEGA A328P microcontroller with Arduino C programming language. Besides, the work introduced a light display system for basic operations and notifications such as stop, ready and go. Other forms of improvement on the existing railway gate control systems carried out in this work include sound initialization for notification count and also a locker sensor for manual override implementation. Reliability and continuity tests were carried out at every stage of the design and simulation for efficiency and effectiveness of the automatic railway gate systems, and to reduce the occurrence of railway accidents.
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    Development of Interference Mitigation Technique for Low Power Wide Area Network
    (2022) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Evolution of technology has been rapid in recent years and with the wide acceptance of 5G/6G networks, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), blockchain technologies, there must be a methodology of interconnecting them across large proximity or regions to centralized servers. Existing mobile technologies are not suitable to ensure communications between these devices, and this has necessitated the need to create Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). The LPWAN, assuming a set of networks, is considered to have subsets including Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT and others. For any real system, there is always collision between packets upon arrival, thereby subtracting and extracting the weaker ones. In this work, a Repetitive Interference Mitigation algorithm is proposed, with focus on power differences between User Equipment (UE) and guard subcarriers. This process ensures decryption of the packets that arrive at the same time. Usage of just one guard subcarriers and multiple iterations of the developed technique is suitable to ensure a very good system performance and has a throughput of 36% as compared with other methods.
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    Development of IoT-Based Circuitry for Smart Electricity Meter
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to revolutionize the way we measure and manage electricity consumption. Increased tariffs and lapses in electricity supply have influenced the need for consumers to effectively monitor and efficiently consume the limited energy. The objective of this paper is to present the design and development of an IoT-based circuitry for smart electricity meters. The method used in the development of the circuitry involves hardware and software. The circuitry is based on a microcontroller and a wireless communication module. The circuitry also consists of a metering unit which measures the energy consumption of the load and sends the data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is used to collect data about energy usage. The data are sent to both the wireless communication module and an LCD. The wireless communication module is used to transmit the data to a central server and establish a communication link from the meter to the user via SMS. The circuitry was tested in a laboratory setting and the result was found to be accurate and reliable. The development of IoT-based circuitry for smart electricity meters is a promising technology that has the potential to improve the efficiency of the electricity grid and reduce energy consumption.
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    Dust Particle’s Permittivity in Microwave Signal Propagation
    (2020) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Microwave propagation in dust storms has become an active research field. Dust particles’ permittivity property is an important component with its applications in microwave signal propagation. Permittivity values, determined using different techniques and methods, usually serve as input variables to computation of electromagnetic scattering. They are also used to determine propagation impairments such as microwave attenuation, phase rotation, cross polarization, antenna’s accretion and beam shift effects thereby making accurate knowledge of dust permittivity in the microwave frequency range very important. This paper has investigated and presented a review of some related works on the permittivity of dust particles. The current state of knowledge of dust particles permittivity is presented by examining the variety of techniques and methods, their strengths and limitations. The permittivity properties of dust samples are a function of frequency, moisture content and chemical composition. Identical chemical composition of dust sample gives identical permittivity, while different chemical compositions give a different permittivity property. Furthermore, gaps in knowledge that need to be covered are identified and the projected path and outlook of dust particle’s permittivity property is also presented.
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    Electromagnetic Scattering Computation Methods for very Small Spheroidal Dust Particles: Theory and Applications
    (2013) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    This paper discusses the effect of propagation of electromagnetic waves through a cloud of very small particles. The size of these particles is normally less than 0.2 mm in radius, much smaller than the microwave wavelength; therefore it is possible to avoid laborious computation by using approximations. In this work we have checked the Rayleigh theory (Rayleigh scatterer) against a full solution of Maxwell’s main equations through a Point Matching Technique (PMT). The agreement between Rayleigh approximations and PMT for these very small particles is found to be good. These results have been used in quantifying some telecommunication channel impairments.
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    Electromagnetic Waves Propagation in Dust Storms at Millimeter Wave Band
    (2013) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The effects of dust storms on propagation of electromagnetic wave at millimeter wave band are investigated. The propagation at millimeter wave band is affected by dust particles by way of signal attenuation. Formula for evaluating the wave attenuation at higher frequencies in a dusty medium is therefore developed in this work. The formula is based on the complex forward scattering amplitude of spherical dust particles using Rayleigh method. Three conditions are set to validate the suitability of the method for the model. It is shown that the Rayleigh approximation is valid for determining the scattering of spherical dust particles for the particle sizes and frequency range considered. The wave attenuation expression is proposed in terms of wavelength, visibility and complex permittivity. Attenuation results obtained are compared with some already published results. It is found that the attenuation by the proposed formula and the published formulae show close agreement. Attenuation in dry dust is only significant when the visibility becomes severe or at lower millimetric wave bands.
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    Gas Monitoring and Leakages Detection Using IoT
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) leaks are a serious safety hazard, and they can also cause environmental damage. The Internet of Things (IoT) can be used to develop gas monitoring and leakage detection systems that can help to prevent or reduce these hazards. To this end, the objective of this paper is to present a gas monitoring system for early detection of LPG leakages using IoT, a technology where interconnection of devices and the internet is possible. The methodology used consists sensors, ATMega328-p microcontroller, LCD display, buzzer, and a cloud-based server. The sensor is used to detect the presence of gas, and sensor data obtained are sent from the microcontroller to a web application via Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). The system was tested in a laboratory setting and the result was found to be accurate and reliable. The results revealed measured gas concentration, temperature, and humidity. The main features of the application include data collection, analysis, and tracking of gas stations. IoT-based gas monitoring systems have several advantages over traditional gas monitoring systems. First, they are more reliable, as they are not susceptible to damage from weather or other environmental factors. Second, they are more efficient, as they can transmit data over long distances without the need for expensive cables or wires. Third, they are more scalable, as they can be easily expanded to cover larger areas. The development of IoT-based gas monitoring and leakage detection systems has the potential to save lives and to protect the environment. These systems can help to prevent gas leaks, which can lead to fires, explosions, and other serious accidents. They can also help to detect gas leaks early, which can allow for the timely evacuation of people from dangerous areas.
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    GSM Coverage Enhancement using Distributed Antenna Systems
    (2020) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    People and businesses need seamless and robust wireless coverage. Lack of coverage, dropped connections, and poor quality signals from Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) decrease productivity and frustrate users. Today’s construction techniques and block materials weaken internal and external wireless communication signals inside buildings which causes poor reception in offices, parking garages, hotels, malls and airports etc. leading to dropped calls, and loss of revenue in some cases. Organization's viability and growth especially in this ever-increasing competitive world depend on employee productivity and access to important information and people when necessary. To achieve a workplace or organization with comprehensive wireless or GSM coverage, Distributed Antenna System (DAS) is employed to distribute and enhance the cellular signal of mobile operators within a building with high quality mobile communication for office indoor environment around Electrical and Computer Engineering department situated within the College of Engineering and Technology building, Kwara State University, Malete. The result presents a significant improvement of the network signal coverage around the areas of interest.
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    History of security and privacy in wireless communication systems: open research issues and future directions
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Wireless communication is one of the most successful technologies that have found application in various sectors of our daily lives. However, one of the major issues and challenges of wireless communication is security. To provide a holistic view of this crucial issue, this chapter presents a historical description of the evolution of the cellular network and provides a general overview of different attacks and vulnerabilities in the wireless network based on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) layered protocol architecture. The chapter further presents a brief review of the security and privacy issues for each cellular generation. The various emerging wireless communication systems as well as the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to wireless security system design. The security issues and challenges in the key technology of 6G wireless network were identified and discussed. Finally, open research issues have been identified and discussed, giving a path for further research direction for security in 5G wireless networks and beyond.
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    Implementation of Intelligent Fuzzy Logic Scheme in Video Transmission Over 2.4 GHz Wireless
    (2018) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Video transmission over varying channels like wireless technology is unpredictable because of interferences caused by other wireless devices in the same Industrial, Scientific and Medicine (ISM) frequency band and/or general channel noises. Transmitting Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) video stream over wireless technology presents a challenge, as MPEG demands large bandwidth. Considering these issues of interference and bandwidth consumption, an intelligent transmission is introduced in this research work such that the controller adjusts itself to the current state of the wireless channel to sustain MPEG video quality during the communication process. A neural-fuzzy controller and a rule-based fuzzy controller are implemented in the design to monitor input - output of a traffic shaping buffer and offer suitable parameters for the MPEG encoder for video transmission over the network. This method reduces data loss and improves image quality as compared to traditional open-loop MPEG video transmission over wireless.
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    Investigation of Millimeter Wave’s Cross Polarisation Differentiation in Dust and Sand Storms
    (2022) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The performance of electromagnetic wave links in dust and sand (DUSA) storms has become a topic of interest to researchers, especially with emphasis on the attenuation of signal. But the phase rotation and the cross-polarization components are not yet sufficiently treated. This work investigates the cross-polarization differentiation (also known as discrimination) as a result of DUSA storms at high frequency such as the millimeter wave band. The paper proposes mathematical models of propagation of waves in DUSA storms using the forward scattering amplitude of DUSA particles and the Rayleigh technique. The suitability of the Rayleigh approximation for the models are validated by setting three different conditions. The results show fidelity of the technique for evaluating scattering of ellipsoidal DUSA particles for the range of sizes and frequencies considered. The coefficients of the scattering are thus determined and models for attenuation and phase rotation are introduced in terms of visibility. The results obtained from the models show close agreement with some earlier published results when compared. We then computed both the attenuation and the phase rotation differentials and the cross-polarization discriminations are then predicted using the parameters from the models as inputs. The attenuation during dry DUSA storms becomes significant only when the visibility is low and severe. At such visibility, the cross-polarization discriminations also become low (i.e. significant) and the same trend and pattern is observed when the frequency is increased.
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    Legal frameworks for security schemes in wireless communication systems
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Wireless communication is one of the very successful technologies that have found applications in our daily lives. It has drawn the attention of researchers, standard bodies, and organizations who have continuously proposed and developed different standards and regulations to further advance the communication system. However, one of the major issues and concerns that have been raised in wireless communication is security with its legal frameworks. Security as well as privacy are very crucial schemes in wireless communication because of the transmission of signals over unprotected media, thus exposing signals to security and privacy attacks such as eavesdropping, modification, and data theft, among others. Depending on the type of data being transmitted, security and privacy and the legal frameworks become even more critical, especially with the adoption of new technology such as cloud computing in the healthcare and other sectors. While framework is a structure that combines, in the form of a single hybrid conceptual solution, different but relevant areas together, the legal frameworks are simply a set of standards which can be utilized to deal with a challenge or to decide what to do. Some legal frameworks have been developed, over the years, particularly in the area of healthcare, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT). However, there are no sufficient legal frameworks for the security and privacy of wireless network, particularly for the envisioned 6G network. Thus, this chapter presents the fundamental factors of legal frameworks for the security and privacy in a wireless communication network with a focus on the 6G network.
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    Microcontroller-Based Carbon Monoxide Detector
    (2022) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Carbon monoxide gas is a major source of environmental pollutant that emanates from fuel combustion with limited oxygen. The gas is lighter than the air and could be poisonous and dangerous if inhaled in high quantity by human beings. To prevent or reduce this poisoning and its effects, it is imperative to design and construct a detector that can assess the carbon monoxide levels in an environment and provide the concentrations level. The design involves assembling MQ-7 sensor and Atmega 328 microcontroller as the processor. Analogue input from carbon monoxide sources is converted to digital output and the result is displayed using Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The output voltage of carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles, petrol and diesel generator, candle, etc. is determined. Decisions such as sending alerts to designated personnel or agency via short message service (SMS), phone call or by email, or sending commands to the actuators to turn on the environmental control devices.