Browsing by Author "Musa, Abdulwaheed"

Now showing 1 - 16 of 16
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    5G Frequencies Standardization, Technologies, Channel Models and Network Deployment: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies. However, the existing review works on 5G wireless systems examined only a subset of these enabling technologies by providing a limited coverage of the system model, performance analysis, technology advancements, and critical design issues, thus requiring further research directions. In order to fill this gap and fully grasp the potential of 5G, this study comprehensively examines various aspects of 5G technology. Specifically, a systematic and all-encompassing evaluation of the candidate 5G enabling technologies was conducted. The evolution of 5G, the progression of wireless mobile networks, potential use cases, channel models, applications, frequency standardization, key research issues, and prospects are discussed extensively. Key findings from the elaborate review reveal that these enabling technologies are critical to developing robust, flexible, dependable, and scalable 5G and future wireless communication systems. Overall, this review is useful as a resource for wireless communication researchers and specialists.
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    A Review of Microwave Cross Polarization in Sand and Dust Storms
    (2019) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    This paper presents a review of cross polarization in sand and dust storms (SDS). Relevant past works have been identified and their contributions to microwave cross polarization have been highlighted. Attention was given to semi-empirical models since they are used most readily for statistical predictions in design applications. The cross polarization mechanisms and parameters are also presented as well as a discussion about the advantages and the constraints of some of the models and their methodologies. Modified cross polarization discrimination (XPD) models for both terrestrial and slant links are proposed. Besides, the gaps in knowledge are established and the outlook of this topic in future is also suggested.
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    Development of Interference Mitigation Technique for Low Power Wide Area Network
    (2022) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Evolution of technology has been rapid in recent years and with the wide acceptance of 5G/6G networks, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), blockchain technologies, there must be a methodology of interconnecting them across large proximity or regions to centralized servers. Existing mobile technologies are not suitable to ensure communications between these devices, and this has necessitated the need to create Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). The LPWAN, assuming a set of networks, is considered to have subsets including Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT and others. For any real system, there is always collision between packets upon arrival, thereby subtracting and extracting the weaker ones. In this work, a Repetitive Interference Mitigation algorithm is proposed, with focus on power differences between User Equipment (UE) and guard subcarriers. This process ensures decryption of the packets that arrive at the same time. Usage of just one guard subcarriers and multiple iterations of the developed technique is suitable to ensure a very good system performance and has a throughput of 36% as compared with other methods.
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    Dust Particle’s Permittivity in Microwave Signal Propagation
    (2020) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Microwave propagation in dust storms has become an active research field. Dust particles’ permittivity property is an important component with its applications in microwave signal propagation. Permittivity values, determined using different techniques and methods, usually serve as input variables to computation of electromagnetic scattering. They are also used to determine propagation impairments such as microwave attenuation, phase rotation, cross polarization, antenna’s accretion and beam shift effects thereby making accurate knowledge of dust permittivity in the microwave frequency range very important. This paper has investigated and presented a review of some related works on the permittivity of dust particles. The current state of knowledge of dust particles permittivity is presented by examining the variety of techniques and methods, their strengths and limitations. The permittivity properties of dust samples are a function of frequency, moisture content and chemical composition. Identical chemical composition of dust sample gives identical permittivity, while different chemical compositions give a different permittivity property. Furthermore, gaps in knowledge that need to be covered are identified and the projected path and outlook of dust particle’s permittivity property is also presented.
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    Electromagnetic Scattering Computation Methods for very Small Spheroidal Dust Particles: Theory and Applications
    (2013) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    This paper discusses the effect of propagation of electromagnetic waves through a cloud of very small particles. The size of these particles is normally less than 0.2 mm in radius, much smaller than the microwave wavelength; therefore it is possible to avoid laborious computation by using approximations. In this work we have checked the Rayleigh theory (Rayleigh scatterer) against a full solution of Maxwell’s main equations through a Point Matching Technique (PMT). The agreement between Rayleigh approximations and PMT for these very small particles is found to be good. These results have been used in quantifying some telecommunication channel impairments.
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    Electromagnetic Waves Propagation in Dust Storms at Millimeter Wave Band
    (2013) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The effects of dust storms on propagation of electromagnetic wave at millimeter wave band are investigated. The propagation at millimeter wave band is affected by dust particles by way of signal attenuation. Formula for evaluating the wave attenuation at higher frequencies in a dusty medium is therefore developed in this work. The formula is based on the complex forward scattering amplitude of spherical dust particles using Rayleigh method. Three conditions are set to validate the suitability of the method for the model. It is shown that the Rayleigh approximation is valid for determining the scattering of spherical dust particles for the particle sizes and frequency range considered. The wave attenuation expression is proposed in terms of wavelength, visibility and complex permittivity. Attenuation results obtained are compared with some already published results. It is found that the attenuation by the proposed formula and the published formulae show close agreement. Attenuation in dry dust is only significant when the visibility becomes severe or at lower millimetric wave bands.
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    History of security and privacy in wireless communication systems: open research issues and future directions
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Wireless communication is one of the most successful technologies that have found application in various sectors of our daily lives. However, one of the major issues and challenges of wireless communication is security. To provide a holistic view of this crucial issue, this chapter presents a historical description of the evolution of the cellular network and provides a general overview of different attacks and vulnerabilities in the wireless network based on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) layered protocol architecture. The chapter further presents a brief review of the security and privacy issues for each cellular generation. The various emerging wireless communication systems as well as the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to wireless security system design. The security issues and challenges in the key technology of 6G wireless network were identified and discussed. Finally, open research issues have been identified and discussed, giving a path for further research direction for security in 5G wireless networks and beyond.
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    Implementation of Intelligent Fuzzy Logic Scheme in Video Transmission Over 2.4 GHz Wireless
    (2018) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Video transmission over varying channels like wireless technology is unpredictable because of interferences caused by other wireless devices in the same Industrial, Scientific and Medicine (ISM) frequency band and/or general channel noises. Transmitting Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) video stream over wireless technology presents a challenge, as MPEG demands large bandwidth. Considering these issues of interference and bandwidth consumption, an intelligent transmission is introduced in this research work such that the controller adjusts itself to the current state of the wireless channel to sustain MPEG video quality during the communication process. A neural-fuzzy controller and a rule-based fuzzy controller are implemented in the design to monitor input - output of a traffic shaping buffer and offer suitable parameters for the MPEG encoder for video transmission over the network. This method reduces data loss and improves image quality as compared to traditional open-loop MPEG video transmission over wireless.
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    Legal frameworks for security schemes in wireless communication systems
    (2023) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Wireless communication is one of the very successful technologies that have found applications in our daily lives. It has drawn the attention of researchers, standard bodies, and organizations who have continuously proposed and developed different standards and regulations to further advance the communication system. However, one of the major issues and concerns that have been raised in wireless communication is security with its legal frameworks. Security as well as privacy are very crucial schemes in wireless communication because of the transmission of signals over unprotected media, thus exposing signals to security and privacy attacks such as eavesdropping, modification, and data theft, among others. Depending on the type of data being transmitted, security and privacy and the legal frameworks become even more critical, especially with the adoption of new technology such as cloud computing in the healthcare and other sectors. While framework is a structure that combines, in the form of a single hybrid conceptual solution, different but relevant areas together, the legal frameworks are simply a set of standards which can be utilized to deal with a challenge or to decide what to do. Some legal frameworks have been developed, over the years, particularly in the area of healthcare, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT). However, there are no sufficient legal frameworks for the security and privacy of wireless network, particularly for the envisioned 6G network. Thus, this chapter presents the fundamental factors of legal frameworks for the security and privacy in a wireless communication network with a focus on the 6G network.
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    Microwave Attenuation and Phase Rotation by Ellipsoidal Dust Particles
    (2018) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Electromagnetic wave propagation suffers attenuation and phase rotation by suspended dust particles especially in arid and semi-arid regions where occurrence of sand and dust storms (SDS) is predominant. The SDS phenomenon has received considerable interest in recent times with emphasis on signal attenuation and phase rotation effects. To this end, mathematical models of dust induced complex scattering are developed and proposed in this paper using Rayleigh method to compute attenuation and phase rotation of electromagnetic waves by considering dust particle shapes and best fit ellipsoids. This work also presents a new expression for the relation between visibility and dust concentration. The expression was included in the proposed models whose simulated results, compared with some published results, show close agreement. Attenuation and phase rotation in dry dust are found to be significant only when visibility becomes severe or at increased microwave bands.
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    Performance Evaluation of Strict Fractional Frequency Reuse and Frequency Reuse Factor-3 in 5G Networks
    (2022) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The need for high speed data traffic on mobile devices has risen because of the permeating use of gadgets, such as mobile smart phones, notepads and tablets that are constantly running on data. In order to meet these requirements, mobile network providers must set up both tiny cells, high-capacity and very dense, base stations (BSs). This is to cover not only a vast area but also including hotspots with quick, adaptable, and robust supply. The overall spectral efficiency of 5G networks must be improved, and the operations and deployment costs must be decreased. This paper evaluates and compares the performance of Strict Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) and Frequency Reuse Factor-3 (FRF-3) according to the cell throughput and cell spectral efficiency with the theoretical peak throughput and peak spectral efficiency as specified in NR 3GPP specifications. The results from the simulation revealed that the FFR performs much better than the FRF-3, however, it is still not efficient in relation to the peak values.
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    Prediction of Dust Particle-Induced Cross Polarization at Microwave and Millimeter Wave Bands
    (2018) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The use of dual orthogonal polarizations to optimally conserve frequency spectrum in microwave link has received considerable interest in the recent time in the field of electromagnetic wave propagation in sand and dust storms. Cross polarization in dust storms occurs due to the nonsphericity of the falling dust particles and the tendency of the particles to align in a direction at a time, i.e., canting angle. The realization of a dual-polarized system is however limited by degree of cross polarization discrimination (XPD) that can be achieved between the two orthogonal channels. Therefore, theoretical investigation has been carried out in this work to estimate the cross polarization at microwave and millimeter wave bands by non-spherical dust particles in dust storms. The XPD being the parameter for characterization of cross polarization, is predicted using propagation constants’ differentials and canting angles, as inputs. Apart from both differential phase rotation and attenuation, it has been found that the cross polarization produced by ellipsoidal dust particles strongly depend on the particle canting. XPD decreases with an increase in canting angle. It has also been observed that the values of differential attenuation increase with increasing frequency for visibility and thus depends directly on frequency. Lastly, the obtained results show that cross polarization is significant during severe visibility and for dry dust storm; the XPD is good and acceptable for dual polarization systems.
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    Quality of service and RF optimization of GSM-based cellular mobile networks
    (2022) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    The increased growth of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks is not without challenges such as dropped or blocked calls, poor internet access, occasional service outages, and network congestions among other poor service challenges. This paper investigated and analysed the performance of GSM networks for optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) at Malete, Kwara State. Due to the inability to make calls, poor data service, network congestions, etc., 2G, 3G and 4G drive test analyses were conducted and a questionnaire method was adopted to compare customer feedbacks with the test results. Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and parameters such as Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR), Call Completion Rate (CCR), Call Drop Rate (CDR), and Call Handover Success Rate (CHSR) were considered and investigated. The data collected through Test Mobile System (TEMS) software were analyzed using map info professional to identify the cause of these problems with a view to providing efficient and effective solutions to the problems. Destitute network and QoS performance were encountered in some parts of the research area and parametric optimization was given as a way of improving the network performance for better QoS, reception, revenue generation and economic growth.
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    Review and Assessment of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Sand and Dust Storms at Microwave and Millimeter Wave Bands – Part I
    (2014) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Electromagnetic wave propagation in arid and semi-arid regions is influenced by sand and dust storms. Meagre information has hitherto been reported as to the effect of storms on telecommunication systems operating in such regions. This paper presents a survey of current understanding of the wave propagation during storms. In this first part of the review—Part I, detailed parametric assessment of some electrical and mechanical properties affecting wave propagation in sand and dust storms is given. The second part of the review—Part II describes the principle of approach and technology adopted for the investigation highlighting both strengths and drawbacks. The results demonstrate that most authors have calculated signal attenuation effect, revealing that it is not very significant unless during severe storms. A few papers indicate the possibility of more significant cross polarisation. Part I explicitly gives an account of the sand and dust storms’ phenomenon, reviews the storms’ parameters affecting electromagnetic wave propagations and discusses the microwave and millimeter wave bands.
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    Review and Assessment of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Sand and Dust Storms at Microwave and Millimeter Wave Bands – Part II
    (2014) Musa, Abdulwaheed
    Suspended particles in the atmosphere during sand and dust storms have numerous consequences on electromagnetic wave propagation in arid regions. The electromagnetic wave signal may suffer attenuation and cross polarization upon encounter with the suspended particles. However, meager information has hitherto been reported about effect of storms on the telecommunication systems operating in such regions. This paper presents a survey of current understanding of the electromagnetic wave propagation in sand and dust storms. A review of the literature covering electromagnetic scattering theory and applications is given. The review describes the principle of approach and technology adopted for the investigation highlighting both strengths and drawbacks. Detailed parametric assessment of the effects of storms on wave propagation as it concerns signal attenuation and cross polarization is also carried out. The results demonstrate that most authors have calculated the attenuation effect, revealing that it is not very significant unless very high suspended dust densities are assumed (i.e., during severe sand and dust storms). A few papers indicate the possibility of more significant cross polarisation. The obvious gap in knowledge of this field is finally also clearly established.